Histology Flashcards
Name the function of heart, arteries, capillaries and veins
Heart = pump
Arteries = distribute away from heart
Capillaries = exchange
Veins = collect and return to the heart
Identify the 3 tunics of artery
Tunic external = outside
Tunic media = inside
Tunic Intima = on the inside
Layers of the heart wall
Endocardium = inside, lines the inter-ventricular septum and interatrial septum + heart valves
Myocardium = middle, cardiac muscle does all the pumping
Epicardium = outside, visceral layer of serous pericardium
Cellular comments of heart wall layers and blood vessel layer
Endocardium / tunica Intima
Endothelium + BM + Connective tissue
•Myocardium / tunica media
Muscle + Elastic tissue
•Epicardium/ tunica externa
Fibrous Connective tissue + Epithelium
Where is the heart located
Middle mediastinum
Lies anterior to vertebrae Ts_t8( middle of thoracic vertebrae )
2 types of circulation
Systemic from heart to body and back to heart pulmonary from hearts → lungs → heart
Anatomical relations of heart
Anterioly you have sternum T4 pericardium is attached here and costal cartilagesfrom 4-7
Posteroly you have oesophagus + descending aorta
Laterally, you have the phrenic nerve and the pleura
Inferiorly, you have the heart attaching to the central tendon of the diaphragm
Heart borders x4 and surfaces X3
Right border = right atrium
Left border = left ventricle
Inferior border = right atrium, left, ventricle, right ventricle
Superior border = auricles and great vessels
Anterior sternocostal surface = 1/3 RA 2/3 RV and LV
Inferior diaphragmatic surface RV AND LV
Posterior surface base LA
Apex
5th left Intercostal space mid claricular line
Apex LV
Heart location anterior aspect
Right side rib3 → Rib 6 left side rib 2 to Rib 6
Apex 5th Intercostal space
What are the two pericardia
Fibrous dense connective tissue sac
Serous
Outer parietal layer
Inner visceral layer epicardium
Pericardial cavity
Cavity between parietal and visceral layers filled with fluid to prevent friction
Extrinsic innovation of the heart.
Phrenic nerve innovates the fiberous pericardium and the partial layer of the serous pericardium carries pain sensation
Vegas nerve parasympathetic innovates the heart and visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Sympathetic nerves from cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia T1_t4 innovate heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium referred pain to inner surface of upper arm.
Anteriorly
Have the RA and RV
Posteriorly you have LA LV
Features of right atrium
Openings for IVC and SVC and coronary sinus
interatrial septum inside this IA septum fossa ovalis
In wall comb like structures called musculi pectinati which start in crista terminalis
Leading into the right atrium you have the tricuspid valve
Features of the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve - 3 cusps, chordae tendineae which attach to papillary muscles
Deep in the chamber you can see the trabeculae carneae contractile fleshy struts prevents suction that would occur on a flat surface allowing the heart to pump efficiently.
Moderator band holds anterior wall keeps it from overexpanding and conveys the internal conducting system impulses from the bundle of his to the right ventricle wall
Opening for PT
interventricular speptum
Features of the left atrium
L and right superior pulmonary vein opening
Land r inferior pulmonary vein opening
Bicuspid value (mitral valve)
Smooth walled forms base of heart
Left ventricle
Bicuspid valve 2 valve cusps Chordea tendineae and papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Opening for aorta
Interventricular septum
Forms apex
Wall 3x thicker than right ventricle
Intrinsic innovation
S.A in right atrium → Av→ bundle of his →l and R bundle branches → purkinky fibres → endocardium apex → ventricles → ventricular epicardium
Heart valves
Pulmonary valve left 2nd intercostal space next to sternum
Aortic value 2nd Intercostal space right of sternum
Tricuspid valve 5th intercostal space on left
Mitral valve 5th Intercostal space midclaricular line
Main air vessel of Anterior chest wall
’ Anterior Intercostal arteries come from internal thoracic arteries
Main vessels of posterior chest wall and trunk
Ivc and svc and decending aorta azygous vain drains posterior Intercostal veins homozygous
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Main arteries of upper limb
Subclavian vein from aortic arch → maxillary artery 1rst rib → brachial arteries in upper am → radial and ulnar artery in cubical fossa → digital arteries in palm
Superficial veins of upper limb
Superficial veins Aries from the dorsal venous arch on back of the hand
Cephalic vain travels up the limb on the lateral side and basilica vain up limb on medial side
Median Cub it al vein connects them
Main arteries of lower limb
From aorta iliac artery → common femoral → deep and
Superficial artery → popliteal → anterior and posterior tibial → fibular→ pedal arch y dorsalispedis between first and second toe
Superficial vain of lower limb
’ From dorsal arch of foot long saphenous travels up medially to drain into femoral
Short ! Saphenous posterioly to drain popliteal
