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Block 2 Week 6 > Histo Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histo Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system is made up of what two portions?

A

the respiratory and conduction portions

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2
Q

What is the goal of the respiratory system?

A

to provide conduit to transfer air and conditions the air (cleans, moistens, and warms)

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system made up of?

A

cartilage, elastic, collagen fibers, and smooth muscle

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4
Q

The elastic fiber concentration in the respiratory system is (blank) to the diameter.

A

inversely proportional

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5
Q

Elastic fibers found in lamina propria of respiratory systems runs (blank)

A

longitudinally

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6
Q

Smooth muscle in the respiratory system is mostly (blank)

A

circular

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7
Q

We share the most proximal portion of the respiratory portion with the (blank)

A

digestive system

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8
Q

describe the pathway of the respiratory system from external

A

nasal area-> pharynx->larynx-> vocal chords -> trachea -> right and left bronchi-> lobar bronchi-> segmental bronchus-> bronchioles-> terminal bronchiole-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar duct-> alveolar sacs-> alveoli

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9
Q

The closing component for the sphincters of the respiratory tract is what kind of smooth muscle?
opening?

A

circular

longitudinal

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10
Q

How many cell types are found in the generic respiratory epithelium?

A

6

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11
Q

Where can you find respiratory epithelium?

A

from the nasal cavity to the respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

What are the six cell types found in respiratory epithelium?

A 
ciliated columnar cells
columnar cell
mucous goblet cells
brush cell
small granule cells
basal cells or immature cells
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13
Q

What is the most predominate cell type found in respiratory epithelium?

A

ciliated columnar cells

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14
Q

What continues until respiratory portion and cilia beats towards the mouth?

A

ciliated column cells

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15
Q

What respiratory cell has mainly serous secretions?

A

columnar cell

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16
Q

What do mucous goblet cells do?

A

synthesis of mucinogen
hydrated mucinogen turns to mucous
trap, remove bacteria/ particles

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17
Q

where will you find the mucous goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium?

A

all the way until terminal bronchiole

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18
Q

Does the brush cell of the respiratory epithelium have cilia or microvilli?

A

NO CILIA, only microvilli

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19
Q

How many kinds of brush cell are there?

What are they?

A

2
No nerve ending
w/ nerve ending on basal surface

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20
Q

What do brush cells with no nerve endings do?

What do brush cells with nerve endings do?

A

no nerve- act like goblet cells and release mucinogen
w/ nerve- sensory receptors for gas volume and O2/CO2 concentration, intraepithelial receptor for trigeminal nerve /sneeze reflex

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21
Q

What are small granule cells thought to do?

A

thought to control mucous and seromucous secretions and control vessel diameter

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22
Q

What type of epithelium are basal cells, where are they located, and what do they do?

A

that are pseudostratified, the rest on basement membrane and dont reach the lumen, they appear to be stem cells

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23
Q

In the respiratory epithelium what cells have nuclei on the basal surface?

A

basal cells/immature cells and small granule cells

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24
Q

(blank) is the abnormal transformation of adult cells in a tissue to a form which is not normal for that tissue.This can be in response to a disease process, a physical, or chemical event.

A

metaplasia

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25
Q

(blank) respiratory epithelium shows an increase in goblet cells due to pollutants and a decrease in cilia due to CO

A

smokers

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26
Q

What does the nasal mucosa do?

A

it filters, warms, and humidified air

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27
Q

What is the nasal cavity made up of?

A

respiratory and olfactory mucosa

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28
Q

What is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?

A

vestibule

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29
Q

What are the components to the nasal fossa (nasal cavity)?

A

inferior, middle and superior conchae

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30
Q

the (blank) divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate-controlling tissue.

A

conchae

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31
Q

Which side is the nasal cavity corrugated (has grooves)?

A

the lateral side

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32
Q

To have a true sinus infection you need discharge from the (blank)

A

maxillary sinus

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33
Q

The nasal cavity is easy entrance for bacteria and viruses so to compensate there are a lot of (blank) that produce (blank) and (blank).

A

plasma cells

IgA and IgE

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34
Q

Why is IgA the more pleasant antibody rather than IgE in the nasal cavity?

A

because IgE deals with allergies and released mast cells and basophils causing a allergic reaction

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35
Q

What is the venous plexus in lamina propria that enlarge as alternately on 2 sides of the nasal cavity (about every 30 minutes) giving mucosa on occluded side time to recover from desiccation and help to direct air to the olfactory epithelium

A

Swell bodies of the nasal cavity

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36
Q

drainage from maxillary sinus infections can be seen below the (blank)

A

middle concha

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37
Q

the (blank) is a site of drug delivery since there is convenient access to a superficial venous plexus beneath the nasal cavity mucosa

A

nasal cavity

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38
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb located?

A

superiorly in the nasal cavity

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39
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

on the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae

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40
Q

What kind of epithelium is located on the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae

A

olfactory epithelium

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41
Q

How many different cell types are there in the olfactory epithelium? What are they?

A

4

olfactory cell, sustentacular cells, basal cells, brush cells

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42
Q

What are bipolar neurons hose apical surfaces are modified to form the olfactory vesicle and olfactory cilia?

A

olfactory cell

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43
Q

What have dendrites that terminate as bulbous olfactory vesicles w/ 6-20 nonmotile cilia

A

olfactory cell

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44
Q

What cell type synthesizes an odor receptor molecule on its ciliated surface?

A

olfactory cell

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45
Q

Where do odors dissolve?

A

on the ciliated surface where they dissolve in the serous fluid and attach onto an dorant binding protein produced by the bowman’s gland

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46
Q

Once a (blank) is reached, it will trigger an impulse to the olfactory bulb

A

odor threshold

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47
Q

What cell is a bipolar neuron?

A

an olfactory cell

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48
Q

What is a stem cell for all olfactory epithelium?

A

basal cell

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49
Q

What are the most predominant cells of the olfactory epithelium? Where are their nuclei?

A

olfactory cells, nuclei are on basal side

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50
Q

What are sustenacular cells good for? Where are their nuclei located?

A

support

towards apical surface

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51
Q

(blank) makes proteins that dissolve odors and act like window washers for epithelial surfaces.

A

olfactory gland of bowmen

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52
Q

What allows you to think about smell and actually smell it or to forget the smell (become refractory to it)?

A

spatio temporal patterning/ olfactory adaptation

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53
Q

Where is the bowman’s gland located?

A

lamina propria

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54
Q

What does the bowman’s gland synthesize?

A

odorant binding protein

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55
Q

What is the serous secretion of the Bowman’s gland important for?

A

dissolving odors and cleans the surface

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56
Q

What kind of cell has an apically located ovoid nucleus?

A

supporting cell

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57
Q

(blank) are air spaces within cranial bone lined with respiratory epithelium

A

paranasal sinuses

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58
Q

What are sinuses lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium

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59
Q

What allows the cranial vault to be light?

A

sinuses

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60
Q

What has larger hyaline plates and smaller elastic cartilage plates?

A

larynx

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61
Q

What connects trachea with pharynx?

A

larynx

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62
Q

What prevents entry of food and fluids into the respiratory system?

A

epiglottis

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63
Q

The epiglottis has two sides what are they?

A

the tracheal and lingual sides

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64
Q

HOw any types of epithelium does the epiglottis have?

A

2 types

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65
Q

What kind of cartilage does the epiglottis have?

A

elastic cartilage

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66
Q

during swallowing the backward motion of tongue forces the epiglottis over the (blank) opening, which closes the larynx and directs food into the esophagus

A

laryngeal

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67
Q

How many kinds of vocal cords are there?

A

2, false and true

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68
Q

Are the false vocal cords the upper pair of folds or the lower pair of folds?

A

upper

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69
Q

What is the false vocal cords covered with?

A

respiratory epithelium

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70
Q

Do the false vocal cords contain glands and muscle?

A

contains glands but does not contain muscle

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71
Q

What creates the production of sound/phonation (not speech) and prevents food and fluid form going into respiratory system via epiglottis?

A

larynx

72
Q

On the tracheal surface (pharyngeal) of the epiglottis what kind of epithelium is there?

A

respiratory epithelium

73
Q

On the lingual surface of the epiglottis what kind of epithelium is there?

A

stratified squamos epithelium

74
Q

What kind of epithelium are the true vocal cords covered by?

A

stratified squamos

75
Q

What kind of epithelium are the false vocal cords covered by?

A

respiratory epithelium

76
Q

Do babies undergo normal hyperplasia?

A

yes

77
Q

Do they true vocal cords have glands?

A

no

78
Q

What are the 2 components of the true vocal cords, what are they covered in, and do they have glands?

A

vocalis muscle (skeletal) and vocal ligament (elastic fibers)
covered by stratified squamos epithelium
NO

79
Q

Where is reinkes space?

A

in the true vocal cords

80
Q

How many rings does the tracheae have?

A

16-20 rings

81
Q

The trachea bifurcates into what?

A

the primary bronchi

82
Q

What kind of epithelium does the trachea have?

A

respiratory

83
Q

What are the 4 components of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium (w/ thick BM)
lamina propria
submucosa
adventitia

84
Q

What are the components of the lamina propria of the trachea?

A

seromucous glands that extend into submucosa

collagen and elastic fibers with well defined elastic lamina

85
Q

What is the C shaped hyaline cartilage of the trachea close off by posteriorly?

A

by trachealis muscle

86
Q

The perichondrium of the adventitia in the trachea fuses with what?

A

the submucosa and the adventitia

87
Q

The adventitia of the trachea has what white stuff in it?

A

adipose tissue

88
Q

Does the vagus nerve run with the trachea?

A

yes

89
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the trachea made out of?

A

columnar ciliated cell
goblet cell
basal cell
endocrine cell

90
Q

Which side faces the lumen, the apical or basal?

A

apical

91
Q

can the trachea push inward or outward?

A

only push inward

92
Q

What are the two components of the bronchial tree?

A

the extrapulmonary bronchi and the itnrapulmonary bronchi

93
Q

The right bifuraction of the trachea is straighter than the left and (blanks)

A

trifurcates

94
Q

The left bifuraction of the trachea (blank)

A

bifurcates

95
Q

Are extrapulmonary bronchi or intrapulmonary bronchi more rigid?

A

extrapulmonary bronchi

96
Q

What kind of muscle do you have in the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

you have spiral smooth muscle between submucosa and cartilage

97
Q

Where do you find the spiral smooth muscle of the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

in between submucosa and cartilage

98
Q

Extrapulmonary bronchi have (blank) that become irregular

A

cartilaginous rings

99
Q

What are in the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

secondary (lobar bronchi) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi

100
Q

Where does the secondary (lobar) bronchi go?

A

to the lobes

101
Q

Where does the tertiary (segmental) bronchi go?

A

to the bronchopulmonary segments

102
Q

What kind of epithelium is in the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

respiratory epithelium

103
Q

What are the elements of the lamina propria and submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

rich elastic fibers
spiral smooth muscle
seromucous glands b/w cartilage plates and smooth muscle

104
Q

Are cartilage plates present in the bronchioles?

A

no

105
Q

What are all the components of the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

secondary, tertiary, respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, spiral smooth muscle, seromucous glands, cartilage plates

106
Q

What are all the layers of the bronchus?

A

mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia

107
Q

What kind of muscle is in bronchioles?

A

circular muscle

108
Q

Does spiral muscle allow for constriction?

A

no

109
Q

As bronchi become smaller (blank) cartilage is observed

A

irregular

110
Q

The (blank) are observed in the lamina propria with the secretory acinal protecting beyond the layer of smooth muscle cell bundles.

A

seromucous glands

111
Q

Do bronchioles have seromucous glands?
do they have cartilage?
how big are they?

A

no
no
1mm or less

112
Q

What is the epithelium of the bronchioles?

A

ciliated columnar with goblet cells to a ciliated columnar/cuboidal with clara cells

113
Q

What structure has clara cells?

A

bronchioles

114
Q

What kind of hairs do clara cells have?

A

short microvilli, NO CILIA

115
Q

What do clara cells secrete?

A

glycoprotein that protects the mucosa

116
Q

What degrades airborne toxins by sER p450 cytochroms?

A

clara cells

117
Q

What divide to regenerate the bronchiol epithelium?

A

clara cells

118
Q

Goblet cells (blank) as clara cells (blank)

A

decrease

increase

119
Q

What are the three main components of the bronchioles?

A

epithelium, clara cells, lamina propria

120
Q

What is the lamina propria of the bronchioles made out of?

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

NO cartilage, NO seromucous glands

121
Q

How can you tell you are looking at a terminal bronchiole?

A

look for domed shape clara cells!

122
Q

What is the innervation of the bronchioles?

A

parasympathetics- bronchial constriction

sympathetics- bronchial dilation

123
Q

What is asthma?

A

constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causing decreased diameter

124
Q

What causes wheezing, difficulty expelling air from lungs (expiration) and sometimes on inspiration?

A

asthma

125
Q

where do you listen for wheezing?

A

peripherally

126
Q

As you start out from the trachea down to alveoli, what happens to all the cells?

A

height of epithelium decreases
number of cells decrease
hyaline cartilage disappears at bronchioles
elastic fibers and epithelium are maintained

127
Q

What stop just before the terminal bronchiole?

A

goblet cells, glands, hyaline cartilage

128
Q

What are the components of the respiratory bronchiole?

A

epithelium and lamina propria

129
Q

What does the epithelium of the respiratory bronchiole have?

A

simple ciliated cuboidal with clara cells

130
Q

What does the lamina propria of the respiratory bronchiole have?

A

very thin SM and elastic fibers at alveolar openings, alveoli

131
Q

What are the alveolar ducts lined with?

A

squamos epithelium (type 1 pneumocytes)

132
Q

What are the components of the alveolar ducts?

A

squamos epithelium, SM, elastic fibers in LP

133
Q

What are pouch-like evaginations?

A

alveoli

134
Q

What percent of alveoli develop after birth?

A

85% until age of 10

135
Q

What has an interalveolar wall or septum?

A

the alveoli

136
Q

the interalveolar wall or septum of the alveoli is made up by what?

A

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

137
Q

What do alveolar pores of Kohn do?

A

connect adjacent alveoli and are responsible for collateral respiration when blockage occurs.

138
Q 
What does this describe:
simple squamos epithelium
very attenuated
exchange of gases occurs here
95% of the alveolar surface is this
cannot regenerate
A

Type I pneumocyte

139
Q 
What does this describe:
cuboidal
5% of the alveolar surface is this
occluding junctions between type I and type II
can regenerate entire surface
surfactant production
A

type II pneumocyte

140
Q

What produces surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocyte

141
Q

What can regenerate the entire surface of the interalveolar surface?

A

Type II pneumocyte

142
Q

What reduces surface tension?

A

surfactant

143
Q

Where is surfactant stored?

A

lamellar bodies

144
Q

When is surfactant present?

A

26-28 weeks in amniotic fluid

145
Q

What is very attenuated and has exchange of gases

A

type I pneumocyte

146
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

How do you fix this?

A

premature infants lack sufficient surfactant-> alveoli collapse
give glucocorticoids

147
Q

Which pneumocyte can regenerate Type I or Type II?

A

Type II

148
Q

What are the three components of the interalveolar septum?

A

type I and type II pneumocytes
elastic and reticular fibers
continuous capillaries

149
Q

What are the two portions of the IA septum?

A

thin and thick

150
Q

Where is the blood-gas barrier, and the exchange of gases taking place in the IA septum?

A

in the thin portion

151
Q

What are the four parts of the blood-gas barrier?

A
  1. surfactant layer
  2. cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
  3. fused basal lamina b/w type I and capillary endothelium
  4. cytoplasm of capillary endothelium
152
Q

Where are the continuous capillaries, elastic, collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells found?

A

thick portion

153
Q

Are there lymphatics from the alveolar sacs distally?

A

no

154
Q

The (blank) is responsible for removing fluid from essentially a closed space through a wicking action.

A

interalveolar septum

155
Q

In the interalveolar septums, fluid diffuses proximally in the interstitium until it enters small lymphatics at about the level of the (blank). Lymphatics then follow the (blank)

A

respiratory bronchioles

bronchial tree

156
Q

In the interalveolar septum, there are two types of macrophages (dust cells), what are they?

A

1) associated with alveolar wall

2) macrophages that roam free

157
Q

What do macrophages produce?

A

elastase

158
Q

What do you call macrophages in the interlaveolar septum?

A

dust cells

159
Q

What are heart failure cells?

A

alveolar macrophages that have digested erythrocytes and stain positive for Fe in the RBCs (i.e macrophages that eat RBCs)

160
Q

When do pores of Kohn/alveolar pores develop?

What do the do?

A

age 3-4
equilibrate the pressure from alveoli to alveoli, allow passage of roaming macrophages, allows collateral ventilation in case of bronchiole obstruction

161
Q

Type II pneumocytes are identified by what?

A

their abundant apical microvilli

162
Q

The lung has a (blank) blood supply and venous drainage. What are they?

A

duel

pulmonary and bronchial arteries

163
Q

Where is the capillary component where gas exchange occurs at low pressure within the vasculature of the lung?

A

pulmonary vasculature

164
Q

What follows the course of the bronchial tree at high pressures and branches off the thoracic aorta?

A

bronchial arteries

165
Q

What follows the bronchial tree to level of respiratory bronchioles and has anastomoses with branches of the pulmonary artery?

A

bronchial arteries

166
Q

The (blank) transports oxygenated blood back to the heart. It arises from venules draining the alveolar capillary plexuses and travels in the connective tissue septa.

A

pulmonary vein

167
Q

(blank) drain the alveolar capillaries

A

pulmonary vein plexus

168
Q

(blank) is found around bronchi and bronchioles, blood vessels, and septa, the deep pulmonary plexus links to the superificial (pleural) lymphatic plexus and also drain in the hilum into main lymphatic vessels.

A

Deep pulmonary lymphatic plexus

169
Q

(blank) carries oxygenated blood, follows the bronchial tree and supply branches to the walls of the bronchi, arteries, veins, and connective tissue septa. Capillaries from the bronchial arteries anastomose with the pulmonary vein plexuses and bronchial veins.

A

bronchial artery

170
Q

The (blank) transports deoxygenated blood, it enters the lung with the main bronchi, branches following the bronchial tree, and terminates at the respiratory bronchiole where it gives rise to the alveolar capillary plexus in the wall of the alveoli.

A

pulmonary artery

171
Q

Smoking causes (blank)

A

death

172
Q 
What does this describe?
- destruction of interalveolar 
  wall
- decreased elasticity/lungs 
  are unable to recoil
- enough air, you just can’t 
   move it
- associated with exposure to 
  cigarette smoke and
A

emphysema

173
Q

If you inhibit this you will get emphysema.

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin

174
Q

what does alpha 1 antitrypsin do?

A

it is a protein that protects the lung from action of elastase

175
Q

What are the 2 components of the larynx?

A

the vocal cords and the epiglottis

Block 2 Week 6 (6 decks)

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