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Chronologie > Histoire de l'Italie > Flashcards

Histoire de l'Italie Flashcards

1
Q

The Visigoths, led by Alaric, sack Rome

A

410

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2
Q

Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor in the West, is overthrown by Odoacer

A

476

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3
Q

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer and establishes rule over Italy

A

493

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4
Q

The eastern emperor in Byzantium seeks to recover Italy from the Ostrogoths during the ‘Gothic wars’

A

435-553

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5
Q

The Lombards invade Italy and occupy northern Italy as far as Milan

A

568-9

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6
Q

The Lombards capture Ravenna and move against Rome; Pope Stephen II appeals to the Franks for help; the ‘Donation of Constantine’ is produced in Rome around this time

A

751-5

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7
Q

Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards and is elected king

A

773-4

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8
Q

Charlemagne is crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in St Peter’s, Rome

A

800

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9
Q

Arab incursions begin into Sicily and southern Italy

A

827

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10
Q

The German King, Otto I, is crowned emperor in Rome after conquering much of northern Italy

A

962

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11
Q

Norman forces capture Palermo and secure control of much of Sicily from the Arabs

A

1072

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12
Q

The ‘communal movement’ sees many cities in northern and central Italy asserting their autonomy from imperial rule

A

1080-1130

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13
Q

Frederick Barbarossa becomes emperor and sets out to restore imperial authority in Italy

A

1152

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14
Q

Barbarossa is defeated by the cities of the ‘Lombard League’ at the Battle of Legnano

A

1176

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15
Q

Emperor Frederick II endeavours to reassert imperial authority over the communes; Guelf (pro-papal) and Ghibelline (pro-imperial) parties appear in many cities

A

1225-50

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16
Q

Charles of Anjou defeats Frederick II’s son, Manfred, at the battle of Benevento and takes control of southern Italy and Sicily in the name of the Guelf cause

A

1266

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17
Q

Revolt of the ‘Sicilian Vespers’ in Palermo against the French leads to the capture of Sicily by the Aragonese

A

1282

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18
Q

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) is banished from his native Florence following years of violent struggles between Black and White factions of the Guelfs; in exile he writes the Divine Comedy

A

1302

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19
Q

Residence of the popes in Avignon

A

1309-1377

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20
Q

Bankruptcy of the Bardi, the Peruzzi and other Florentine banking houses

A

1343-6

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21
Q

Revolt of the Florentine woolworkers (Ciompi)

A

1378

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22
Q

Papa schism; rival popes in Rome, Avignon and later Pisa

A

1378-1417

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23
Q

Alfonso of Aragon conquers the Kingdom of Naples

A

1442

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24
Q

The Peace of Lodi ends several decades of conflict between the states of Italy

A

1454

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25
Q

Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France marks the beginning of several decades of struggle between French, Spanish and Imperial forces for control of the peninsula

A

1494

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26
Q

Niccolò Machiavelli writes the Prince

A

1513

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27
Q

Sack of Rome by German and Spanish troops

A

1527

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28
Q

Papal (Roman) Inquisition established

A

1542

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29
Q

Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis recognises Spanish control of most of Italy

A

1559

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30
Q

Plague in Milan and other parts of northern Italy

A

1630

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31
Q

Revolts in Naples and Palermo against Spanish rule

A

1647-8

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32
Q

War of the Spanish Succession leads to all Spanish Habsburg possessions in Italy passing to the Austrian Habsburgs

A

1701-14

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33
Q

Charles of Bourbon becomes king of Naples and Sicily

A

1734

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34
Q

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Austrian Succession and confirms Austrian Habsburg dominance of Italy

A

1748

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35
Q

Famine strikes Naples, Florence, Rome and other cities

A

1763-4

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36
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte invades Italy, defeats the Austrians and establishes the Cisalpine Republic

A

1796

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37
Q

Venice ceded to Austria with the Treaty of Campoformio, ending Venice’s history as an independent republic

A

1797

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38
Q

Napoleon crowned king of Italy in Milan

A

1805

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39
Q

Ugo Foscolo writes his patriotic poem Dei Sepolci

A

1807

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40
Q

French troops occupy Rome; Joachim Murat becomes king of Naples

A

1808

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41
Q

The Congress of Vienna and the battle of Waterloo (18 june 1815) brings to an end the Napoleonic era; Lombardy and Venetia are annexed to the Habsburg empire; King Victor Emmanuel I is restored in Piedmont-Sardinia, Grand Duke Ferdinand III in Tuscany, Duke Francis IV in Modena, King Ferdinand IV in Naples

A

1814-15

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42
Q

Revolutions break out in Naples, Palermo and Piedmont; the Quadruple Alliance sanctions the principle of intervention against revolution in Italy

A

1820-1

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43
Q

Revolutions in the Duchy of Modena and parts of the Papal States

A

1831

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44
Q

Alessandro Manzoni publishes a revised version of I Promessi Sposi in Tuscan literary idiom

A

1840-2

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45
Q

Publications of Vincenzo Gioberti’s Del primato Morale e Civile degli Italiani and Cesare Balbo’s Delle Speranze d’Italia

A

1843-4

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46
Q

Election of Pope Pius IX

A

1846

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47
Q

Revolution break out across Italy

A

1848

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48
Q

Following the flight of Pius IX, the Roman republic is declared (February); Charles Albert resumes the war against Austria, is defeated at Novara, and abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II (23 March); French troops defeat the Roman Republic (June); the venetian Republics falls to the Austrians after a siege (August)

A

1849

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49
Q

Count Camillo Bensi di Cavour becomes prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

A

1852

50
Q

Piedmont joins the Anglo-French alliance in the Crimean War

A

1855

51
Q

Cavour and Emperor Napoleon III meet secretly in the Vosges to plan a war against Austria and a new political order in Italy (July)

A

1858

52
Q

Austria declares war on Piedmont (April); risings break out in Tuscany, Parma, Modena and parts of the Papal States; French and Piedmontese forces defeat the Austrians at Magenta (4 June), San Martino and Solferino (24 june); an armistice is signed at Villafranca with Austria, and Lombardy is annexed to Piedmont; elected assemblies in the central Italian duchies and the papal Legations vote for annexation to Piedmont (August-September)

A

1849

53
Q

Nice and Savoy are ceded by Piedmont to Napoleon III; an insurrection breaks out in Sicily (April); Giuseppe Garibaldi lands in Marsala (11 May) at the head of a volunteer force (‘The Thousand’), defeats Bourbon troops at Calatafimi (15 May), captures Palermo, and enters Naples (7 September), Piedmontese troops enter the Papal States (18 September); plebiscites on annexation are held in the Kingdom of the Two Silicies (21 October), Umbria and the Marche (4 November)

A

1860

54
Q

First elections are held for the new Italian parliament; the Kingdom of Italy is formally constituted and Victor Emmanuel II assumes the title King of Italy (17 March); Cavour dies (6 June); violence and disorder escalate in the South, beginning what is to be known as a ‘war against brigands’

A

1861

55
Q

Garibaldi attempts to march on Rome from Sicily and is halted on the slopes of Aspromonte (July)

A

1862

56
Q

Pius IX publishes the Syllabus of Errors, widening the breach between the Church and the liberal state

A

1864

57
Q

The capital is moved from Turin to Florence; the first mention of ‘the mafia’ in an official document

A

1865

58
Q

Italy enters the Austro-Prussian war and is defeated by the Austrians on land at Custoza (24 June) and at sea at Lissa (20 July); the Veneto is ceded by Austria to Napoleon III, who passes it to Italy

A

1866

59
Q

Italian troops enter Rome following the withdrawal of the French garrison and the defeat of Napoleon III by the Prussians (20 september); Rome and Lazio are annexed by plebiscite; Pius IX denounces the seizure of Rome and excommunicates Victor Emmanuel II

A

1870

60
Q

The Law of Guarantees offers protection and independence to the papacy but is rejected by Pius IX; the capital is transferred to Rome

A

1871

61
Q

Agostino Depretis becomes PM of the first government of the Left

A

1876

62
Q

King Victor Emmanuel II dies and is succeeded by his son, Umberto I (9 January)

A

1878

63
Q

Electoral reform is passed; Italy joins the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary; Garibaldi dies (2 June)

A

1882

64
Q

Francesco Crispi becomes PM and embarks on an aggressive foreign policy in Europe and Ethiopia

A

1887

65
Q

The Italian Socialist Party founded; the eruption of the Banca Romana scandal threatens the public finances and the credibility of parliament

A

1892

66
Q

Crispi declares a ‘state of siege’ in Sicily and suppresses the socialist movement of the Fasci Siciliani (January)

A

1894

67
Q

Italian forces defeated in Ethiopia at the battle of Adua (1 March)

A

1896

68
Q

King Umberto I is assassinated by an anarchist and is succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III (29 July)

A

1900

69
Q

Giovanni Giolitti enters the government of Giuseppe Zanardelli and embarks on a conciliatory policy towards the socialist

A

1901

70
Q

Giolitti becomes PM

A

1903

71
Q

Publication of the review La Voce by Giuseppe Prezzolini

A

1908

72
Q

The Italian Nationalist Association founded in Florence (December)

A

1910

73
Q

Italy declares war on Turkey and invades Libya (29 septembre)

A

1911

74
Q

Introduction of near-universal male suffrage

A

1912

75
Q

Red Week (June); outbreak of WW1 and declaration by Italy of neutrality (August); Mussolini founds Il Popolo d’Italia and is expelled from the Socialist Party (November)

A

1914

76
Q

Treaty of London with Britain, France and Russia (26 April); Italy declares war on Austria (24 May)

A

1915

77
Q

Italian defeat at Caporetto (October)

A

1917

78
Q

Italian victory at Vittorio Veneto and armistice with Austria (4 November)

A

1918

79
Q

Mussolini founds the Fasci di Combattimento (23 March); D’Annunzio occupies Fiume (September)

A

1919

80
Q

Occupation of the factories (september); paramilitary action by fascist squads escalates

A

1920

81
Q

The PCI founded following split in the Socialist Party and the Congress of Livorno (January); fascists join the list of government candidates in the general elections (May); foundation of the Fascist Party (PNF) (November)

A

1921

82
Q

March on Rome; Mussolini appointed head of coalition government (28-29 October)

A

1922

83
Q

Merger of the Nationalists with the PNF (February); occupation of Corfu by Italian forces (August)

A

1923

84
Q

Fascist victory in general elections (April); murder of socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti and withdrawal of opposition parties from parliament (June)

A

1924

85
Q

Mussolini accepts responsibility for fascist violence and initiates a dictatorship (3 January)

A

1925

86
Q

Following attempts on Mussolini’s life, all opposition parties are banned and the powers of the police are strengthened with a Public Safety Law (November)

A

1926

87
Q

The Lateran pacts are signed, bringing to an end the conflict between the Vatican and the Italian state (11 february)

A

1929

88
Q

Italy invades Ethiopia (October); sanctions are imposed by the League of Nations

A

1935

89
Q

Proclamation of the Italian Empire (9 May); Italy’s forces intervene in the Spanish Civil War; Mussolini declares the existence of a Rome-Berlin Axis (September)

A

1936

90
Q

Mussolini accepts Hitler’s annexation of Australia (March); Racial Laws are introduced (September)

A

1938

91
Q

Italy occupies Albania (April); Pact of Steel signed with Germany (22 May); war breaks out between Germany, France and Britain and Italy declares ‘non-belligerency’ (September)

A

1939

92
Q

Italy declares war on France and Britain (10 June); Italy invades Greece (28 October)

A

1940

93
Q

Italian navy defeated at Cape Matapan (March); Italian expeditionary forces are sent to Russian

A

1941

94
Q

The battle of El Alamein opens the way for the loss of Libya (November)

A

1942

95
Q

Allied forces land in Sicily (10 July); Mussolini is dismissed as PM by Victor Emmanuel III and replaced by Pietro Badoglio (25 July); an armistice is signed with the Allies (3 September); Mussolini is liberated by the Germans (12 Septemebr) and sets up the Republic of Salò

A

1943

96
Q

Rome is liberated by the Allies (4 June)

A

1944

97
Q

Final Allied offensive in northern Italy; Mussolini is executed by partisans (28 April)

A

1945

98
Q

Elections for a Constituent Assembly and referendum on the monarchy are held (2 June); Italy becomes a Republic

A

1946

99
Q

The new Constitution comes into force (1 January); the Christian Democrats win an absolute majority of seats in the general elections (18 April)

A

1948

100
Q

Khrushchev’s report on Stalin and the Soviet invasion of Hungary lead to heavy defections from the PCI

A

1956

101
Q

The Treaty of Rome is signed (25 March) and Italy becomes a member of the ECC

A

1957

102
Q

Years of exceptional growth that become known as the ‘economic miracle’

A

c. 1958-1963

103
Q

Pontification of John XXIII

A

1958-63

104
Q

Violent protests and demonstrations by students against the university system and the Vietnam War

A

1967-8

105
Q

Mounting trade union militancy culminates in the ‘Hot Autumn; a bomb planted by neo-fascists in Piazza Fontana, Milan, kills 16 (December)

A

1969

106
Q

The ‘Workers’ Statue’ is introduced (May); the Divorce Law is introduced (December)

A

1970

107
Q

The leader of the PCI, Enrico Berlinguer, proposes the ‘historic compromise’

A

1973

108
Q

The PCI obtains its highest ever vote in general elections (34.4%) (June)

A

1976

109
Q

The DC leader, Aldo Moro, is killed by the Red Brigades (9 May); the Abortion Law is passed (22 May); John Paul II is elected pope (October)

A

1978

110
Q

A bomb at Bologna railway station kills 85 (August)

A

1980

111
Q

Giovanni Spadolini, leader of the Republication Party, becomes the first non-Christian Democrat PM since 1945

A

1981

112
Q

General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed by Cosa Nostra in Palermo (3 September)

A

1982

113
Q

Bettino Craxi, leader of the Socialist Party, is PM

A

1983-87

114
Q

The PCI is dissolved and splits into the Democratic Party of the Left and the Communist Refoundation

A

1991

115
Q

State of the tangentopoli scandal; the separatist Northern League makes a break-through in the general elections (April); the leading anti-Mafia investigator, Giovanni Falcone, is murdered in Sicily (23 May)

A

1992

116
Q

Silvio Berlusconi launches the Forza Italia party and becomes PM of a coalition government of the Northern League and the far right Alleanza Nazionale

A

1994

117
Q

‘Technocratic’ government of Lamberto Dini helps to restore credibility to the public finances

A

1995-6

118
Q

Italy secures admission to the single European currency (May)

A

1998

119
Q

Berlusconi is PM at the head of the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition

A

2001-06

120
Q

Berlusconi is obliged to step down as PM amidst growing international concern about Italy’s public finances; Mario Monti replaces him at the head of a technocratic government (November)

A

2011

Chronologie (5 decks)

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