Histology Flashcards
functions of the ovary
gamete production
production of steroids - oestrogens and progestins
what is found in ovarian medulla
loose connective tissue, arteries, veins, lymphatics
what is found in ovarian cortex
ovarian follicles
what tissue encapsulates ovary
tunica albuginea
describe the formation of a primordial follicle from embryonic development
germ cells from yolk sac invade ovaries and proliferate to oogonia
meiosis begins and is arrested at prophase I to form primordial follicle
describe the features of a primary follicle
outer layers of granulosa cells become more cuboidal instead of squamous and there is early formation of zona pellucida
describe the features of a late primary follicle
granulosa cell proliferation and establishment of zona pellucida
describe the formation of a secondary follicle
fluid filled antrum with features of granulosa cell proliferation and zona pellucida
describe the appearance of the graffian follicle
large antrum, cells lining oocyte and external follicle
inner layer of stromal cells of follicle and function
theca interna
secrete oestrogen precursors made to oestrogen by granulosa cella
outer layer of stromal cells of follicle
theca externa
describe the process of graffian follicle becoming fully mature ready for ovulation
oocyte completes meiosis I and produces secondary oocyte and polar body that is discarded
undergoes meiosis II up to metaphase II
when does the oocyte fully complete meiosis II
when fertilised by sperm
describe what happens to graffian follicle after oocyte is released during ovulation
follicle involutes to corpus haemorrhagica then corpus luteum
theca and granulosa cells secrete oestrogen and progesterone
if no implantation then degenerates to corpus albicans
if implantation HCG prevents degeneration temporarily to maintain progesterone levels
how many smooth muscle layers in uterine tubes
2 in ampulla, 3 in isthmus
describe how oocyte moves into uterine tube
infundibulum moves to direct oocyte into uterine tube
fimbriae brush oocyte
once in tube there is gently peristalsis to move oocyte along
what is the perimetrium made up of
outer loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
what is the myometrium made up of
smooth muscle, collagen, elastic fibres
what layers are the endometrium split into
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
describe the proliferative phase of the endometrium
stratum basalis proliferates glands, stroma, vasculature and increases thickness of endometrium by reconstituting stratum functionalis
proliferation due to oestrofen
what epithelia lines endometrial glands
pseudostratified columnar epithelia
what is the secretory ohase of the endometrium
glands become more coiled and tortuous and secrete glycogen
become much more proliferated due to progesterone
describe how the menstrual phase sheds the straum functionalis
loss of progesterone and oestrogen leads to arteriole constriction and ischaemia of stratum functionalis
leads to tissue breakdown and menstruation
histology of cervix?
mostly stratified squamous and transitions at transition zone to mucus secreting simple columnar
what are the endocervical glands
glands produced by simple columnar epithelia at transition zone and above
can be thin and watery in proliferative phase or thick following ovulation
true/false - the walls of vagina are dense with glands for lubrication
false - there are no glands in the vagina and lubrication comes from thin walled lamina propria and cervical glands
3 layers of vagina histology?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia
lamina propria
fibromuscular layer with inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
histology of mons pubis
skin with highly oblique hair follicles
oberlying subcut fat pad on pubic symphysis
histology of labia majora
extension of mons pubis, rich apocrine and sebaceous glands and small bundle smooth muscle
histology of labia minora
thin skin folds with lack of subcut fat and follicles
rich vasculature and sebaceous glands
keratinised epithelia until hymen level of vagina where there is transition
histology of clitoris
erectile vascular tissue (corpus cavernosa) with fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin and right innervation
how many lobes does the breast have
15-25
in addition to lobes of the breast, what other tissues make it up
adipose
fibrous tissue
what are suspensory ligaments
thickened areas of fibrous tissue maintaining suspension of the breast
mainly in upper portion
what is a terminal duct lobular unit
basic functional unit
lead to intralobular collecting duct leading to lactiferous duct
leads to nipple after passing through lactiferous sinus
what cells surround the breast lobule
secretory epithelial cells from cuboidal to columnar
myoepithelial cells, surrounded by basal lamina
what cells surround the duct of the TDLU
stratified cuboidal
changes in mammary gland in luteal phase menstrual cycle
epithelial cells increase in height
lamina of ducts enlarge
small secretions in ducts
changes in mammary gland in first trimester pregnancy
elongation of smaller ducts
proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells lining glands
changes in mammary gland in 2nd trimester pregnancy
glandular tissue develops more
plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate tissue
changes in mammary gland in 3rd trimester pregnancy
secretory alveoli continue to mature
changes in mammary gland in menopause
secretory cells of TDLU degenerate to leave only ducts
fewer fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibres
increased fat
effect of oestrogen and progesterone on breast tissue
proliferation of glandular tissue, reduced fat and connective tissue
arterial supply to breast
lateral mammary from lateral thoracic
medial mammary from internal thoracic
venous drainage from breast
lateral mammary to lateral thoracic
medial mammary to internal thoracic vein
components of breastmilk
water protein carbobydrate lipids IgA
describe the types of secretion that make up breast milk
lipid by apocrine
milk by merocrine
