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Foundations of medicine 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima - inner layer
Tunica media- middle layer
Tunica adventitia - outer layer

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2
Q

what is the tunica intima composed of

A

Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Predominantly smooth muscle

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4
Q

What is the tunica adventitia composed of?

A

supporting

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5
Q

What is the term used to describe the large arteries

A

Elastic arteries

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6
Q

How is the tunica intima separated from the tunica media?

A

Separated by a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

How is thee tunica media separated from the tunica adventitia?

A

Separated by a layer of elastic tissue called the external elastic membrane

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8
Q

What is the vascular supply to the elastic arteries called?

A

The vasa vasorum

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9
Q

Why do the elastic arteries have their own blood supply?

A

Only the tunica intima and the inner part of the tunica media can absorb nutrients from the lumen.

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10
Q

What are arterioles composed of?

A

One or two layers of smooth muscle and no tunica adventitia

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11
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Essentially composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina

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12
Q

Where in the body are capillaries not present

A
  • epidermis of skin, hair and nails
  • Cornea of the eye
  • hyaline cartilage
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13
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries ?

A
  • Continuous capillaries: no pores
  • Fenestrated capillaries - small pores
    Discontinuous capillary- Large pores
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14
Q

Where in the body are the different types of capillaries located?

A
  • continuous: muscle, nerve, lung, skin

-fenestrated - gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidneys

  • Discontinuous- liver, spleen, bone marrow
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15
Q

What are post capillary venues composed of?

A

endothelium and a thin layer of connective tissue

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16
Q

What are veins composed of?

A

Tunica intima, a thin but continuous tunica media and a tunica adventitia

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17
Q

Where is blood mainly located within the body?

A

Majorly located in the peripheral veins, the heart and lungs, peripheral arteries and capillaries

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18
Q

How can blood be separated?

A

by spinning in a centrifuge -
red blood cells the densest, then white blood cells and then the plasma on top

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19
Q

What are the proportions of each component of blood

A

erythrocytes- 45%
leukocytes and platelets- < 1%
plasma- 55%

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20
Q

What is the shape and size of a red blood cell?

A

Binconcave discs which are around 7 micrometers in diameter

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21
Q

Are erythrocytes true cells?

A

No as they have no nucleus or organelles when mature

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22
Q

What is the meaning of hematocrit?

A

The proportion of the blood that is red blood cells

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22
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cell?

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • Basophils
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophils
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23
Q

Which of the white blood cells are granulocytes/Agranulocytes

A

The granulocytes are:
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils

The Agranulocytes are :
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

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24
Q

What is the function/shape/ proportion of neutrophils?

A

40-75% of WBCs
single, multi lobed nucleus
become phagocytes when activated

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25
Q

What is the shape/ function/ proportion of eosinophils?

A

-5% of WBCs
-Contain acidic granules that stain red and a bi lobed nucleus
-Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes which play an important role in inflammation

26
Q

shape/function/ proportion of basophils

A
  • 5% of WBCs
  • basic granules which stain blue/purple and bilobed nucleus
  • Effector cells in allergic reaction
27
Q

Shape/function/proportion of monocytes?

A

1-5% of WBCs
large, kidney bean shaped nucleus
precursors of tissue macrophages (phagocytes)

28
Q

shape//proportion of lymphocytes

A

-20-50% of WBCs
- small spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm

29
Q

What is the function of the two types of lymphocyte?

A

B cells- give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells

T cells- give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells

30
Q

structure and function of platelets

A

Have some organelles but no nucleus, have granules that contain coagulation factors

play a key role in homeostasis

31
Q

What is the earliest site of erythrocyte formation

A

outside the embryo in the yolk sac

32
Q

what is the main site of blood formation during the second trimester?

A

the liver- colonised by hemopoietic cells

33
Q

What is the main site of blood formation by birth?

A

The bone marrow

34
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nervous tissue
35
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells?

A

cover surfaces of the body, lines hollow organs and forms glands.

36
Q

Function of connective tissue?

A

Forms framework of the body, has a dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis.

37
Q

How do muscle cells generate force?

A

Contraction

38
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of

A

consists of neutrons and their supporting cells

39
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A
  • serves as a control function.
  • Allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body
40
Q

What are the common features of epithelial cells?

A
  • Form sheets of cells
  • All have a basal lamina (basement membrane)
  • Cells have apical and basal ends
41
Q

What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?

A
  • squamous (flattened)
  • Cuboidal
  • columnar (tall and thin)
42
Q

How can epithelial cells be classified depending on the number of layers they have?

A

1 layer- simple
2+ layers- stratified
pseudo stratified- appears to have multiple layers, but only has one.

43
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

modified epithelial cells which secrete mucus. (single cellular glands)

44
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

exocrine- product secreted towards apical end of the cell into the lumen, duct or body surface.

endocrine - product secreted towards basal end of cell then distributed by vascular system around body (no ducts)

45
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A
  • soft
    -hard
    -blood and lymph
46
Q

Where in the body is soft connective tissue located?

A

Tendons and ligaments

47
Q

What are the two main types of soft connective tissue?

A

loose- loosely packed fibres

dense- densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

48
Q

What is the difference between the two types of dense soft connective tissue?

A

dense regular - fibres aligned

dense irregular- fibre bundles run in many directions

49
Q

Where is hard connective tissue located in the body?

A

Bone and cartilage

50
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
51
Q

What are cartilages cells called?

A

chondrocytes

52
Q

what is the name of the membrane which covers the outer part of hyaline cartilage?

A

perichondrium

53
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  • cortical bone- dense, compact bone
  • cancellous bone- occupies the end of the bone
54
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A
  • Smooth muscle- involuntary, non-striated
  • Skeletal muscle - voluntary, striated, multinucleated
  • cardiac muscle - involuntary, striated, single nucleus
55
Q

What are the 3 principal glia of the CNS and their function?

A

Astrocytes- support ion transport, induce blood brain barrier

  • Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin
  • microglia - provide immune surveillance
56
Q

Principal glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells - produce myelin and support axons

57
Q

What are the common features of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • An outer membrane
  • an inner cytosol
  • cytoskeleton
  • membrane bound organelles
  • inclusions
58
Q

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules with hydrophilic heads at the outer surfaces and a hydrophobic fatty acid chain in the middle

-The plasma membrane separates the outer and inner environments

59
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

60
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates in which cellular components are embedded

61
Q

What is the function nuclear envelope and what is it composed of?

A
  • encloses the nucleus
  • composed of inner and outer nuclear membrane with peri nuclear cistern in the middle
62
Q

What do nuclear pores allow?

A

The transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

63
Q
A

Foundations of medicine 1 (4 decks)

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