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Foundations in Medicine 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tunica adventitia

A

the outer layer of the blood vessel made up of connective tissue, much larger in veins for protection as they tend to be more superficial in the body

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2
Q

what is the tunica media

A

the middle layer of blood vessels consisting of smooth muscles and some elastic fibres, much larger in arteries

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3
Q

what are the three conformations of the capillaries

A

continous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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4
Q

what are the properties of continuous capillaries

A

epithelial cells line side by side with no gaps, pericytes in the lining and a continuous basal membrane

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5
Q

what are the properties of discontinuous capillaries

A

larger gaps and discontinuous basal membrane, therefore providing a leaky function

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6
Q

what are the properties of fenestrated capillaries

A

There are pores in them but the basal membrane remains continuous

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7
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

gut mucosa, endocrine and kidney

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8
Q

what capillaries would you find in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

A

discontinuous

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9
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

lung, nerve, skin and muscle tissue

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10
Q

describe the flow of blood in the context of blood vessels

A

heart - arteries - arterioles - terminal arteriole, meta-arteriole - pre capillary sphincters - capillary bed - lymphatics - post-capillary venules - venules -veins - back to the heart

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11
Q

what structures control blood flow in the capillaries

A

pre-capillary sphincters

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12
Q

what is the tunica intima

A

inner most layer of blood vessel and is comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells supported by the basal laminate and connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the components of blood

A

45% formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) 55% plasma (water, proteins and nutrients)

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14
Q

List the leukocytes in order of proportion (most to least abundant)

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils

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15
Q

Give an account of veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood, small/thin TM but thicker TA and have valves to prevent backflow of blood

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16
Q

Give an example where valves are defective in the veins of the limbs

A

varicose veins

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17
Q

What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

A

internal elastic membrane

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18
Q

What is the vasa vasorum

A

Vasculature in arteries that provide nutrients to the tunica adventitia because the thickness is so large

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19
Q

What are meta arterioles?

A

blood vessels that it before the capillaries and have a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle with pericytes wrapped around the endothelial cells allowing more flexibility

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20
Q

What are terminal arterioles

A

contain continuous smooth muscle, because of this muscular wall allows for contraction and dilation to regulate bloodflow

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21
Q

What is Fascia?

A

the connective tissue that covers all the structures of the body

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22
Q

loose connective tissue that is a meshwork of collagen and elastic fibres and space in between filled with adipose tissue. Which type of fascia is it?

A

superficial fascia

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23
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

dense and tightly packed connective tissue lacking in adipose tissue

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24
Q

Fascia around the body is separated into different regions and is non-continuous, true or false?

A

False, fascia runs continuously throughout the body

25
Q

Where is deep fascia absent in the body?

A

In the face

26
Q

What does septae mean?

A

deep fascia that separates limbs into compartments

27
Q

What processes is the fascia active in

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Protective padding
  • Support for tissues / organs
  • Reduces friction
  • Transmits mechanical force
  • Proprioceptive feedback (rich nerve supply)
  • Myofascial system (muscles and fascia are tightly woven and interdependent )
28
Q

What is compartment syndrome

A

because the fascia is structured in compartments, if there is a bleed or fluid release it can increase the pressure in one compartment and cause tissue necrosis

29
Q

What is plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation of the plantar fascia which supports the arches of the foot

30
Q

Name the types of voluntary and involuntary muscles

A

smooth muscle - involuntary
skeletal muscle - voluntary

31
Q

what kind of muscle has striations?

A

skeletal muscle and cardiac but stations are less prominent in the latter

32
Q

Name three forms of connective tissue

A

soft connective, hard connective and muscle

33
Q

tendons and ligaments are examples of which connective tissue?

A

soft

34
Q

cartilage is smooth connective tissue, true or false?

A

false, it is considered hard connective tissue

35
Q

A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is described as?

A

bipolar

36
Q

What are pseudo-unipolar neurons?

A

neurons that have a single process that branches out from the cell body and then splits into one end which is the axon and the other the dendrite

37
Q

multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites, true or false?

A

true

38
Q

what are dendrites

A

they receive sensory stimulus and transmit it to the axon

39
Q

What is the role of an axon

A

sends signals to the central nervous system typically the spinal cord

40
Q

what are microglia

A

macrophages of the brain

41
Q

what are astrocytes

A

most abundant glial cells in the brain and responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier and supporting ion transport

42
Q

Name 3 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

43
Q

Which glial cell is responsible for the production of myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

44
Q

Give examples of structures that are made out of microtubules

A

flagella, cilia and spindle fibres

45
Q

What are microtubules

A

part of the cytoskeleton that is composed of two alpha and beta-alternating tubulin subunits

46
Q

microfilaments are composed of actin fibres, true or false

A

true

47
Q

which part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the mechanical strength and stability of the cell

A

intermediate filaments

48
Q

which part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for dividing the cell during cytokinesis

A

the microfilaments

49
Q

Where is regular soft connective tissue found

A

tendon

50
Q

in the dermis, loose soft connective tissue is found irregularly, true or false?

A

false, it is dense connective tissue in the dermis but it is an irregular manner

51
Q

where can loose connective tissue be found?

A

the mesentery because there are cells packed amongst the fibres

52
Q

What kind of secretions are found in the parotid gland?

A

serous secretions so watery

53
Q

What secretions are found in the submandibular gland?

A

more serous secreting than mucus secreting

54
Q

more serous secretions are found in the sublingual gland than mucus secretions, true or false?

A

false, there are more sticky secretions (mucus)

55
Q

What kind of glands are endocrine and exocrine glands considered

A

endocrine (ductless)
exocrine (ducted)

56
Q

What are ductless glands?

A

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - goes towards the basal end of the membrane and into the vascular system

57
Q

What are ducted glands

A

hormones are secreted to the apical end of the cell - sends it to specific body surfaces and cavities - tends to serve a localised function

58
Q
A

Foundations in Medicine 1 (11 decks)

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