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Funmed > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue

A

An aggregate of cells organised to perform a specific function through a distinctive pattern of organisation

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2
Q

4 major types of human tissues

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue

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3
Q

Epithelium functions

A

Protection, detection, sensation, regeneration, absorption, material transport, gas exchange, excretion

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4
Q

Body surfaces not covered by epithelium

A

Teeth, anterior of iris, articular cartilage

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5
Q

Epithelium structure

A

Sheets of lightly bound contiguous cells with free surface

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6
Q

What is the nutrient and oxygen supply for the endothelium

A

Underlying tissue through basement membrane

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7
Q

What is the basement membrane made up of

A

Basal lamina + connective tissue

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8
Q

Types of epithelial cell shape

A

Squamous, cuboidal, colomnar

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9
Q

Colomnar cell shape

A

Elongated

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10
Q

Cuboidal cell shape

A

Rectangular

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11
Q

Squamous cell shape

A

Flattened

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12
Q

Simple endothelium

A

1 layer thick

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13
Q

Stratified endothelium

A

Multiple layers

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14
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found

A

Lower urinary tract

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15
Q

Specialised morphological characteristic of urothelium

A

Domed apical surface of cells

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16
Q

Why is the apical surface of urothelium cells domed

A

Allows bladder to distend

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17
Q

Why does pseudostratified epithelium appear stratified

A

Nuclei located at different heights

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18
Q

Where is endothelium found

A

Lining blood vessels

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19
Q

Where is cardiothelium found

A

Lining ventricles and atria

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20
Q

Where is mesothelium found

A

Lining body cavities

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21
Q

What are Epithelioid cells

A

Closely packed epithelial cells with no apical surface

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22
Q

Where are epithelioid cells found

A

Testis, ovaries, islets of langerhans

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23
Q

What is the apical domain exposed to

A

Lumen or external environment

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24
Q

What is they lateral domain exposed to

A

Adjacent epithelial cells

By cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes

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25
Q

What’s is the basal domain exposed to

A

Basal membrane

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26
Q

Types of lateral domain

A

Tight junction
Anchoring junction
Gap junction

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27
Q

Anchoring junction purpose

A

Structural support of adjacent cells

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28
Q

Gap junction purpose

A

Create communication contacts between adjacent cells

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29
Q

Tight junction purpose

A

Seal adjacent cells together

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30
Q

What are microvilli

A

Finger like projections on apical surface with passive motility

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31
Q

What are stereocilia

A

Long immobile microvilli

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32
Q

Where are stereocillia

A

Inner ear and epididymis

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33
Q

How are stereocilia supported

A

Actin filaments cross linked by fibrin

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34
Q

What are cilia

A

Hair like extensions from the apical plasma membrane

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35
Q

How are cilia supported

A

Microtubules

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36
Q

3 types of cilia

A

Motile cilia
Primary cilia
Nodal cilia

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37
Q

Where are nodal cilia found

A

Embryos

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38
Q

2 main proteins of the ECM

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

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39
Q

What protein does laminin and fibronectin associate with to organise the basement membrane

A

Collagen

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40
Q

Components of the basement membrane

A

Basal lamina

Reticular lamina

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41
Q

Basal lamina

A

Sheet like ecm in direct contact with epithelial cells

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42
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Supports basal lamina and is in contact with connective tissue

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43
Q

Basement membrane function

A 
Structural attachment
Filtration
Compartmentalisation
Tissue scaffolding in regeneration
Regulation
Signalling
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44
Q

Function of basement membrane in kidney

A

Important component of glomerula filtration barrier

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45
Q

Role of basement membrane in muscle contraction

A

Contributes to maintaining integrity of skeletal muscle fibre

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46
Q

What does disruption to the basal lamina - muscle cell relationship cause

A

Muscular dystrophy

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47
Q

What are glands made of

A

Epithelial tissue

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48
Q

Where do glands originate from

A

Invaginated epithelial cells

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49
Q

What is parenchyma

A

Tissue that carries out their function of the organ

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50
Q

Do glands produce products intracellularly or extracellularly

A

Intracellularly

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51
Q

What’s is a tubular gland

A

Glands whose glandular cells form straight or coiled tubes

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52
Q

What is an alveolar gland

A

Glands whose glandular cells form sack like pockets

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53
Q

What is a branched gland

A

A gland where several secretory areas share a duct

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54
Q

What is a gland with tubular and alveolar cells called

A

Tubuloalveolar

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55
Q

What is a compound gland

A

A gland with multiple branches

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56
Q

What is an exocrine gland

A

Products secreted directly to surface or through epithelial ducts

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57
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

Product secreted into connective tissue and travels to bloodstream

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58
Q

Merocrine/eccrine secretion

A

Products delivered through exocytosis

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59
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Product secreted through partial loss of cell apical portion

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60
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Product secreted through apoptosis

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61
Q

3 mechanisms of exocrine secretion

A

Merocrine/eccrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

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62
Q

Unicellular gland

A

Secretion by single cell

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63
Q

Multicellular gland

A

More than 1 cell

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64
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

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65
Q

Epithelium purposes

A 
Boundaries
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Filtration
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66
Q

Epithelium location

A

Skin surface

Lining of hollow organs

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67
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A 
Polarity
Intracellularly Junctions
Regeneration
Metaplastic ability
Avascular
Innervated
Supported by connective tissue
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68
Q

How is epithelial tissue supported

A

Connective tissue

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69
Q

Types of epithelium

A

Lining

Glandular

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70
Q

Simple epithelial

A

Single layer of epithelial cells

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71
Q

Squamous epithelial

A

Flattened cells

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72
Q

Simple squamous use

A

Diffusion

Filtration

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73
Q

Simple squamous location

A

Alveoli
Endothelium
Mesothelium

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74
Q

Cuboidal

A

Square

Large spherical nuclei

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75
Q

Cuboidal uses

A

Secretion

Absorption

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76
Q

Simple cuboidal location

A

Ducts
Kidney tubules
Secretory portion of small glands

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77
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Tall cells
Oval to round nuclei
May contain goblet cells

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78
Q

Columnar epithelium uses

A

Mucous/enzyme secretion

Mucous/enzyme absorption

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79
Q

Enterocytes

A

Individual simple columnar cells

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80
Q

Non ciliated simple cuboidal location

A

Intestines
Gall bladder
Excretory glands

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81
Q

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelial location

A

Small bronchi

Uterine tubes

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82
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Cells at different heights but still resting on basement membrane

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83
Q

Pseudostratefies epithelium uses

A

Secretion of mucous

Movement of mucous

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84
Q

What does epithelial tissue rest on

A

Basement membrane

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85
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar location

A

Bronchus

Trachea

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86
Q

Non ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A

Sperm ducts

Ducts of large glands

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87
Q

Stratified squamous uses

A

Protect areas prone to abrasiom

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88
Q

Keratinised stratified squamous

A

Surface cell layers dead and full of keratin

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89
Q

How do keratinised cells show on photomicrograph

A

Darker

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90
Q

Keratinised stratified squamous location

A

Epidermis

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91
Q

Non keratinised stratified squamous location

A

Cervix
Rectum
Oesophagus
Mouth

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92
Q

Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar uses

A

Line ducts of large glands

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93
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

Sweat glands

Mammary glands

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94
Q

Stratified columnar epithelial location

A

Large glands
Male urethra
Pharynx

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95
Q

Other name for Transitional epithelium

A

Urothelium

96
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

Urinary tract

97
Q

Transitional epithelium composition

A

Basal cuboidal and columnar

Apical squamous

98
Q

Transitional epithelium characteristics

A

Impermeable to salts and water

Distension

99
Q

How does transitional epithelium distend

A

Plaques at luminal surface allow stretching

100
Q

What shape are luminal cells in the transitional epithelium

A

Domed when relaxed

101
Q

Exocrine glandular epithelium

A

Secrete substances onto the surface of the epithelium usually via ducts

102
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular glands secreting mucin glycoprotein

103
Q

How can goblet cells be stained

A

Periodic acid Schiff reaction

104
Q

Does H and E stain work for goblet cells

A

No

105
Q

Exocrine gland characteristics

A

Glandular portions

Duct portions

106
Q

Simple exocrine glands

A

Single duct

107
Q

Complex exocrine glands

A

2+ ducts

108
Q

Glandular portion shapes

A

Tubular

Alveolar

109
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete into tissues/blood vessels

No ducts

110
Q

Which type of glands are highly vascularised

A

Endocrine

111
Q

Compound ducts

A

Duct branches

112
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium + underlying connective tissue and smooth muscle

113
Q

Mucosa components

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscular mucosa
Submucosa

114
Q

What is the lamina propria made up of

A

Connective tissue

115
Q

What is the muscular mucosa made of

A

Smooth muscle

116
Q

What is the submucosa made of

A

Connective tissue

117
Q

Where is the mucosa found

A

Lining internal organs

118
Q

Other name for mucous membrane

A

Mucosa

119
Q

Other name for serous membrane

A

Serosa

120
Q

Serosa components

A

Mesothelium

Connective tissue

121
Q

Difference between mucosa and serosa

A

Mucosa contains smooth muscle layer

122
Q

Layers of mesothelium

A

Visceral

Pleural

123
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Support
Protection
Binds tissues together

124
Q

Types of support provided by connective tissue

A

Structural
Metabolic
Defensive

125
Q

Precursor for connective tissues

A

Mesenchymal cells

126
Q

Fibroblast shape

A

Elongated due to elongated nuclei

127
Q

Fibroblast photomicrograph appearance

A

Blue

128
Q

Fibroblast purpose

A

Makes ECM

129
Q

What is ECM made up of

A

Collagen fibres
Elastin fibres
Ground substance
Glycoproteins

130
Q

What is ground substance made up of

A

GAGs

Proteoglycans

131
Q

Collagen photomicrograph appearance

A

Very lightly stained

132
Q

What are fibrocollagenous connective tissues characterised by

A

Collagen fibre quantity, type, organisation

133
Q

Loose connective tissue characteristics

A

Few randomly organised col 1 fibres
Some col 3
Some elastin

134
Q

Loose connective tissue use

A

Wrap + cushion organs

Inflammation

135
Q

Loose connective tissue location

A

Under epithelia
Lamina propria
Surrounds capillaries
Submucosa

136
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue characteristics

A

Lots of col 1 in many directions

137
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue uses

A

Structural strength

Withstands tension in many direction

138
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location

A

Fibrous capsules of organs
Fibrous capsules of joints
Skin dermis
Submucosa

139
Q

Dense regular connective tissue characteristics

A 
Lots col 1 in 1 direction
Parallel fibres
Few elastic fibres
Withstand great force from 1 direction
Cells in periphery
140
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeurosis

141
Q

Reticular fibrocollagenous

A

Fine mesh of col 3

142
Q

Reticular fibrocollagenous use

A

Forms soft internal skeleton to support cells

143
Q

Reticular fibrocollagenous location

A

Lymphoid organs

144
Q

What cells are in the ECM in fibrocollagenous tissues

A 
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
145
Q

What are supported by col 3

A

Highly cellular organs

146
Q

Adipose tissue

A

High density adipocytes

147
Q

Types of adipose tissue

A

White

Brown

148
Q

White adipose tissue characteristics

A

Unilocular
Widely distributed
Sparse ECM

149
Q

White adipose tissue use

A

Energy storage in adults
Insulation
Shock absorption

150
Q

White adipose tissue location

A

Breasts
Hypodermics
Around kidneys

151
Q

Brown adipose tissue characteristics

A

Multilocular
Multiple fat droplets in each cell
Round central nuclei
Fibrocollagenous septa

152
Q

Brown adipose tissue use

A

Heat production in newborns

153
Q

Brown adipose tissue fibrocollagenous septa use

A

Separates brown adipose into lobules
Carry blood vessels
Carry nerves

154
Q

Brown adipose tissue location

A

Babies

155
Q

Why do babies have brown adipose tissue

A

Can’t shiver

156
Q

Unilocular

A

Nuclei pushed to side of adipocytes by fat droplet

157
Q

Cartilage use

A

Structural support

Bone precursor

158
Q

What maintains cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

159
Q

What cells make chondrocytes

A

Chondroblasts

160
Q

Cells in cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

161
Q

Chondroblast use

A

Produce and deposit col 2

162
Q

Chondrocytes location in cartilage

A

Lacunae

163
Q

Cartilage ECM characteristics

A 
Abundant
Rich in GAGs
Rich in hylauronic acid
Fine col 2 fibre lattice
80% water
164
Q

Why are h2o and positive ions attracted to cartilage

A

Negatively charged proteoglycans and GAGs

165
Q

What cells produce ECM in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

166
Q

Hyaline cartilage characteristics

A

Amorphous

Firm

167
Q

What is a chondrocyte

A

Chondroblast in lacunae

168
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Most of embryonic skeleton
Trachea
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage in joints

169
Q

What is the most common cartilage type

A

Hyaline cartilage

170
Q

What is the difference between hyaline and elastin cartilage

A

Elastin cartilage has more elastic fibres

Elastin cartilage is more flexible

171
Q

Elastin cartilage location

A

Ear

Epiglottis

172
Q

Fibrocartilage characteristics

A

Thick collagen fibres
Mainly col 1 and 2
Less firm than other types

173
Q

Fibrocartilage use

A

Tensile strength

Shock absorber

174
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

Invertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

175
Q

Perichindrium

A

Specialised layer of highly vascularised fibrocollagenous tissue

176
Q

Perichondrium locatiom

A

Surrounds cartilage

177
Q

Perichondrium use

A

Nourishes chondrocytes

Nutrients diffuse from perichondrium capillaries to cartilage

178
Q

Where does cartilage get nutrients from

A

Surrounding perichondrium

179
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle fibre size

180
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in muscle fibre number

181
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

182
Q

Where is muscle tissue derived from

A

Mesoderm

183
Q

Muscle composition

A

Actin filaments
Myosin filaments
Basement membrane

184
Q

Muscle photomicrograph appearance

A

Pink stained

185
Q

Connective tissue ecm appearance

A

Light staining

186
Q

Skeletal muscle use

A

Voluntary movement

187
Q

Skeletal muscle location

A

Attached to bones/skin

188
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Long
Cylindrical
Multinucleate
Striated

189
Q

Endomysium

A

Supporting reticular fibre network around basement membrane of skeletal msucle

190
Q

Perimysium

A

Thick connective tissue around fascicles

191
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles Muscle fibres organised into

192
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath of dense connective tissue organising fascicles into whole muscles

193
Q

Satellite cells

A

Stem cells that can add fibre aiding growth/ after damage

194
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of muscle

195
Q

Myofibrils

A

Made up of sarcomeres

Run longitudinally

196
Q

Sarcomere components

A 
Z lines
M lines
A bands
I bands
H bands
197
Q

Z line

A

Actin filaments anchored

198
Q

What defines the limit of a sarcomere

A

Z line

199
Q

How many z lines in a sarcomere

A

2

200
Q

M line

A

Myosin filaments anchored

201
Q

How many m lines per sarcomere

A

1

202
Q

A bands

A

Myosin filament band

203
Q

What are the darker bands of a sarcomere

A

A band

204
Q

I band

A

Actin doesn’t overlap with myosin

205
Q

What is the lighter band of a sarcomere

A

I band

206
Q

H band

A

Myosin filaments only

207
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A 
Branching
Striated
Uninucleate
Central nuclei that connect at intercalated discs
No satellite cells
208
Q

Where do cardiac muscle nuclei connect

A

Intercalated discs

209
Q

Cardiac muscle function

A

Propels blood into circulation

210
Q

Why is cardiac muscle damage permanent

A

Cardiac myocytes cannot divide

No satellite cells in cardiac muscle

211
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Communication cardiomyocytes

212
Q

What allows synchronised contraction of cardiac myocytes

A

Ion transfer in intercalated discs

213
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

Elongated spindle shaped cells
Central nuclei
No striations

214
Q

Smooth muscle function

A

Involuntary control

215
Q

Smooth muscle location

A

Mostly hollow organ walls

Blood vessels

216
Q

Why does smooth muscle not shorten

A

Contraction not dependent on sliding filaments

217
Q

How does smooth muscle cytoplasm stain

A

Dark

218
Q

Contractile cells types

A

Myocytes
Myoepithelial cells
Myofibroblasts
Pericytes

219
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Surround secretory portion of exo glands

220
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Secrete collagen to produce fibrocollagenous scars

221
Q

Pericytes

A

Proliferate after injury -> become stem cells -> differentiate into fibroblasts

222
Q

Neurone cell body and first part of dendrite

A

A

223
Q

What cells surround neurones

A

Glial cells

224
Q

CNS glial cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

225
Q

Astrocyte characteristics

A

Highly branched

226
Q

Astrocyte uses

A

CNS Enviro regulation
Blood brain barrier
Synapse Insulation
Proliferate around injury to form glial scar

227
Q

Oligodendrocyte use

A

Myelin production

Wrap membrane around axon

228
Q

What type of brain/spinal matter are oligodendrocytes common in

A

White matter

229
Q

Microglia characteristics

A

Specialised macrophage
Smallest glial cell
Hard to identify

230
Q

Microglia use

A

Removed damaged cells and debris at injury site

231
Q

Ependymal cell characteristics

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium

232
Q

Ependymal use

A

Line brain ventricles

Form part of choroid process that produce CSF

233
Q

PNS glial cells

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

234
Q

Schwann cell uses

A

Forms myelin sheath

Envelope forming unmyelinated axons

235
Q

Schwann cell electromicrograph appearance

A

Very dark staining

236
Q

How many axons can a Schwann cell myelinate

A

1

237
Q

How can you tell tendons from ligaments

A

Tendons denser and regularly arranged

Ligaments have more elastic fibres and are wavy

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