Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What does surface epithelia cover ?

A

covers or lines surfaces, cavities and tubes
lines the gall bladder

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2
Q

What does apical mean ?

A

faces the lumen of a tube or the external environment

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3
Q

What does basal mean?

A

attaches to the basement membrane

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4
Q

At what state are the cells?

A

Cells usually polarised

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells ?

A

Mechanical barrier(skin)
Chemical barrier(lining of stomach
Absorption(lining of intestine)
Secretion(salivary gland
Containment(lining of urinary bladder
Locomotion(oviduct)
Sensation(neuroepithelium: taste buds)

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6
Q

What type of epithelial layers are there ?

A

Simple
Stratified(+2 layers)
Pseudostratified(multiple layers)

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7
Q

What are microvilli?

A

finger like projections at the apical end of cells that increase surface area

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8
Q

What are microvilli also called?

A

Brush border

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9
Q

Cilia is important in…

A

Movement of water

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10
Q

What do keratin proteins do?

A

keratin protein on tissue surface, improves strength of the cells

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11
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

they have nucleus in the bottom and are single cell mucous glands

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12
Q

What do glandular epithelia produce?

A

they produce secretory products: sweat, hormones, mucous, enzymes etc.

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13
Q

How do endocrine cells secrete their products ?

A

They secrete the products into the blood and the hormones are distributed by the vascular system

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14
Q

What are endocrine cells also called?

A

ductless glands

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15
Q

How do exocrine cells secrete their products ?

A

secrete their products onto a surface through a duct

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16
Q

what are exocrine cells also called?

A

ducted glands

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17
Q

What types of connective tissue are there ?

A

Embryonic
soft
hard
special

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic cell shapes found in covering epithelia ?

A

Squamous(flattened)
Cuboidal(Cube)
Columnar(tall and thin)

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19
Q

What are the 3 main types of layer structure for epithelia

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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20
Q

How are hormones distributed?

A

Via the vascular system

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21
Q

What counts as soft connective tissue?

A

tendons
mesentery
storm of organs
dermis of the skin

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22
Q

What type of soft connective tissues are there?

A

Loose
Dense
Reticular
Adipose

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23
Q

How can you define loose connective tissue?

A

loosely packed fibres separated by ground substance

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24
Q

How can you define dense connective tissue?

A

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

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25
Q

What is “dense regular” tissue?

A

fibres aligned (tendon)

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26
Q

What is “dense irregular” tissue?

A

fibre bundles running in many directions (ligament)

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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28
Q

What is hard connective tissue?

A

Bone and Cartilage

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29
Q

What are some characteristics from hard connective tissue?

A

strong
flexible
compressible
semi-rigid tissue

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30
Q

Describe the matrix of HCT?

A

semi-rigid nature of matrix comes from highly hydrated nature of the ground substance

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31
Q

What do we mean by HCT being avascular?

A

no venous system directly to the cells, the cells receive their nutrients from diffusion through their matrix

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32
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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33
Q

What is made of hyaline cartilage?

A

articular surfaces
tracheal rings
costal cartilage
epiphyseal growth plate

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34
Q

What is made of the outer shell of dense cortical bone?

A

the shaft(diaphyses)

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35
Q

What can bone be defined as ?

A

outer shell of cortical bone- dense areas without cavities

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36
Q

What occupies the end of a bone and what is it called?

A

Epiphyses and it is made out of cancellous and trabecular bones

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37
Q

What do cancellous/trabecular bones have?

A

numerous interconnecting cavities

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38
Q

What do bones contain?

A

Osteocytes

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39
Q

What is bone ?

A

bone is a living tissue that is being penetrated by small canals(aversion canal) where blood vessels and nerves go through

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40
Q

What is bone being penetrated by?

A

small canals aka aversion canal

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41
Q

What is a small canal called as well?

A

aversion canal

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42
Q

What goes through the aversion canal?

A

blood vessels and nerves

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43
Q

What are considered cells?

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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44
Q

What is considered extracellular matrix?

A

Organic matrix: collagen and glycoprotein

Inorganic matrix: calcium and minerals

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45
Q

What are osteons?

A

formations characteristic to mature bone

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46
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

metabolically active cells that synthesise and turn over a large volume of ECM

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47
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of ?

A

fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

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48
Q

What is the ground substance made of?

A

it is a gel-like material found between cells in connective tissues
It does not have a specific shape and is made up of large , chain-like sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)

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49
Q

What do glycosaminoglycans do?

A

they attach to protein cores to form bigger molecules called proteoglycans

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50
Q

What is the function of the ground substance ?

A

this substance helps tissues stay hydrated, supports cells and allows nutrients to pass through.
It also acts like a cushion, protecting tissues from pressure or damage.

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51
Q

What is the ground substance also been described as ?

A

“filler” that keeps tissues flexible, strong and healthy

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52
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

they produce and maintain the ECM

53
Q

Where can adipose cells be found?

A

can be found and are scattered in many connective tissues but predominantly in adipose tissue

54
Q

What are adipose cells?

A

fat cells

55
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

bone cells

56
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cells of cartilage

57
Q

What is also considered as connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph

58
Q

What is blood considered as ?

A

fluid connective tissue

59
Q

What do connective tissues consist of ?

A

extracellular matrix and cells

60
Q

What do muscle cells do?

A

They generate force by contraction

61
Q

Where can the contractile fibres be found in muscle tissue ?

A

can be found in the cytoplasm

62
Q

Where are the contractile fibres usually found for other cells?

A

in the cytoskeleton

63
Q

How does force happen?

A

it is the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

64
Q

How does the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres happen?

A

with the aid of accessory proteins

65
Q

What 3 types of muscle tissue are there?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle

66
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

involuntary/visceral muscle (muscle works itself)

67
Q

What are some features of the smooth muscle ?

A

non-striated(non parallel)
simplest muscle tissue
not under conscious control
fibres are elongated and spindle shaped

68
Q

How do the cells of a smooth muscle look like?

A

Non-striated, spindle shaped cell with a cigar-shaped nucleus, that lies in the centre of each fibre

69
Q

How can smooth muscle tissue appear?

A

Longitudinal or transverse

70
Q

What is cardiac tissue muscle ?

A

involuntary and striated muscle

71
Q

What are some features of the cardiac muscle?

A

striated and has a single nucleus at the centre of fibre.
has intercalated discs that contain intracellular junctions for stability

72
Q

Where can smooth muscle tissue be found?

A

in organs

73
Q

What is special about the striations in cardiac muscle?

A

they are less prominent in comparison to skeletal muscles

74
Q

What is cardiac mostly involved in?

A

It forms major part of the walls of the heart chambers and origins of great vessels

75
Q

Fibres are…

A

much shorter than striated muscles and form a complex network

76
Q

Where is the nucleus for cardiac muscle located ?

A

In the centre of the fibre

77
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

voluntary, striated multinucleated

78
Q

What is the special thing about skeletal muscles ?

A

it has muscles that respond to conscious control

79
Q

What is the structure of the skeletal muscle cell?

A

it has a big multinucleate cylindrical cell located at the periphery of cell

80
Q

What do the fibres of skeletal muscles have?

A

each fibre has many elongated nuclei

81
Q

Where are the nuclei in the skeletal muscle located?

A

located at the periphery of the cell, internal to the sarcolemma

82
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

consists of neurons and their supporting glial cells

83
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

serves as a control function and allows rapid communication between cells

84
Q

What are neurons used for?

A

to conduct impulses

85
Q

What parts do a neuron have?

A

a cell body and a cytoplasmic process(dendrite and axon)

86
Q

What is meant by cytoplasmic process in neuron?

A

dendrites at one end and axon at the other end

87
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

produce myelin and support axons

88
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

they produce myelin in brain and spinal cord

89
Q

What does Microglia do?

A

provides immune surveillance

90
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

provide support in ion transport and induce blood brain barrier

91
Q

What types of neurons are there?

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron

92
Q

What features do multipolar neurons have ?

A

multiple dendrites and one axon

93
Q

What features do bipolar neurons have?

A

one dendrite and one axon

94
Q

What features do pseudo-unipolar neurons have?

A

one axon and
a peripheral+ short process

95
Q

What neurons do sensory pathways have?

A

bipolar and pseudo-unipolar neurons

96
Q

What are neurons surrounded by?

A

by connective tissue coat

97
Q

What are neurons surrounded by in the CNS

A

meninges

98
Q

What are neurons surrounded by in the PNS?

A

Epineurium

99
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelia
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

100
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

101
Q

What 3 parts is the mucosa made of ?

A

Epithelium(sits on basal lamina)
Lamina Propria(loose connective tissue)
Muscularis Mucosae(thin layer of smooth muscle)

102
Q

What are the 4 major layers in the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

103
Q

What is the submucosa made out of?

A

loose connective tissue
outer layer of connective tissue
- Serosa: suspends digestive tract
- Adventitia: attaches to other organs

104
Q

What is the muscular external made out of?

A

2 thick layers of thick muscle

105
Q

What 4 different variations of mucosa are there?

A

Protective mucosa
Absorptive mucosa
Secretory mucosa
Protective and absorptive mucosa

106
Q

Describe protective mucosa?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

107
Q

Where can protective mucosa be found?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anal canal

108
Q

Describe absorptive mucosa ?

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

109
Q

Where can absorptive mucosa be found ?

A

small intestine

110
Q

Describe the secretory mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

111
Q

Where can secretory mucosa be found ?

A

Stomach

112
Q

Describe Protective and absorptive mucosa?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

113
Q

Where can protective and absorptive mucosa be found ?

A

large intestine

114
Q

What is the nervous system of the GI tract also called ?

A

Enteric nervous system(ENS)

115
Q

What are hepatic lobules?

A

small divisions of the liver

116
Q

What vessels are part of the Liver?

A

bile duct
branch of hepatic artery
portal vein
Central vein

117
Q

What two types of glands are there in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

118
Q

What does the exocrine gland of pancreas do?

A

produce digestive juices, proteases and lipases

119
Q

What does the endocrine of pancreas do?

A

Has islets of langerhans cells and produces insulin and glucagon

120
Q

What components are in the respiratory system?

A

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Upper respiratory tract
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

121
Q

What happens at the alveoli?

A

Site for gas exchange

122
Q

What are the main constituents in the urinary system?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Ureter

123
Q

What does the medulla consist of?

A

Loop of henle
Collecting duct

124
Q

What does the Cortex consist of?

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
Distal Convoluted tubule(DCT)

Nephron(main functional unit)

125
Q

What does the PCT do?

A

absorbs fluids

126
Q

What does the DCT do?

A

does NOT absorb fluids

127
Q

What are the 3 main blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

128
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima(Endothelium)
Tunica media(smooth muscle)
Tunica externa(Connective tissue)