Histology Flashcards
1
Q
What does surface epithelia cover ?
A
covers or lines surfaces, cavities and tubes
lines the gall bladder
2
Q
What does apical mean ?
A
faces the lumen of a tube or the external environment
3
Q
What does basal mean?
A
attaches to the basement membrane
4
Q
At what state are the cells?
A
Cells usually polarised
5
Q
What are the functions of epithelial cells ?
A
Mechanical barrier(skin)
Chemical barrier(lining of stomach
Absorption(lining of intestine)
Secretion(salivary gland
Containment(lining of urinary bladder
Locomotion(oviduct)
Sensation(neuroepithelium: taste buds)
6
Q
What type of epithelial layers are there ?
A
Simple
Stratified(+2 layers)
Pseudostratified(multiple layers)
7
Q
What are microvilli?
A
finger like projections at the apical end of cells that increase surface area
8
Q
What are microvilli also called?
A
Brush border
9
Q
Cilia is important in…
A
Movement of water
10
Q
What do keratin proteins do?
A
keratin protein on tissue surface, improves strength of the cells
11
Q
What are goblet cells?
A
they have nucleus in the bottom and are single cell mucous glands
12
Q
What do glandular epithelia produce?
A
they produce secretory products: sweat, hormones, mucous, enzymes etc.
13
Q
How do endocrine cells secrete their products ?
A
They secrete the products into the blood and the hormones are distributed by the vascular system
14
Q
What are endocrine cells also called?
A
ductless glands
15
Q
How do exocrine cells secrete their products ?
A
secrete their products onto a surface through a duct
16
Q
what are exocrine cells also called?
A
ducted glands
17
Q
What types of connective tissue are there ?
A
Embryonic
soft
hard
special
18
Q
What are the 3 basic cell shapes found in covering epithelia ?
A
Squamous(flattened)
Cuboidal(Cube)
Columnar(tall and thin)
19
Q
What are the 3 main types of layer structure for epithelia
A
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
20
Q
How are hormones distributed?
A
Via the vascular system
21
Q
What counts as soft connective tissue?
A
tendons
mesentery
storm of organs
dermis of the skin
22
Q
What type of soft connective tissues are there?
A
Loose
Dense
Reticular
Adipose
23
Q
How can you define loose connective tissue?
A
loosely packed fibres separated by ground substance
24
Q
How can you define dense connective tissue?
A
densely packed bundles of collagen fibres
25
What is "dense regular" tissue?
fibres aligned (tendon)
26
What is "dense irregular" tissue?
fibre bundles running in many directions (ligament)
27
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
28
What is hard connective tissue?
Bone and Cartilage
29
What are some characteristics from hard connective tissue?
strong
flexible
compressible
semi-rigid tissue
30
Describe the matrix of HCT?
semi-rigid nature of matrix comes from highly hydrated nature of the ground substance
31
What do we mean by HCT being avascular?
no venous system directly to the cells, the cells receive their nutrients from diffusion through their matrix
32
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
33
What is made of hyaline cartilage?
articular surfaces
tracheal rings
costal cartilage
epiphyseal growth plate
34
What is made of the outer shell of dense cortical bone?
the shaft(diaphyses)
35
What can bone be defined as ?
outer shell of cortical bone- dense areas without cavities
36
What occupies the end of a bone and what is it called?
Epiphyses and it is made out of cancellous and trabecular bones
37
What do cancellous/trabecular bones have?
numerous interconnecting cavities
38
What do bones contain?
Osteocytes
39
What is bone ?
bone is a living tissue that is being penetrated by small canals(aversion canal) where blood vessels and nerves go through
40
What is bone being penetrated by?
small canals aka aversion canal
41
What is a small canal called as well?
aversion canal
42
What goes through the aversion canal?
blood vessels and nerves
43
What are considered cells?
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
44
What is considered extracellular matrix?
Organic matrix: collagen and glycoprotein
Inorganic matrix: calcium and minerals
45
What are osteons?
formations characteristic to mature bone
46
What are Chondrocytes?
metabolically active cells that synthesise and turn over a large volume of ECM
47
What does the extracellular matrix consist of ?
fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
48
What is the ground substance made of?
it is a gel-like material found between cells in connective tissues
It does not have a specific shape and is made up of large , chain-like sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)
49
What do glycosaminoglycans do?
they attach to protein cores to form bigger molecules called proteoglycans
50
What is the function of the ground substance ?
this substance helps tissues stay hydrated, supports cells and allows nutrients to pass through.
It also acts like a cushion, protecting tissues from pressure or damage.
51
What is the ground substance also been described as ?
"filler" that keeps tissues flexible, strong and healthy
52
What do fibroblasts do?
they produce and maintain the ECM
53
Where can adipose cells be found?
can be found and are scattered in many connective tissues but predominantly in adipose tissue
54
What are adipose cells?
fat cells
55
What are osteocytes?
bone cells
56
What are chondrocytes?
cells of cartilage
57
What is also considered as connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
58
What is blood considered as ?
fluid connective tissue
59
What do connective tissues consist of ?
extracellular matrix and cells
60
What do muscle cells do?
They generate force by contraction
61
Where can the contractile fibres be found in muscle tissue ?
can be found in the cytoplasm
62
Where are the contractile fibres usually found for other cells?
in the cytoskeleton
63
How does force happen?
it is the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres
64
How does the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres happen?
with the aid of accessory proteins
65
What 3 types of muscle tissue are there?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
66
What is smooth muscle tissue?
involuntary/visceral muscle (muscle works itself)
67
What are some features of the smooth muscle ?
non-striated(non parallel)
simplest muscle tissue
not under conscious control
fibres are elongated and spindle shaped
68
How do the cells of a smooth muscle look like?
Non-striated, spindle shaped cell with a cigar-shaped nucleus, that lies in the centre of each fibre
69
How can smooth muscle tissue appear?
Longitudinal or transverse
70
What is cardiac tissue muscle ?
involuntary and striated muscle
71
What are some features of the cardiac muscle?
striated and has a single nucleus at the centre of fibre.
has intercalated discs that contain intracellular junctions for stability
72
Where can smooth muscle tissue be found?
in organs
73
What is special about the striations in cardiac muscle?
they are less prominent in comparison to skeletal muscles
74
What is cardiac mostly involved in?
It forms major part of the walls of the heart chambers and origins of great vessels
75
Fibres are...
much shorter than striated muscles and form a complex network
76
Where is the nucleus for cardiac muscle located ?
In the centre of the fibre
77
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
voluntary, striated multinucleated
78
What is the special thing about skeletal muscles ?
it has muscles that respond to conscious control
79
What is the structure of the skeletal muscle cell?
it has a big multinucleate cylindrical cell located at the periphery of cell
80
What do the fibres of skeletal muscles have?
each fibre has many elongated nuclei
81
Where are the nuclei in the skeletal muscle located?
located at the periphery of the cell, internal to the sarcolemma
82
What is nervous tissue?
consists of neurons and their supporting glial cells
83
What does nervous tissue do?
serves as a control function and allows rapid communication between cells
84
What are neurons used for?
to conduct impulses
85
What parts do a neuron have?
a cell body and a cytoplasmic process(dendrite and axon)
86
What is meant by cytoplasmic process in neuron?
dendrites at one end and axon at the other end
87
What do Schwann cells do?
produce myelin and support axons
88
What do oligodendrocytes do?
they produce myelin in brain and spinal cord
89
What does Microglia do?
provides immune surveillance
90
What do astrocytes do?
provide support in ion transport and induce blood brain barrier
91
What types of neurons are there?
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
92
What features do multipolar neurons have ?
multiple dendrites and one axon
93
What features do bipolar neurons have?
one dendrite and one axon
94
What features do pseudo-unipolar neurons have?
one axon and
a peripheral+ short process
95
What neurons do sensory pathways have?
bipolar and pseudo-unipolar neurons
96
What are neurons surrounded by?
by connective tissue coat
97
What are neurons surrounded by in the CNS
meninges
98
What are neurons surrounded by in the PNS?
Epineurium
99
What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
Epithelia
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
100
What are the 3 main salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
101
What 3 parts is the mucosa made of ?
Epithelium(sits on basal lamina)
Lamina Propria(loose connective tissue)
Muscularis Mucosae(thin layer of smooth muscle)
102
What are the 4 major layers in the GI tract?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
103
What is the submucosa made out of?
loose connective tissue
outer layer of connective tissue
- Serosa: suspends digestive tract
- Adventitia: attaches to other organs
104
What is the muscular external made out of?
2 thick layers of thick muscle
105
What 4 different variations of mucosa are there?
Protective mucosa
Absorptive mucosa
Secretory mucosa
Protective and absorptive mucosa
106
Describe protective mucosa?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
107
Where can protective mucosa be found?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anal canal
108
Describe absorptive mucosa ?
simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands
109
Where can absorptive mucosa be found ?
small intestine
110
Describe the secretory mucosa?
simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands
111
Where can secretory mucosa be found ?
Stomach
112
Describe Protective and absorptive mucosa?
Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands
113
Where can protective and absorptive mucosa be found ?
large intestine
114
What is the nervous system of the GI tract also called ?
Enteric nervous system(ENS)
115
What are hepatic lobules?
small divisions of the liver
116
What vessels are part of the Liver?
bile duct
branch of hepatic artery
portal vein
Central vein
117
What two types of glands are there in the pancreas?
Exocrine and Endocrine
118
What does the exocrine gland of pancreas do?
produce digestive juices, proteases and lipases
119
What does the endocrine of pancreas do?
Has islets of langerhans cells and produces insulin and glucagon
120
What components are in the respiratory system?
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Upper respiratory tract
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
121
What happens at the alveoli?
Site for gas exchange
122
What are the main constituents in the urinary system?
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Ureter
123
What does the medulla consist of?
Loop of henle
Collecting duct
124
What does the Cortex consist of?
Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
Distal Convoluted tubule(DCT)
Nephron(main functional unit)
125
What does the PCT do?
absorbs fluids
126
What does the DCT do?
does NOT absorb fluids
127
What are the 3 main blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
128
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima(Endothelium)
Tunica media(smooth muscle)
Tunica externa(Connective tissue)
