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GIT > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What organs form part of the GIT

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine ( jejunum, duodenum, ileum)
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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2
Q

List the accessory digestive organs

A
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • gall bladder
  • salivary glands
  • liver glands
  • pancreas glands
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3
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system

A

To move nutrients , water and electrolytes from external environment into the bodies internal environment

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4
Q

Name and explain the stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion - into tube
  2. mechanical digestion which involves the preparation of food for chemical digestion by chewing, mixing food with saliva by the tongue , churning food in the stomach and segmentation
  3. propulsion
  4. chemical digestion which is the enzymatic breakdown of complex food molecules into chemical building blocks ie.
    carbohydrates- disaccharides- monosaccharides
    proteins- peptides- amino acids
    lipids- fatty acids- mono and diglycerides
  5. absorptions- the passage of the digested end products into blood and lymph
  6. defecation - elimination of indigestible substances from body
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5
Q

What is the function of teeth

A

mechanical mastication

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6
Q

define chyme

A

semifluid substance mixed with various stomach enzymes and HCL

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7
Q

Define bolus

A

Chewed food mixed with saliva

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8
Q

Describe the structure of teeth with regards to the sets and types

A

Teeth are either deciduous ( BABY) or they are permanent such as in an adult.
They can be divided into incisors, molars, cuspids which are canines and bicuspids which are premolars.

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9
Q

What are teeth made of and where are those components produced

A

Teeth are made of a crown and root which consists of dentine formed by odontoblasts and lining the pulp cavity, enamel from amenoblasts that disappear after tooth eruption and cement from cement oblasts that are produced throughout the course of ones life . periodontal ligaments consist of collagen fibres embedded into surrounding bone by sharpens fibres

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10
Q

Describe the posterior third of the tongue

A

The posterior third consists of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, lymphoid tissue ( lingual tonsils) and crypts

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11
Q

Describe the anterior two thirds of the tongue

A

Lined by parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium, has masses of skeletal muscle, lamina proprietary that glues the muscle of the tongue to the overlying mucosa, has serous and mucous glands and has lingual papillae

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12
Q

What is the function of salivary glands and what does salivary secretion contain

A

Salivary glands produce and secret saliva which aids in chemical digestion. The saliva is hypotonic meaning it doesn’t last salty and saliva itself consists of water, salt, IgA antibodies, amylase for digesting carbs, lysozyme for bacteria and lipase for lipids

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13
Q

Three examples of salivary glands

A
  • parotid - serous
  • sublingual - mucous
  • submandibular - both
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14
Q

Describe the general building plan for typical digestive glands - salivary and pancreas

A
  • capsule
  • trabecular
  • parenchyma
  • blood vessels in septa

main collecting duct- interlobular- interlobular - striated
glandular acini

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15
Q

Describe mucinous acini

A
  • compound tubular gland
  • flat and basil nuclei
  • clear , foamy cytoplasm due to mucins or glycoproteins
    -clear boundaries
  • wide lumen
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16
Q

Describe serous acini

A
  • compound acini gland
  • dark central round nucleus
  • dark granual cytoplasm ( enzyme zymogen)
  • cell boundaries obscured
  • narrow lumen
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17
Q

Describe mixed acini

A

have a pale mucus secreting portion and a serous secreting dark cap

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18
Q

What cells can be found in intercalated ducts

A

low cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

what cells can be found in main ducts

A

stratified columnar . ducts have larger lumen than acini

20
Q

how to differentiate a duct from lumen in same gland

A

ducts have a larger lumen

21
Q

What is the typical structure form lumen out of a typical tubal organ

A
  1. mucosa - epithelium
    - lamina propria
    - muscular mucosa (smooth muscle)
  2. submucosa ( have glands )
  3. muscular externa - alteaste 2 layers
  4. serosa ro adventitia

serosa- epithelium and connective tissue for lubrication
adventitia- connective tissue as glue. deep to serosa

22
Q

What innervates tubular organ of GIT

A

Autonomic nervous system

23
Q

What is the function of the mucosal layer

A
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • immune protection
  • barrier
24
Q

What are the contents of the mucosal layer

A
  • epithelial lining with enterocytes
  • lamina proprietary with nerve and blood and lymph
  • muscular mucosa with an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layers.
25
Q

Function of submucosa

A
  • distribute nutrients
  • nerve plexus
  • immune protection- GALT
26
Q

Contents of submucosa

A

Dense irregular tissue containing blood, lymph, meissners nerve plexus and glands and lymphoid tissue

27
Q

Muscular layer

A
  • 2 layers- inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • myenteric nerve plexus between two layers
  • function is contraction
28
Q

Describe adventitia and serosa

A

thin loose connective tissue with lymph, blood, nerves and adipose

adventitia- no mesothelium
serosa- mesothelium which is simple squamous epithelium

29
Q

Function of oral cavity

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical mastication vis teeth, cheek and tongue
  • chemical digestion via enzymes of saliva
  • propulsion vis swallowing or deglutition
30
Q

where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin

A

in the mouth

31
Q

What is the function of oral mucosa or mucous membrane

A
  • barrier to protect deeper tissue from insult and trauma
  • prevention of entry pf bacteria and toxic substances
32
Q

3 layers of oral mucosa

A
  1. oral epithelium- stratified squamous
  2. lamina propria
  3. submucosal - dense irregular connective tissue, absent in some oral cavity regions where the lamina propria is found bound to muscle or bone
33
Q

3 different types of mucosal linings

A
  1. lining mucosa- non keratinised squamous epithelium . allow absorption. located in buckle mucosa, labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa , ventral tongue surface, floor of mouth and soft palate
  2. masticatory mucosa - keratinised and parakeratinised star]tified squamous epithelium . contain keratin and nuclei , handle friction, found on gingiva, hard palate and dorsal tongue surface
  3. specialised- parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium contains nerve endings for general sensory reception and taste perception. located in dorsal and lateral surface of tongue. associated with lingual papillae and taste buds.
    orthokeratinised epithelium0 cell nuclei disappear in keratinised layer, parakeratinised- flattened and highly condensed nuclei in cytoplasm . incomplete keratinisation
34
Q

4 layers of pharynx mucosa

A
  • pharynx epithelium - non keratinised
  • lamina propria with thick elastic lamina
  • muscle layer
  • adventitia
  • may have mucous glands

has no muscular mucosa and submucosa

35
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A
  • propulsion so peristalsis
  • gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes food entering the stomach
36
Q

Describe the oesophagus histologically

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium for friction
  • thick muscular mucosa
  • the muscular external starts in the upper 1/3 as skeletal, then becomes mixed and last os smooth muscle. this is its unique modification
37
Q

what chemicals are found in the stomach

A
  • gastric juices and HCL or pepsin. breaks proteins down into polypeptides
38
Q

function of the stomach

A
  • chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, reservoirs for gastric juices and propulsion or gastric emptying ( vomiting)
39
Q

describe the stomach histologically

A
  • simple columnar epithelial lining
  • lamina propria inbwteen gastric pits and gastric glands
  • submucosa has rug- folds that allow for expansion of stomach and is its unique modification
  • 3 layers of muscle - outer longitudinal, middle circular, innermost oblique layer
  • adventitia
  • cardiac or oesophageal sphincter
  • take note of difference between a gastric pit and a gastric gland
  • stomach body has serosa
40
Q

describe gastric glands and pits

A

gastric pits have mucous cells or mucous neck cells that secrete mucucs and bicarbonate to protect epithelial cells from enzymes and acids . the there is the neck. the gastric gland has
- parietal cells - acid secreting - HCL for protein digestion and intrinsic factor

  • chief cells are pepsin secreting cells- secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion and gastric lipase secreting cells that secrete for fat digestion
  • enteroendocrine cells - secrete gastrin to regulate stomach emptying
41
Q

regions of the stomach and glands per region

A
  1. cardia
  2. funds
  3. body - parietal cells, chief cells, mucus neck cells, intrinsic factor
  4. antrum - mucus and gastrin
  5. pylorus
42
Q

describe the anatomy of the small intestine and the function

A
  • long convoluted tube connecting stomach and large intestine
    3 parts
  • duodenum - receives chyme from stomach, secretions from liver gall bladder and pancreas
  • jejunum - most digestion and absorption occur here
  • lieum - connects to cecum of large intestine at iliocecal valve or sphincter

for chemical digestion complete and absorption of most nutrients

43
Q

describe the histology of the small intestine

A
  • circular folds- plicae circulars - enlarge surface area for absorption of nutrients
  • simple columnar epithelial lining , brush border or microvilli , villus and intestinal glands- crypts of lieberkuhn and goblet cells
  • submucosa has runners glands in duodenum only and payers patches in iliium only

police circulars are large transverse ridges that are most abundant in the jejunum

vili are lined with enterocytes or absorptive cells
intestinal glands- lieberkuhn within intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juices - watery medium to keep enzymes and digestive products in solution for help with absorption

44
Q

Describe the cells of the small intestine

A
  • goblet cells ( between columnar cells in villi ) - secrete mucous for lubrication and protection
  • Enterocytes - absorb digested nutrients into bloodstream
  • intestinal glands called crypts of lieberkuhn in crypts of lining and secrete enzymes ( peptidases, sucrase, maltase and lactase for digestion
  • Paneth cells - in crypts - secrete antimicrobial substances that protect intestine
  • Brunners gland - in crypts but only duodenum
    secrete alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme and protects duodenal mucosa against damage of gastric juices
45
Q

anatomy anf unique modification of large intestine

A
  • 3 regions- cecum, colon, rectum and unique modifications include the Tania coli, epiploic appendages and haustra
46
Q
A

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