Histology

Question 1

Name the function of heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

Answer 1

Heart = pump
Arteries = distribute away from heart
Capillaries = exchange
Veins = collect and return to the heart

Question 2

Identify the 3 tunics of artery

Answer 2

Tunic external = outside
Tunic media = inside
Tunic Intima = on the inside

Question 3

Layers of the heart wall

Answer 3

Endocardium = inside, lines the inter-ventricular septum and interatrial septum + heart valves
Myocardium = middle, cardiac muscle does all the pumping
Epicardium = outside, visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 4

Cellular comments of heart wall layers and blood vessel layer

Answer 4

Endocardium / tunica Intima
Endothelium + BM + Connective tissue
•Myocardium / tunica media
Muscle + Elastic tissue
•Epicardium/ tunica externa
Fibrous Connective tissue + Epithelium

Question 5

Where is the heart located

Answer 5

Middle mediastinum
Lies anterior to vertebrae Ts_t8( middle of thoracic vertebrae )

Question 6

2 types of circulation

Answer 6

Systemic from heart to body and back to heart pulmonary from hearts → lungs → heart

Question 7

Anatomical relations of heart

Answer 7

Anterioly you have sternum T4 pericardium is attached here and costal cartilagesfrom 4-7

Posteroly you have oesophagus + descending aorta

Laterally, you have the phrenic nerve and the pleura

Inferiorly, you have the heart attaching to the central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 8

Heart borders x4 and surfaces X3

Answer 8

Right border = right atrium
Left border = left ventricle
Inferior border = right atrium, left, ventricle, right ventricle
Superior border = auricles and great vessels

Anterior sternocostal surface = 1/3 RA 2/3 RV and LV

Inferior diaphragmatic surface RV AND LV

Posterior surface base LA

Question 9

Apex

Answer 9

5th left Intercostal space mid claricular line
Apex LV

Question 10

Heart location anterior aspect

Answer 10

Right side rib3 → Rib 6 left side rib 2 to Rib 6

Apex 5th Intercostal space

Question 11

What are the two pericardia

Answer 11

Fibrous dense connective tissue sac

Serous
Outer parietal layer
Inner visceral layer epicardium

Question 12

Pericardial cavity

Answer 12

Cavity between parietal and visceral layers filled with fluid to prevent friction

Question 13

Extrinsic innovation of the heart.

Answer 13

Phrenic nerve innovates the fiberous pericardium and the partial layer of the serous pericardium carries pain sensation

Vegas nerve parasympathetic innovates the heart and visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Sympathetic nerves from cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia T1_t4 innovate heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium referred pain to inner surface of upper arm.

Question 14

Anteriorly

Answer 14

Have the RA and RV

Posteriorly you have LA LV

Question 15

Features of right atrium

Answer 15

Openings for IVC and SVC and coronary sinus

interatrial septum inside this IA septum fossa ovalis

In wall comb like structures called musculi pectinati which start in crista terminalis

Leading into the right atrium you have the tricuspid valve

Question 16

Features of the right ventricle

Answer 16

Tricuspid valve - 3 cusps, chordae tendineae which attach to papillary muscles

Deep in the chamber you can see the trabeculae carneae contractile fleshy struts prevents suction that would occur on a flat surface allowing the heart to pump efficiently.

Moderator band holds anterior wall keeps it from overexpanding and conveys the internal conducting system impulses from the bundle of his to the right ventricle wall

Opening for PT

interventricular speptum

Question 17

Features of the left atrium

Answer 17

L and right superior pulmonary vein opening
Land r inferior pulmonary vein opening

Bicuspid value (mitral valve)
Smooth walled forms base of heart

Question 18

Left ventricle

Answer 18

Bicuspid valve 2 valve cusps Chordea tendineae and papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Opening for aorta
Interventricular septum
Forms apex
Wall 3x thicker than right ventricle

Question 19

Intrinsic innovation

Answer 19

S.A in right atrium → Av→ bundle of his →l and R bundle branches → purkinky fibres → endocardium apex → ventricles → ventricular epicardium

Question 20

Heart valves

Answer 20

Pulmonary valve left 2nd intercostal space next to sternum
Aortic value 2nd Intercostal space right of sternum
Tricuspid valve 5th intercostal space on left
Mitral valve 5th Intercostal space midclaricular line

Question 21

Main air vessel of Anterior chest wall

Answer 21

’ Anterior Intercostal arteries come from internal thoracic arteries

Question 22

Main vessels of posterior chest wall and trunk

Answer 22

Ivc and svc and decending aorta azygous vain drains posterior Intercostal veins homozygous

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Question 23

Main arteries of upper limb

Answer 23

Subclavian vein from aortic arch → maxillary artery 1rst rib → brachial arteries in upper am → radial and ulnar artery in cubical fossa → digital arteries in palm

Question 24

Superficial veins of upper limb

Answer 24

Superficial veins Aries from the dorsal venous arch on back of the hand

Cephalic vain travels up the limb on the lateral side and basilica vain up limb on medial side
Median Cub it al vein connects them

Question 25

Main arteries of lower limb

Answer 25

From aorta iliac artery → common femoral → deep and
Superficial artery → popliteal → anterior and posterior tibial → fibular→ pedal arch y dorsalispedis between first and second toe

Question 26

Superficial vain of lower limb

Answer 26

’ From dorsal arch of foot long saphenous travels up medially to drain into femoral
Short ! Saphenous posterioly to drain popliteal