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A&P 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four categories of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, & muscular

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2
Q

What is the matrix and what is it composed of

A

Extracellular material. Composed of fibrous proteins & ground substance

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3
Q

What are other terms for ground substance

A

Tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel

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4
Q

What form of tissues are avascular

A

Epithelial & cartilage

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5
Q

What are the 2 classifications of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Simple 2. Stratified
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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protect deeper tissues from injury and infection 2. Produce and release chemical secretions 3. Excrete wastes 4. Absorb chemicals including nutrients 5. Selectively filter substances 6. Sense stimuli
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7
Q

Difference between simple and stratified epithelia

A

Simple: contains one layer of cells, all cells touch the basement membrane

Stratified: contains more than one layer, sore cells rest on top of others and don’t touch the basement membrane

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar,& pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, and secretes serous fluid

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10
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium

A

Alveoli (lung), glomeruli (kidneys), endothelium,& serosa

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11
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion, mucous production and movement

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12
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Liver, thyroid, bronchioles, kidney tubules, mammary and salivary glands

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13
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucous

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14
Q

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium

A

Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

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15
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium

A

Secretes and propels mucous

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16
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium

A

Portions of the male urethra and the respiratory tract

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17
Q

What makes up the respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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18
Q

How are the epithelial tissues named?

A

Simple: named by shape of cells

Stratified: named by shape of apical surface cells

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of stratified epithelia

A

Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar (rare type),& transitional epithelium(aka urothelia)

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20
Q

What is he most widespread epithelium in the body

A

Stratified squamous

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21
Q

What does the deepest layers of stratified squamous do

A

Undergoes continuous mitosis. Daughter cells push toward the surface becoming slather as hey migrate upward

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22
Q

What is it called when the stratified squamous dies and flakes off

A

Exfoliation or desquamation

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23
Q

How many kinds of stratified squamous epithelia are there, and what are they called

A

2, keratinized and nonkeratinized

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24
Q

What are the functions of keratinized stratified squamous

A

Resists abrasion, retards water loss through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms. Use of dead cells as protection - calluses

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25
Q

Where can you find keratinized stratified squamous

A

Epidermis, palms and soles of feet (they are heavily keratinized)

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26
Q

What are the functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens (protection without dead cells)

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27
Q

Where can you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

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28
Q

What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretes sweat, produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones

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29
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

Function of transitional epithelium (urothelia)

A

Allows for filling of urinary tract

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31
Q

Where can you find transitional epithelium

A

Ureter and bladder

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32
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A
  1. Binding of organs: tendons & ligaments
  2. Support: bones and cartilage
  3. Physical protection: cranium, ribs, sternum
  4. Immune protection: white blood cells attack foreign invaders
  5. Movement: bores provide lever system
  6. Storage: fat, calcium, phosphorus
  7. Heat production: metabolism of brown fat in infants
  8. Transport: blood
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33
Q

What are the cells of fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

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34
Q

What are the fibers of fibrous connective tissue

A

Collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

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35
Q

Ground substance of fibrous connective tissue

A

Glycosaminoglyans (GAG), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins

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36
Q

Types of fibrous connective tissue

A

Loose connective, and dense connective tissues

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37
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, reticular

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38
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues

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39
Q

What are identifying characteristics of areolar tissue

A

Loosely organized fibers,
is abundant in blood vessels,
A lot of seemingly empty space

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40
Q

Where can you locate areolar tissue

A

Underlying epithelia
In serous membranes,
Between muscles,
Surrounding blood vessels and nerves

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41
Q

What is the function of areolar tissue

A

Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues,
Allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissue
Provides and arena for immune defense
Blood vessels provide nutrients and waste removal for overlying epithelia

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42
Q

Where can you find reticular tissue

A

(Lymphatic organs)
Lymph nodes,
Spleen,
Thymus,
Bone marrow

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43
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue

A

Form supportive stroma (framework) for lymphoid organs

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44
Q

Muscle to bone

A

Tendons

(Muscle is meat and meat is TENDER)

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45
Q

Bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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46
Q

What’s the difference between dense and loose connective tissue

A

Dense: fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance

Loose: much of the space is occupied by ground substance

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47
Q

What are characteristics that defferentiate between regular and irregular dense connective tissue

A

Regular: collagen fibers are parallel, slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between collagen fibers

Irregular: collagen fibers run in random directions, few visible cells

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48
Q

Where can you find dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

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49
Q

What are the functions of dense regular tissue

A

Ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress,

Tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones

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50
Q

Where can you find dense irregular connective tissue

A

Deeper portion of dermis of skin,
Capsules around viscera such as liver, kidney, and spleen,
Fibrous sheaths around cartilages and bones

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51
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular tissue

A

Withstanding stresses applied in unpredictable directions,
Imparts durability to tissues

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52
Q

What is adipose tissue

A

Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

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53
Q

Where can you find adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous fat beneath skin,
Breast,
Heart surface,
Mesenteries,
Surrounding organs such as kidneys and eyes

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54
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage,
Thermal insulation,
Heat production by brown fat,
Protective cushion for some organs,
Filling space,
Shaping body

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55
Q

What is the body’s primary energy reservoir

A

Fat

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56
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue

A

Brown and white

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57
Q

White adipose tissue(WAT), or white fat

A

The more abundant and the most significant adipose tissue of the ADULT body

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58
Q

Brown adipose tissue(BAT), or brown fat

A

Found mainly in fetuses, infants, and children. Adults have lesser deposits of it.

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59
Q

What is cartilage

A

A stiff connective tissue with a flexible matrix

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60
Q

What are chondroblasts

A

Cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them

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61
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae(cavities)

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62
Q

What is perichondrium

A

Sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)

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63
Q

How can you identify hyaline cartilage

A

Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers

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64
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones

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65
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage(joint),
Costal cartilage(rib),
Trachea(high amounts of cartilage),
Larynx,
Fetal skeleton

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66
Q

How can you identify elastic cartilage

A

Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers,
Covered with perichondrium

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67
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible, elastic support

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68
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage

A

External ear and epiglottis

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69
Q

How can you identify fibrocartilage

A

Contains large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers

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70
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage

A

Resists compression and absorbs shock

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71
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis(pelvic cavity),
Menisci(knee),
Intervertebral discs(in between vertebra)

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72
Q

What is bone (osseous) tissue

A

A calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton

73
Q

Are bones organs?

A

Yes, since bones and organs are made of more than one tissue type

74
Q

What are bones of the skeleton made of

A

Bone tissue,
Cartilage,
Marrow,
Other tissue types

75
Q

What are the two forms of osseous tissue

A

Spongy bone, and compact bone

76
Q

How you identify spongy bone

A

Has porous appearance,
Delicate struts of bone: trabeculae,
Covered by compact bone

77
Q

Where can you find spongy bone

A

In heads of long bones and in the middle of flats bones such as the sternum

78
Q

What is the appearance of compact bone

A

Denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces, more complex arrangement, cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

79
Q

Where can you find compact bone

A

Skeleton

80
Q

What is are the functions of compact bone

A

Physical support of body,
Leverage for muscle action,
Protective enclosure of viscera,
Reservoir of calcium and phosphorus

81
Q

How is compact bone arranged

A

Arranged in cylinders that surround central (Haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones

82
Q

Where is bone matrix

A

Deposited in concentric lamellae
(Onion-like layers around each central canal)

83
Q

What is an osteon

A

Central canal and it’s surrounding lamellae

84
Q

What is an osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells within lacunae

85
Q

What is canaliculi

A

Delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

86
Q

What is periosteum

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

87
Q

What is blood

A

Is a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels

88
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transports gases, nutrients, wastes, chemical signals, and heat throughout the body,
Provides defensive leukocytes,
Contains clotting agents to minimize bleeding,
Platelets secrete growth factors that promote tissue maintenance and repair

89
Q

Where is blood located

A

Contained in heart and blood vessels

90
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

91
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White blood cells

92
Q

Excitability is a characteristic of all living cells, but it is developed to its highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues, which are therefore described as …

A

Excitable tissues

93
Q

What is excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

94
Q

What is membrane potential

A

Electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane

95
Q

How does membrane potential affect nerve cells? 

A

Results in rapid transmission of signals to other cells

96
Q

How does membrane potential affect muscle cells

A

Results in contraction, shortening of cell

97
Q

What is nervous tissue for

A

It’s specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals

98
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of

A

Neurons (nerve cells),
Neuralgia (glial cells)

99
Q

What are the functions of neurons

A

Detect stimuli,
Respond quickly,
Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells

100
Q

What are the function of glial cells

A

Protect and assist neurons

101
Q

What does nervous tissue consist more of

A

Glial cells

102
Q

What is a neurosoma and what does it do

A

It is the cell body,

It houses nucleus and other organelles, and controls protein synthesis

103
Q

What are dendrites

A

Multiple short, branched processes that receive signals from other cells, and transmits messages to neurosoma

104
Q

What is an axon and what do they do

A

They are a nerve fiber

They send outgoing signals to other cells
(Can be more than a meter long)

105
Q

What is muscular tissue

A

Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation

106
Q

What are the functions of muscular tissue

A

Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs,
Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation,
Important source of body heat

107
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

108
Q

What does skeletal muscle consist of

A

Long threadlike cells called muscle fibers,
Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane, striations

109
Q

What are striations

A

Alternating dark and light bands

110
Q

What does it mean for something to be voluntary

A

Conscious control over the something (muscular tissue)

111
Q

Where are MOST skeletal muscles located

A

Attached to bone

112
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located

A

Heart only

113
Q

What are the functions of intercalated discs (in cardiac muscle)

A

They join cardiocytes end to end, and provide electrical and mechanical connection

114
Q

What is smooth muscle made of

A

Fusiform myocytes lacking striations

115
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

In walls of blood vessels,
And viscera such digestive tract (hollow organs)

(MOST IS VISCERAL MUSCLES)

116
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

Body movements,
Facial expression,
Posture,
Breathing,
Speech,
Swallowing,
Control of urination and defection,
And assistance in childbirth

117
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle

A

Pumping blood

118
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle

A

Swallowing,
Contractions of stomach and intestines,
Expulsion of feces and urine,
Labor contractions,
Controls blood pressure and flow,
Controls respiratory airflow,
Control of pupillary diameter,
Erection of hairs

119
Q

What are the differentiating identifying characteristics of of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

A

Skeletal: striated and voluntary

Cardiac straiated and involuntary

Smooth: not striated and involuntary

120
Q

What are cell junctions

A

Connections between 2 cells

121
Q

What are the four types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junction, and hemidesmosome

122
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Linkage between two cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins

123
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)

124
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Also called a communicating junction, it is formed by ring like connexons

125
Q

What are glands

A

Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body

126
Q

What are glands usually composed of

A

Epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule

127
Q

What’s the difference between secretion and excretion

A

Secretion: product useful to the body

Excretion: waste product

128
Q

What do exocrine glands do

A

Maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
(Surfaces can be external ;ex: sweat, tear glands.
Or internal; ex: pancreas, salivary glands)

129
Q

What does endocrine glands do

A

Secrete hormones directly into the blood
They have no ducts
(Ex:thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands)

130
Q

Can organs have both endocrine AND exocrine glands

A

Yes, some examples include:
Liver,
Gonads (testes and ovaries),
Pancreas

131
Q

What are unicellular glands

A

Secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory

(Can be exocrine or endocrine)

132
Q

List examples of unicellular glands

A

Mucous-secreting GOBLET CELLS in trachea, or endocrine cells of stomach

133
Q

What is the exocrine gland structure

A

Capsule, stroma, parenchyma

134
Q

What is a capsule

A

Connective tissue covering of exocrine gland

135
Q

What is a stroma

A

Connective tissue framework of the gland

136
Q

What is a parenchyma

A

Cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion
(Typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium)

137
Q

What are the duct shapes

A

Simple (unbranched),
Compound (branched)

138
Q

What are the gland shapes

A

Tubular: narrow secretory portion,
Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)
Tubuloacinar: both tubular and acinar portions

139
Q

What are the types of secretions

A

Serous,
Mucous,
Mixed,
Cytogenic

140
Q

Define serous glands

A

Produce thin, watery secretions
(Perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices)

141
Q

Define mucous glands

A

Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucous
(Goblet cells: unicellular mucous glands)

142
Q

Define mixed glands

A

Contains both serous and mucous cell types and produces a mixture of the two types of secretions

143
Q

Define cytogenic glands

A

Release whole cells
(Sperm and egg cells)

144
Q

What are the modes of secretion

A

Merocrine,
Apocrine,
Holocrine

145
Q

Define merocrine secretion

A

It’s used by eccrine glands, and uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis
(Examples: tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and others)

146
Q

Define apocrine secretions

A

Lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
(Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells)
(Apocrine is used to describe auxiliary sweat glands even though they use merocrine secretion mode)

147
Q

Define holocrine secretion

A

Cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
(Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances)
(Examples: oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids)

148
Q

What is the largest membrane in the body

A

Cutaneous membrane(the skin)

149
Q

What tissues are membranes made of

A

They could be made of only epithelial,
only connective,
or even a mixture of epithelial, connective, and muscular tissues

150
Q

What are the two principal kinds of internal membranes

A

Mucous, and serous membranes

151
Q

What is a serous membrane(serosa) composed of, and what does it produce

A

Composes of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer or areolar connective tissue.
It produces watery serous fluid that arises from blood

152
Q

Define tissue growth

A

Increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells

153
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Growth through cell multiplication
(Increase number)

154
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of preexisting cells
(Increase size)
(Example: muscle growth from excessive, or accumulation of body fat)

155
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor(neoplasm)
(Could be benign or malignant)
(Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue)

156
Q

What occurs by hyperplasia

A

Most embryonic and childhood growth

157
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A change from one type of mature tissue to another

158
Q

Define stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function
(Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells)

159
Q

Define developmental plasticity

A

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types

160
Q

What are the two types of embryonic stem cells

A

Totipotent, and pluripotent

161
Q

Define totipotent stem cells

A

Have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy

162
Q

Define pluripotent stem cells

A

Can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy)

163
Q

Define adult stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells found in mature organs

164
Q

What are two types of adult stem cells

A

Multipotent, and unipotent

165
Q

Define multipotent

A

Able to develop into two or more cell lines
(Example: bone marrow stem cells)

166
Q

Define unipotent

A

Produce only one cell type
(Example: cells giving rise to sperm)

167
Q

What are the two ways damaged tissues can be repaired

A

Regeneration, and fibrosis

168
Q

Define regeneration

A

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before
(Restores normal function)
(Example: repair of minor skin or liver injuries)

169
Q

Define fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
(Scars hold organs together, but does NOT restore function)
(Examples: repair of severe cuts and burns, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis)

170
Q

What is scar tissue composed of

A

Mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts

171
Q

Define atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue through loss of cell size or number
(Senile atrophy, from normal aging
(Disuse atrophy from lack of use)

172
Q

Define necrosis

A

Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

173
Q

What are types of necrosis

A

Infarction, and gangrene

174
Q

Define infarction

A

Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

175
Q

Define gangrene

A

Tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply
(Usually involves infection)

176
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
(Normal death of cells that I’ve completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way.)

177
Q

tissue degeneration or death

A

Apoptosis,
Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells
Billions of cells die by apoptosis,
Every cell has a built in “suicide program”

178
Q

Define tissue engineering

A

Artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body 

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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