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HISTO Lab > Histologic Techniques > Flashcards

Histologic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs.

A. Anatomy
B. Physiology
C. Cytology
D. Histology
E. None of the above

A

Histology

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2
Q

It is the scientific study of fine details of biological cells and tissues.

A. Anatomy
B. Physiology
C. Cytology
D. Histology
E. None of the above

A

Histology

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3
Q

It uses a microscope to look at specimens that have been carefully prepared using special process.

A. Histological techniques
B. Staining techniques
C. Microscope techniques
D. Embedding techniques

A

Histological techqniques

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4
Q

Collection of cells with similar structures and functions that have similar extracellular substances located between them.

A. Organs
B. Organ systems
C. Tissues
D. Organelles

A

Tissues

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5
Q

Which of the following are the basic tissue types?

A. Epithelial tissue
B. Connective tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Nervous tissue
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

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6
Q

What is the correct order of tissue processing?

A

Numbering > Fixation > Decalcification* > Dehydration > Clearing > Paraffin infiltration > Embedding > Blocking > Trimming > Sectioning > Staining > Mounting > Labelling

Mnemonic: NFD*DCP EBTS SML

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7
Q

Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that cross-link proteins and inactivate enzymes, which preserve cell and tissue structure.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

A

Fixation

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8
Q

The tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100% which removes all water.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

Alcohol is removed in organic solvents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

A

Clearing

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10
Q

Tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

A

Paraffin infiltration

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11
Q

Placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

A

Embedding

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12
Q

The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning or slicing on a microtome.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

A

Trimming

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13
Q

It is widely used fixative for light microscopy.

A. 37% Glutaraldehyde
B. 37% Saline solution
C. 37% Formaldehyde
D. 37% Butanoic Acid
E. None of the above

A

37% Formaldehyde

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14
Q

Fixative used in electron microscopy.

A. Glutaraldehyde
B. Formalin
C. Aldehyde
D. Formaldehyde
E. None of the above

A

Glutaraldehyde

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15
Q

Of all staining methods, it is the simple combination that is most commonly used.

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

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16
Q

Which is considered a counterstain in H&E.

A

Eosin

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17
Q

In a more complex procedures, such as __________, allow greater distinctions among various EC tissue components.

A. Masson trichrome
B. PAS reaction
C. H&E
D. Feulgen reaction
E. Sudan black

A

Masson trichrome

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18
Q

Utilizes hexose rings of polysaccharides and other carbohydrate-rich tissue structures and stains.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. H&E
D. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
E. None of the above

A

Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction

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19
Q

Modification of PAS procedure wherein the DNA of cell nuclei can be specifically stained.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. H&E
D. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
E. None of the above

A

Feulgen reaction

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20
Q

Lipid soluble dyes which can be useful in diagnosis of metabolic diseases that involve intracellular accumulations of cholesterol, phospholipids, or glycolipids.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. Sudan black
D. Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction
E. None of the above

A

Sudan black

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21
Q

Final step before microscopic observation.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Mounting and Labelling
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

A

Mounting and Labelling

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22
Q

Used in elucidating functional aspects of the cells, tissues, organs.

A. Histological techniques
B. Advanced visualization techniques
C. Staining techniques
D. Immunohistochemical techniques
E. None of the above

A

Advanced visualization techniques

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23
Q

In advanced visualization techniques, it uses chemical reactions, enzymatic processes, and physico-chemical processes that do not only stain the tissue but also permit the localization of EC and IC molecules of interest.

A. True
B. False

A

True

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24
Q

Which of the following pertains to advanced visualization techniques:

A. Autoradiography
B. Enzyme histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
C. In vitro Culture
D. Gene technology
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

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25
Q

Studies the behavior of cells in response to normal and induced experimental stress.

A. In situ culture
B. In vivo culture
C. In vitro culture
D. 2 of the choices are correct
E. None of the above

A

In vitro Culture

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26
Q

Process where cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment.

A. Tissue culture
B. Cell culture
C. Viral culture
D. Bacterial culture
E. Parasitic culture

A

Cell culture

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27
Q

In practice, it is where culturing of cells derived from especially from animal cells.

A

Multicellular eukaryotes

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28
Q

It allows direct observation of the cell behavior.

A. Tissue culture
B. Cell culture
C. Viral culture
D. Bacterial culture
E. Parasitic culture

A

Cell culture

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29
Q

Which of the following are uses of In vitro culture?

I. Study of normal and malignant cells.
II. Development of new drugs.
III. Study of intracellular parasites, viruses, protozoa, bacteria.
IV. Determination of human karyotypes.
V. Detect genetic disorders
VI. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA technique

A. I, II, IV only
B. II, V, VI only
C. I, III, VI only
D. None of the above
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

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30
Q

Which of the following steps is/are false regarding the process to culture cells.

I. Harvest cells.
II. Isolate cells with the use of appropriate enzymes.
III. Apply the isolated cells on to an appropriate growth media in a culture dish.
IV. Culture cells by placing the culture dish in a cell incubator.
V. Subculture cells to obtain a pure culture or to bypass some problems (such as senescence).
VI. Verify the cultured cells are the cell type of interest.
VII. Cells are ready to be manipulated or modified for experimental procedures.

A. I, II, IV only
B. II, V, VI only
C. I, III, VI only
D. None of the above
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

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31
Q

In cell culture we use what microscope?

A. Light microscope
B. Electron Microscope
C. Inverted Microscope
D. Any microscope will do as long as we see the cultured cells.
E. None of the above

A

Inverted microscope

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32
Q

Utilizes X-ray film to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labeled.

A. Autoradiography
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Enzyme Histochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Autoradiography

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33
Q

Types of autoradiography

A

In vivo autoradiography and in vitro autoradiography

34
Q

Type of autoradiography wherein receptors are labelled in intact living tissue by systemic administration of the radioligand.

A. In vito autoradiography
B. In vitro autoradiography
C. In viro autoradiography
D. In vivo autoradiography
E. In vitro autoradiography

A

In vivo autoradiography

35
Q

Tissues are now removed, processed, and visualized in what type of autoradiography.

A. In vito autoradiography
B. In vitro autoradiography
C. In viro autoradiography
D. In vivo autoradiography
E. In vitro autoradiography

A

In vivo autoradiography

36
Q

Slide mounted tissue sections are incubated with radioligand.

A. In vito autoradiography
B. In vitro autoradiography
C. In viro autoradiography
D. In vivo autoradiography
E. In vitro autoradiography

A

In vitro autoradiography

37
Q

Receptors are now labelled under very controlled conditions in what type of autoradiography.

A. In vito autoradiography
B. In vitro autoradiography
C. In viro autoradiography
D. In vivo autoradiography
E. In vitro autoradiography

A

In vitro autoradiography

38
Q

Method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections.

A. Histologic autoradiography
B. Microscopic autoradiography
C. Cytologic autoradiography
D. Sarcoplasmic autoradiography

A

Microscopic autoradiography

39
Q

Slides with radiolabeled cells or tissue sections are coated in a darkroom with photographic emulsion containing silver bromide crystals.

A. True
B. False

A

True

40
Q

In microscopic autoradiography, microscopic exam displays the presence of silver grains over the regions where the isotope labelled molecule was located.

A. True
B. False

A

True

41
Q

The results of autoradiography in microscopic examination displays the presence of silver grains over the regions where isotope-labeled molecule was located.

A. True
B. False

A

True

42
Q

In micrography, radioactive isotopes are incorporated into a target macromolecules.

A. True
B. False

A

False

43
Q

The presence of radioisotope in autoradiography is detected by a thin layer of emulsion.

A. True
B. False

A

True

44
Q

The slide is placed in the dark for several weeks and the radioactive particles emitted exposes the emulsion.

A. True
B. False

A

True

45
Q

It is developed like a film on a slide with coverslip and viewed under light microscope.

A

Emulsion

46
Q

These act as micro detectors of the radiation in the same way that they respond to light in photographic film.

A

Silver bromide

47
Q

__________ reduced by the radiation produce small black grains of metallic silver, which under either the light microscope or TEM indicate the locations of radiolabeled macromolecules in the tissue.

A

Silver bromide crystals

48
Q

In the results of microscopic examination, it displays the presence of __________ over the regions where the isotope-labeled molecule was located.

A

Silver grains

49
Q

After a period of incubation, some cells are transferred to a glass slide. The slide is dipped into a liquid photographic emulsion containing __________, which clings to the slide in a thin layer.

A

Light-sensitive silver bromide

50
Q

Autoradiography has been used in biology on the macroscopic level to study the uptake of radioactive tracers by both plant leaves and animal organs.

A. True
B. False

A

True

51
Q

A liquid photographic emulsion that is used cove the radioactive sample.

A

Light-sensitive silver bromide

52
Q

Process used to separate cellular components while preserving individual functions of each components.

A. Autoradiography
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Enzyme Histochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. Cell Fractionation

A

Cell Fractionation

53
Q

Method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity.

A. Autoradiography
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Enzyme Histochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Enzyme Histochemistry

54
Q

Enzymes that can be detected histochemically include the following except:

A. Phosphatases
B. Dehydrogenases
C. Peroxidase
D. Proteases

A

Proteases

55
Q

Split the bond between a phosphate group and phosphorylated molecules.

A. Phosphatases
B. Dehydrogenases
C. Peroxidase
D. Proteases

A

Phosphatases

56
Q

Remove hydrogen ions from one substrate and transfer them to another.

A. Phosphatases
B. Dehydrogenases
C. Peroxidase
D. Proteases

A

Dehydrogenases

57
Q

Promotes the oxidation of substrates with the transfer of hydrogen ions to hydrogen peroxide.

A. Phosphatases
B. Dehydrogenases
C. Peroxidase
D. Proteases

A

Peroxidase

58
Q

Uses a labeled antibodies are extremely useful in identifying and localizing many specific proteins, not just those with enzymatic activity.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Immunohistochemistry

59
Q

Based on specific reactions between an antigen and antibodies labeled with visible markers.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Immunohistochemistry

60
Q

Combines anatomical, immunological and biochemical techniques to identify discrete tissue components by the interaction of target antigens with specific antibodies tagged with a visible label.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Immunocytochemistry

61
Q

Commonly used method that identifies the presence and pattern of proteins expression in biologic sample and its localization in the context of tissue morphology.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. None of the above

A

Immunocytochemistry

62
Q

Uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label such as fluorescent compound or peroxidase.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Immunocytochemistry
C. Direct immunocytochemistry
D. Indirect Immunocytochemistry
E. None of the above

A

Direct immunocytochemistry

63
Q

Uses a primary antibody made against the protein of interest and applied to the tissue section to bind its specific antigen then a labeled secondary antibody.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Immunocytochemistry
C. Direct immunocytochemistry
D. Indirect Immunocytochemistry
E. None of the above

A

Indirect immunocytochemistry

64
Q

General steps in immunocytochemistry

A

Sample preparation
Labelling

65
Q

It refers to binding of complementary nucleotide sequences to one another with specificity.

A. Immunohistochemistry
B. Cell & Tissue Culture
C. Immunocytochemistry
D. Visualization Specific Molecules
E. Hybridization

A

Hybridization

66
Q

A method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA.

A. Hybridization
B. In vivo hybridization
C. In vitro hybridization
D. In situ hybridization
E. None of the choices

A

In situ hybridization

67
Q

It determines if a cell has a specific sequence of DNA.

A. Hybridization
B. In vivo hybridization
C. In vitro hybridization
D. In situ hybridization
E. None of the choices

A

In situ hybridization

68
Q

It identifies the cell containing specific mRNAs.

A. Hybridization
B. In vivo hybridization
C. In vitro hybridization
D. In situ hybridization
E. None of the choices

A

In situ hybridization

69
Q

It determines the localization of a gene in a specific chromosome.

A. Hybridization
B. In vivo hybridization
C. In vitro hybridization
D. In situ hybridization
E. None of the choices

A

In situ hybridization

70
Q

In vivo hybridization is a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections providing insights into physiological and disease pathogenesis.

A. True
B. False

A

False

71
Q

In vitro hybridization is a method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA.

A. True
B. False

A

False

72
Q

In situ hybridization is a method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA.

A. True
B. False

A

True

73
Q

It is the formation a partially or wholly complementary nucleic acid duplex by association of single strands.

A. Hybridization
B. Labels
C. Biotin-labeled proteins
D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

A

Hybridization

74
Q

Visualizing molecules conjugated to, or incorporated into the probes or primers.

A. Hybridization
B. Labels
C. Biotin-labeled proteins
D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

A

Labels

75
Q

Demonstrated with enzymes or fluorochromes covalently linked to avidin.

A. Hybridization
B. Labels
C. Biotin-labeled proteins
D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

A

Biotin-labeled proteins

76
Q

Bound by anti digoxigenin antibody conjugated to a fluorescent molecule or enzyme.

A. Hybridization
B. Labels
C. Biotin-labeled proteins
D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

A

Digoxigenin probes

77
Q

Which of the following are the key techniques used in in situ hybridization (ISH)?

I. ISH to mRNA with oligonucleotide and RNA probes.
II. Analysis with light and electron microscopes.
III. Whole mount ISH
IV. Double detection of RNAs and RNA plus protein
V. Fluorescent ISH

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. IV only
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

78
Q

Key techniques used in in situ hybridization (ISH) for detection of chromosomal sequences.

A. ISH to mRNA with oligonucleotide and RNA probes.
B. Analysis with light and electron microscopes.
C. Whole mount ISH
D. Double detection of RNAs and RNA plus protein
E. Fluorescent ISH

A

Fluorescent ISH

79
Q

It is a rapid, inexpensive and simple way of copying specific nucleic acid fragments from minute quantities of source material.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

80
Q

PCR require the use of radioisotopes or toxic chemicals. It also involves the preparation of the DNA sample and a master mix with dimers, followed by detecting reaction products.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the first statement is true
D. Only the second statement is true

A

Both statements are false

81
Q

Which of the following are the purpose of nucleic acid amplification?

I. To verify the identity of nucleic acid constructs
II. Used in monitoring gene expression in cells in vitro
III. To diagnose a genetic disorder
IV. Used for cloning and sequencing for in vitro studies
V. To detect the presence of an organism

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. IV and V only
E. All of the above

A

All of the above

HISTO Lab (4 decks)

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