Histoire de l'Italie Flashcards
1
Q
The Visigoths, led by Alaric, sack Rome
A
410
2
Q
Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor in the West, is overthrown by Odoacer
A
476
3
Q
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer and establishes rule over Italy
A
493
4
Q
The eastern emperor in Byzantium seeks to recover Italy from the Ostrogoths during the ‘Gothic wars’
A
435-553
5
Q
The Lombards invade Italy and occupy northern Italy as far as Milan
A
568-9
6
Q
The Lombards capture Ravenna and move against Rome; Pope Stephen II appeals to the Franks for help; the ‘Donation of Constantine’ is produced in Rome around this time
A
751-5
7
Q
Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards and is elected king
A
773-4
8
Q
Charlemagne is crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in St Peter’s, Rome
A
800
9
Q
Arab incursions begin into Sicily and southern Italy
A
827
10
Q
The German King, Otto I, is crowned emperor in Rome after conquering much of northern Italy
A
962
11
Q
Norman forces capture Palermo and secure control of much of Sicily from the Arabs
A
1072
12
Q
The ‘communal movement’ sees many cities in northern and central Italy asserting their autonomy from imperial rule
A
1080-1130
13
Q
Frederick Barbarossa becomes emperor and sets out to restore imperial authority in Italy
A
1152
14
Q
Barbarossa is defeated by the cities of the ‘Lombard League’ at the Battle of Legnano
A
1176
15
Q
Emperor Frederick II endeavours to reassert imperial authority over the communes; Guelf (pro-papal) and Ghibelline (pro-imperial) parties appear in many cities
A
1225-50
16
Q
Charles of Anjou defeats Frederick II’s son, Manfred, at the battle of Benevento and takes control of southern Italy and Sicily in the name of the Guelf cause
A
1266
17
Q
Revolt of the ‘Sicilian Vespers’ in Palermo against the French leads to the capture of Sicily by the Aragonese
A
1282
18
Q
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) is banished from his native Florence following years of violent struggles between Black and White factions of the Guelfs; in exile he writes the Divine Comedy
A
1302
19
Q
Residence of the popes in Avignon
A
1309-1377
20
Q
Bankruptcy of the Bardi, the Peruzzi and other Florentine banking houses
A
1343-6
21
Q
Revolt of the Florentine woolworkers (Ciompi)
A
1378
22
Q
Papa schism; rival popes in Rome, Avignon and later Pisa
A
1378-1417
23
Q
Alfonso of Aragon conquers the Kingdom of Naples
A
1442
24
Q
The Peace of Lodi ends several decades of conflict between the states of Italy
A
1454
25
Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France marks the beginning of several decades of struggle between French, Spanish and Imperial forces for control of the peninsula
1494
26
Niccolò Machiavelli writes the Prince
1513
27
Sack of Rome by German and Spanish troops
1527
28
Papal (Roman) Inquisition established
1542
29
Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis recognises Spanish control of most of Italy
1559
30
Plague in Milan and other parts of northern Italy
1630
31
Revolts in Naples and Palermo against Spanish rule
1647-8
32
War of the Spanish Succession leads to all Spanish Habsburg possessions in Italy passing to the Austrian Habsburgs
1701-14
33
Charles of Bourbon becomes king of Naples and Sicily
1734
34
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Austrian Succession and confirms Austrian Habsburg dominance of Italy
1748
35
Famine strikes Naples, Florence, Rome and other cities
1763-4
36
Napoleon Bonaparte invades Italy, defeats the Austrians and establishes the Cisalpine Republic
1796
37
Venice ceded to Austria with the Treaty of Campoformio, ending Venice's history as an independent republic
1797
38
Napoleon crowned king of Italy in Milan
1805
39
Ugo Foscolo writes his patriotic poem Dei Sepolci
1807
40
French troops occupy Rome; Joachim Murat becomes king of Naples
1808
41
The Congress of Vienna and the battle of Waterloo (18 june 1815) brings to an end the Napoleonic era; Lombardy and Venetia are annexed to the Habsburg empire; King Victor Emmanuel I is restored in Piedmont-Sardinia, Grand Duke Ferdinand III in Tuscany, Duke Francis IV in Modena, King Ferdinand IV in Naples
1814-15
42
Revolutions break out in Naples, Palermo and Piedmont; the Quadruple Alliance sanctions the principle of intervention against revolution in Italy
1820-1
43
Revolutions in the Duchy of Modena and parts of the Papal States
1831
44
Alessandro Manzoni publishes a revised version of I Promessi Sposi in Tuscan literary idiom
1840-2
45
Publications of Vincenzo Gioberti's Del primato Morale e Civile degli Italiani and Cesare Balbo's Delle Speranze d'Italia
1843-4
46
Election of Pope Pius IX
1846
47
Revolution break out across Italy
1848
48
Following the flight of Pius IX, the Roman republic is declared (February); Charles Albert resumes the war against Austria, is defeated at Novara, and abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II (23 March); French troops defeat the Roman Republic (June); the venetian Republics falls to the Austrians after a siege (August)
1849
49
Count Camillo Bensi di Cavour becomes prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
1852
50
Piedmont joins the Anglo-French alliance in the Crimean War
1855
51
Cavour and Emperor Napoleon III meet secretly in the Vosges to plan a war against Austria and a new political order in Italy (July)
1858
52
Austria declares war on Piedmont (April); risings break out in Tuscany, Parma, Modena and parts of the Papal States; French and Piedmontese forces defeat the Austrians at Magenta (4 June), San Martino and Solferino (24 june); an armistice is signed at Villafranca with Austria, and Lombardy is annexed to Piedmont; elected assemblies in the central Italian duchies and the papal Legations vote for annexation to Piedmont (August-September)
1849
53
Nice and Savoy are ceded by Piedmont to Napoleon III; an insurrection breaks out in Sicily (April); Giuseppe Garibaldi lands in Marsala (11 May) at the head of a volunteer force ('The Thousand'), defeats Bourbon troops at Calatafimi (15 May), captures Palermo, and enters Naples (7 September), Piedmontese troops enter the Papal States (18 September); plebiscites on annexation are held in the Kingdom of the Two Silicies (21 October), Umbria and the Marche (4 November)
1860
54
First elections are held for the new Italian parliament; the Kingdom of Italy is formally constituted and Victor Emmanuel II assumes the title King of Italy (17 March); Cavour dies (6 June); violence and disorder escalate in the South, beginning what is to be known as a 'war against brigands'
1861
55
Garibaldi attempts to march on Rome from Sicily and is halted on the slopes of Aspromonte (July)
1862
56
Pius IX publishes the Syllabus of Errors, widening the breach between the Church and the liberal state
1864
57
The capital is moved from Turin to Florence; the first mention of 'the mafia' in an official document
1865
58
Italy enters the Austro-Prussian war and is defeated by the Austrians on land at Custoza (24 June) and at sea at Lissa (20 July); the Veneto is ceded by Austria to Napoleon III, who passes it to Italy
1866
59
Italian troops enter Rome following the withdrawal of the French garrison and the defeat of Napoleon III by the Prussians (20 september); Rome and Lazio are annexed by plebiscite; Pius IX denounces the seizure of Rome and excommunicates Victor Emmanuel II
1870
60
The Law of Guarantees offers protection and independence to the papacy but is rejected by Pius IX; the capital is transferred to Rome
1871
61
Agostino Depretis becomes PM of the first government of the Left
1876
62
King Victor Emmanuel II dies and is succeeded by his son, Umberto I (9 January)
1878
63
Electoral reform is passed; Italy joins the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary; Garibaldi dies (2 June)
1882
64
Francesco Crispi becomes PM and embarks on an aggressive foreign policy in Europe and Ethiopia
1887
65
The Italian Socialist Party founded; the eruption of the Banca Romana scandal threatens the public finances and the credibility of parliament
1892
66
Crispi declares a 'state of siege' in Sicily and suppresses the socialist movement of the Fasci Siciliani (January)
1894
67
Italian forces defeated in Ethiopia at the battle of Adua (1 March)
1896
68
King Umberto I is assassinated by an anarchist and is succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III (29 July)
1900
69
Giovanni Giolitti enters the government of Giuseppe Zanardelli and embarks on a conciliatory policy towards the socialist
1901
70
Giolitti becomes PM
1903
71
Publication of the review La Voce by Giuseppe Prezzolini
1908
72
The Italian Nationalist Association founded in Florence (December)
1910
73
Italy declares war on Turkey and invades Libya (29 septembre)
1911
74
Introduction of near-universal male suffrage
1912
75
Red Week (June); outbreak of WW1 and declaration by Italy of neutrality (August); Mussolini founds Il Popolo d'Italia and is expelled from the Socialist Party (November)
1914
76
Treaty of London with Britain, France and Russia (26 April); Italy declares war on Austria (24 May)
1915
77
Italian defeat at Caporetto (October)
1917
78
Italian victory at Vittorio Veneto and armistice with Austria (4 November)
1918
79
Mussolini founds the Fasci di Combattimento (23 March); D'Annunzio occupies Fiume (September)
1919
80
Occupation of the factories (september); paramilitary action by fascist squads escalates
1920
81
The PCI founded following split in the Socialist Party and the Congress of Livorno (January); fascists join the list of government candidates in the general elections (May); foundation of the Fascist Party (PNF) (November)
1921
82
March on Rome; Mussolini appointed head of coalition government (28-29 October)
1922
83
Merger of the Nationalists with the PNF (February); occupation of Corfu by Italian forces (August)
1923
84
Fascist victory in general elections (April); murder of socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti and withdrawal of opposition parties from parliament (June)
1924
85
Mussolini accepts responsibility for fascist violence and initiates a dictatorship (3 January)
1925
86
Following attempts on Mussolini's life, all opposition parties are banned and the powers of the police are strengthened with a Public Safety Law (November)
1926
87
The Lateran pacts are signed, bringing to an end the conflict between the Vatican and the Italian state (11 february)
1929
88
Italy invades Ethiopia (October); sanctions are imposed by the League of Nations
1935
89
Proclamation of the Italian Empire (9 May); Italy's forces intervene in the Spanish Civil War; Mussolini declares the existence of a Rome-Berlin Axis (September)
1936
90
Mussolini accepts Hitler's annexation of Australia (March); Racial Laws are introduced (September)
1938
91
Italy occupies Albania (April); Pact of Steel signed with Germany (22 May); war breaks out between Germany, France and Britain and Italy declares 'non-belligerency' (September)
1939
92
Italy declares war on France and Britain (10 June); Italy invades Greece (28 October)
1940
93
Italian navy defeated at Cape Matapan (March); Italian expeditionary forces are sent to Russian
1941
94
The battle of El Alamein opens the way for the loss of Libya (November)
1942
95
Allied forces land in Sicily (10 July); Mussolini is dismissed as PM by Victor Emmanuel III and replaced by Pietro Badoglio (25 July); an armistice is signed with the Allies (3 September); Mussolini is liberated by the Germans (12 Septemebr) and sets up the Republic of Salò
1943
96
Rome is liberated by the Allies (4 June)
1944
97
Final Allied offensive in northern Italy; Mussolini is executed by partisans (28 April)
1945
98
Elections for a Constituent Assembly and referendum on the monarchy are held (2 June); Italy becomes a Republic
1946
99
The new Constitution comes into force (1 January); the Christian Democrats win an absolute majority of seats in the general elections (18 April)
1948
100
Khrushchev's report on Stalin and the Soviet invasion of Hungary lead to heavy defections from the PCI
1956
101
The Treaty of Rome is signed (25 March) and Italy becomes a member of the ECC
1957
102
Years of exceptional growth that become known as the 'economic miracle'
c. 1958-1963
103
Pontification of John XXIII
1958-63
104
Violent protests and demonstrations by students against the university system and the Vietnam War
1967-8
105
Mounting trade union militancy culminates in the 'Hot Autumn; a bomb planted by neo-fascists in Piazza Fontana, Milan, kills 16 (December)
1969
106
The 'Workers' Statue' is introduced (May); the Divorce Law is introduced (December)
1970
107
The leader of the PCI, Enrico Berlinguer, proposes the 'historic compromise'
1973
108
The PCI obtains its highest ever vote in general elections (34.4%) (June)
1976
109
The DC leader, Aldo Moro, is killed by the Red Brigades (9 May); the Abortion Law is passed (22 May); John Paul II is elected pope (October)
1978
110
A bomb at Bologna railway station kills 85 (August)
1980
111
Giovanni Spadolini, leader of the Republication Party, becomes the first non-Christian Democrat PM since 1945
1981
112
General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed by Cosa Nostra in Palermo (3 September)
1982
113
Bettino Craxi, leader of the Socialist Party, is PM
1983-87
114
The PCI is dissolved and splits into the Democratic Party of the Left and the Communist Refoundation
1991
115
State of the tangentopoli scandal; the separatist Northern League makes a break-through in the general elections (April); the leading anti-Mafia investigator, Giovanni Falcone, is murdered in Sicily (23 May)
1992
116
Silvio Berlusconi launches the Forza Italia party and becomes PM of a coalition government of the Northern League and the far right Alleanza Nazionale
1994
117
'Technocratic' government of Lamberto Dini helps to restore credibility to the public finances
1995-6
118
Italy secures admission to the single European currency (May)
1998
119
Berlusconi is PM at the head of the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition
2001-06
120
Berlusconi is obliged to step down as PM amidst growing international concern about Italy's public finances; Mario Monti replaces him at the head of a technocratic government (November)
2011
