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LEARN THIS SHIT PLEASE > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

plasmalemma

A

separates the cytosol from the outer environment.
bimolecular layer of amphiphatic phospholipid molecules with hydrophilic heads at the outer and inner surfaces and their hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing between the two layers of hydrophilic heads

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2
Q

amphiphatic

A

contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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3
Q

plasmalemma has which integral proteins inserted by the cell?

A

transporter proteins, channel proteins, receptors, enzymes and cell attachment proteins

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4
Q

selectively permeable

A

allows water, oxygen and small hydrophobic molecules in easily, and is virtually impenetrable to ions

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5
Q

organelles

A

small intracellular ‘organs’ with a specific function and structural organisation. essential to life.

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6
Q

examples of organelles

A

mitochondria, RER, SER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, nucleus

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7
Q

inclusions

A

dispensable and may only be present as transients

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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides structural integrity to the cell, made of microfilaments (composed of actin protein), intermediate filaments (composed of 6 main proteins), microtubules (composed of 2 microtubule proteins)

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9
Q

microfilaments

A

actin molecules can assemble into filaments and then dissociate, therefore the filament is very dynamic (not permanent)

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10
Q

intermediate filaments

A

different cells express different intermediate proteins, so can be use in pathology to identify tumours

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11
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubule composed of two alternating alpha and beta subunits of tubulin. originate from a centromere. include stabilising proteins - microtubule associated proteins (MAP). act as the motor way of the cell. kinesin and dynein attach to the microtubule and associate with membranes of organelles and vesicles, dragging them along. both ATPases, kinesin move towards the periphery, dynein moves towards the cell centre

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12
Q

nucleus

A

enclosed in a nuclear envelope, consisting of an inner and outer nuclear membrane, with nuclear pores providing continuity with the cytoplasm. the perinuclear cistern is continuous with the cistern of the ER.

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13
Q

euchromatin

A

dna that is more dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription

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14
Q

heterochromatin

A

dna that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

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15
Q

RER

A

studded with ribosomes. vital role in protein synthesis. the more metabolically active a cell, the more ribosomes on the RER

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16
Q

SER

A

continues the processing of proteins produced in RER. vital role in synthesising lipids. steroid hormone synthesising cells have lots of SER.

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17
Q

golgi apparatus

A

series of flattened, membrane bound cisternae. transport vesicles arrive from the RER/SER. golgi cisterns function in the modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER. adds sugars, cleaves proteins and sorts macromolecules into vesicles.

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18
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell. outer and inner membrane. the inner membrane is invaginated to form cristae, which increases surface area. mitochondrial dna comes from your mother. cells with many mitochonrdia are metabolically active.

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19
Q

intracellular junctions

A

ways in which cells connect with each other. prominent in epithelia. occluding junctions, anchoring junctions, desmosomes, communicating junctions

20
Q

occluding junctions

A

prevents diffusion, appear as focal region of close opposition between adjacent cell membranes (zona adherens)

21
Q

anchoring junctions

A

adherent - link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells (zona adherens)

22
Q

desmosomes

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments, very powerful (macula adherens), very common in skin where they provide mechanical stability

23
Q

communicating junctions

A

allows selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells (gap junctions). each junction is a circular patch studded with hundreds of pores made of connexon proteins

24
Q

types of epithelium (7)

A

simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

25
Q

connective tissue

A

forms the framework of the body, but has a dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy store

26
Q

soft connective tissues

A

tendons, ligaments, mesentery, dermis of skin

27
Q

hard connective tissues

A

cartilage and bone

28
Q

connective tissue consists of…

A

an extracellular matrix (lots of space between cells and relatively small numbers of cells) and cells

29
Q

extracellular matrix

A

fibres, ground substance and tissue fluid

30
Q

cells

A

fibroblasts (active cells produce and maintain cellular matrix), adipose cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes

31
Q

3 things soft tissue can be divided into

A

loose, dense regular, dense irregular

32
Q

loose (soft connective tissue)

A

loosely packed fibres surround by abundant ground substance

33
Q

dense regular (soft connective tissue)

A

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres, fibres all aligned

34
Q

dense irregular (soft connective tissue)

A

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres, run in many directions (skin)

35
Q

smooth muscle

A

simplest, no striations, individual fibres are elongated, spindle cells with cigar shaped nucleus in the centre

36
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated muscle, responsible for conscious control. giant multinucleated at the peripheral of the cell at the sarcolemma, cylindrical cells

37
Q

cardiac muscle

A

forms major part of walls of the chambers of the heart and the origin of the great vessels. less prominent striating than skeletal muscles. single nucleus in the centre. intercalated discs are the end to end attachment

38
Q

nervous tissue consists of…

A

neurons and their supporting cells (glia). glia outnumber neurons 10:1. surrounded by a connective tisseu coat: meninges (CNS), epineurium (PNS)

39
Q

astrocytes

A

support, ion transport, induce blood brain barrier

40
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

microglia

A

provide immune surveillane

42
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin and support axons in the PNS

43
Q

blood vessels inner layer

A

tunica intima - simple squamous epithelium (endothelium). supported by basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue. separated from tunica media by internal elastic membrane

44
Q

blood vessels middle layer

A

tunica media - predominantly smooth muscle. thickness varies depending on vessel type. separated from tunica adventitia by external elastic membrane

45
Q

blood vessels outer layer

A

tunica adventitia - supporting connective tissue

46
Q

aorta

A

lots of smooth muscle replaced with elastic fibres in tunica media for elastic recoil. this means the blood pressure doesn’t skyrocket every time the left ventricle ejects a bolus of blood

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