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Respiration T 4 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of respiratory system?

A
  • Conducting part: airways
  • Respiratory part.
  • Ventilation apparatus: thoracic wall, muscles, elastic fibers in lungs’ parenchyma.
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2
Q

What is included in the conducting airways?

upper and lower

A

-Upper airways:
Nasal cavity (cavitas nasi).
Pharynx.
Larynx.

-Lower airways:
Trachea.
Bronchi.
Bronchioles. 
Respiratory bronchioles.
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3
Q

What is included in the mucosa?

A

Mucosa:

*Respiratory epithelium – Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with:

  • Goblet.
  • Ciliated.
  • Brush (cells with microvilli)
  • Basal (mitotic stem cells from which other cell types arise).

*Lamina propria –

  • Mucous glands & serous glands.
  • Numerous thin-walled venous sinuses (plexuses).
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4
Q

What is included in the olfactory region of nasal cavity?

A

*Mucosa:

Epithelium -

  • Basal cells: for the renewal of neurosensory cells (bipolar neurons serve as the receptors for smell).
  • Supporting cells: analogues to neural glial cells, function as metabolic and physical support for the olfactory epithelium.
  • No goblet cells in the epithelium!
  • Lamina propria-

Bowman’s glands:

  • Consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium.
  • Secretions of Bowman’s gland are serous (watery fluid enriched with proteins and water).
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5
Q

What does pharynx and larynx have for tissues?

A

*Mucosa:

Epithelium – respiratory epithelium, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are of three types:
[1]ciliated cells
[2]goblet cells
[3]basal cells

with transition into stratified squamous nonkeratinized in the oral part of pharynx, epiglottis and vocal cords.

*Lamina propria - mucus-producing glands.

The muscle in the pharyngeal wall is striated.

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6
Q
  1. The structure of wall of trachea.
A

*Mucosa:

-Epithelium - respiratory epithelium, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
are of three types:

[1]ciliated cells
[2]goblet cells
[3]basal cells

  • Lamina propria - loose connective tissue.
  • Submucosa layer:
  • Serous and mucous glands.
  • Vascular plexuses.
  • Fibrous-muscular-cartilaginous layer:
  • 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages.
  • Smooth muscle (bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages).
  • Adventitia.
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7
Q
  1. The structure of wall of bronchus.
A

Bronchus (primary bronchus) wall structure

*Mucosa:

-Respiratory epithelium – ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are of three types:
[1]ciliated cells
[2]goblet cells
[3]basal cells

-Lamina propria
Elastic fibers.
Lymph nodules.

-Smooth muscle layer – separate the mucosa from submucosa.

-Submucosa –>
Blood vessels.
Loose CT.
Seromucous glands.

-Hyaline cartilage (matrix & chondrocytes).

-Adventitia –
Loose CT.
Blood vessels.

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8
Q
  1. The structure of wall of bronchioles.
A
  • Location: Intralobular airways.
  • Diameter: <1 mm (when measured in histological slides).
  • Wall structure:
  • Mucosa –
  • -> Longitudinally folded mucosa.
  • -> Columnar and as getting down become cuboidal ciliated epithelium:

None / few scattered goblet cells.
Clara cells / Keulezelle. –> Dome shape without cilia.
Contain apical microvilli.
Covered with glycocalyx (glycoprotein covering).
Have secretory granules in the cytoplasm which containing surfactant.

Function of Clara cells is to: protect the bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants

Production of hypophase
Detoxification - some Clara cells have dense granules, which contain lysosomal enzymes (cytochrome P450) for detoxification of harmful substances that being inhaled with air.

Reuptake - reuptake of excess surfactant and other secretions.
Can Undergo mitosis and renew other epithelial cells.

*Smooth muscle layer –
Becoming thicker as going down.
Separate the mucosa from adventitia.

*Adventitia –loose CT & blood capillaries.

Note –
No submucosa and no glands.
No cartilage.

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9
Q
  1. Characterise the differences of bronchus and bronchiole wall structure.


–> Bronchi is the plural form of bronchus.

A

Both bronchi and bronchioles are tubular structures. Bronchi consist of C-shape cartilages while bronchioles lack cartilaginous support. The diameter of bronchi is higher than that of the bronchioles as bronchi occur at the front of the respiratory passageway.

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10
Q
  1. The structures and cells which participate in defence against foreign substances in airways and alveoli.

Mention types of immune responses –>

A

Types of immune responses:

  1. Non-specific (innate) - comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the acquired immune system, the system does not provide long-lasting immunity to the host.
    Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection
  2. Specific (acquired).
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11
Q
  1. The structures and cells which participate in defence against foreign substances in airways and alveoli.

Non-specific immune response (inflammation)
–>Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation.

MENTION Cells which take place in this response –>

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. Basophilic granulocytes
  3. Neutrophilic granulocytes
  4. Eosinophilic granulates
  5. Alveolar macrophages

-Antigen presenting cells

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12
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

MAST CELLS

A
  • Origin: derived from CD34+ precursors in bone marrow.
  • Granulated cell:
  • Content:
  • Neutral proteases (tryptase, chymase).
  • Histamine.
  • Proteoglycans (heparin and chondroitin sulphate): regulate degranulation.

*Degranulation mechanism: degranulation occurs with binding of IgE with specific antigen –> release a great number of cytokines and derivatives of arachidonic acid, which participate in formation of inflammation.

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13
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

Basophilic granulocytes

A

*Origin: derived from CD34+ precursors in the bone marrow.

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14
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

Neutrophilic granulocytes

A
  • Location: higher concentration of them is found in the capillaries of lungs, than in the peripheral blood.
  • Function: responsible for non-specific defence in the respiratory portion of the lungs.
  • Mechanism of entrance to alveoli during immune response: endothelial cells expose the cytokine p-selectin on their surface –> the cytokine facilitates adhesion of neutrophilic granulocytes and their migration to interstitial and the air space of alveoli.
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15
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

Eosinophilic granulates

A
  • Origin: derived from CD34+ precursors in the bone marrow.
  • Location: found in blood and close to mucous membranes.

*IL-5:
Cytokines which produced by mast cell & T helper.
When IL-5 adhere to eosinophilic granulocytes 🡪 it enhance eosinophil’s differentiation, maturation, activation and degranulation.

*Charcot Leyden Crystals:
After degranulation - granulocyte become cytoplasmic granulocytes, known as Charcot Leyden Crystals.
-Shape – narrow crystals.
-vary in size –
–>Normal reaction: 2-3mm long.
–>Bronchial asthma: 50mm long and found extracellularly in sputum and help to diagnose the disease.

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16
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • Origin: derived from blood monocytes.
  • Location: found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.
  • Importance: in alveolar interface they are the most important subjects in defence against microorganisms.
  • Mechanisms:
  • Phagocyte the foreign body –> macrophages return to the interstitium and present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes.

-By mucociliary clearance may be transport the pathogen to upper airways and become food.

17
Q

Histology of non specific immune response cell –>

antigen presenting cells

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • M-cells
  • Dendritic cells (in lymphatic follicles and lymph nodes are called follicular dendritic cells): main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system.
18
Q
  1. The structure of pulmonary acinus.


Structural-functional unit of the respiratory part is alveolar acinus (arbor alveolaris / s. acinus pulmonalis), which composed of –>

A
  • Respiratory bronchiole.
  • Alveolar duct (ductus alveolaris).
  • Alveolar sac (sacculus alveolaris).
  • Alveoli (alveolus).
19
Q
  1. Draw and explain the structure of air-blood barrier.
A

Blood-air barrier

  • Definition: structures that separate air from blood in capillaries –> prevent air bubbles from forming in the blood, and from blood entering the alveoli.
  • Thickness: the blood-air barrier is extremely thin –> 0.1-0.2 mm thick, but may vary up until 1.5mm.
  • 3 main components:
  • Type I alveolar cell’s plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
  • Endothelial cell‘s cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
  • Fused basal laminae (=component of the BM, it is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells) of closely apposed alveolar and endothelial cells.
20
Q
  1. The structure and function of the pleura.
A

Pleura

Lungs are surrounded by visceral pleural which is delicate serous membrane arranged as a closed invaginated sac.

Visceral and parietal pleura define the pleural space/cavity, which normally has minimal volume, unless lungs collapse or air / fluid collects btw the two layers.

Function –> The pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The inner layer (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off.

21
Q
  1. The histogenesis of lungs and pleura.
A

The pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The inner layer (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off. The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the inside of the chest wall.

  • Endoderm: epithelium of the trachea & lungs is derived from it.
  • Splanchnic layer of lateral plate of mesoderm (surrounds the primitive gut):cartilages, muscles, CT & visceral pleura are derived from it.
22
Q

What is the difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Both of them are bronchioles of the respiratory system.

Terminal bronchioles do not participate in gas exchange but respiratory bronchioles do participate in gas exchange.

Respiration T 4 (12 decks)

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