Histo Respiratory System Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
The respiratory system is made up of what two portions?
A
the respiratory and conduction portions
2
Q
What is the goal of the respiratory system?
A
to provide conduit to transfer air and conditions the air (cleans, moistens, and warms)
3
Q
What is the respiratory system made up of?
A
cartilage, elastic, collagen fibers, and smooth muscle
4
Q
The elastic fiber concentration in the respiratory system is (blank) to the diameter.
A
inversely proportional
5
Q
Elastic fibers found in lamina propria of respiratory systems runs (blank)
A
longitudinally
6
Q
Smooth muscle in the respiratory system is mostly (blank)
A
circular
7
Q
We share the most proximal portion of the respiratory portion with the (blank)
A
digestive system
8
Q
describe the pathway of the respiratory system from external
A
nasal area-> pharynx->larynx-> vocal chords -> trachea -> right and left bronchi-> lobar bronchi-> segmental bronchus-> bronchioles-> terminal bronchiole-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar duct-> alveolar sacs-> alveoli
9
Q
The closing component for the sphincters of the respiratory tract is what kind of smooth muscle?
opening?
A
circular
longitudinal
10
Q
How many cell types are found in the generic respiratory epithelium?
A
6
11
Q
Where can you find respiratory epithelium?
A
from the nasal cavity to the respiratory bronchioles
12
Q
What are the six cell types found in respiratory epithelium?
A
ciliated columnar cells columnar cell mucous goblet cells brush cell small granule cells basal cells or immature cells
13
Q
What is the most predominate cell type found in respiratory epithelium?
A
ciliated columnar cells
14
Q
What continues until respiratory portion and cilia beats towards the mouth?
A
ciliated column cells
15
Q
What respiratory cell has mainly serous secretions?
A
columnar cell
16
Q
What do mucous goblet cells do?
A
synthesis of mucinogen
hydrated mucinogen turns to mucous
trap, remove bacteria/ particles
17
Q
where will you find the mucous goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium?
A
all the way until terminal bronchiole
18
Q
Does the brush cell of the respiratory epithelium have cilia or microvilli?
A
NO CILIA, only microvilli
19
Q
How many kinds of brush cell are there?
What are they?
A
2
No nerve ending
w/ nerve ending on basal surface
20
Q
What do brush cells with no nerve endings do?
What do brush cells with nerve endings do?
A
no nerve- act like goblet cells and release mucinogen
w/ nerve- sensory receptors for gas volume and O2/CO2 concentration, intraepithelial receptor for trigeminal nerve /sneeze reflex
21
Q
What are small granule cells thought to do?
A
thought to control mucous and seromucous secretions and control vessel diameter
22
Q
What type of epithelium are basal cells, where are they located, and what do they do?
A
that are pseudostratified, the rest on basement membrane and dont reach the lumen, they appear to be stem cells
23
Q
In the respiratory epithelium what cells have nuclei on the basal surface?
A
basal cells/immature cells and small granule cells
24
Q
(blank) is the abnormal transformation of adult cells in a tissue to a form which is not normal for that tissue.This can be in response to a disease process, a physical, or chemical event.
A
metaplasia
25
(blank) respiratory epithelium shows an increase in goblet cells due to pollutants and a decrease in cilia due to CO
smokers
26
What does the nasal mucosa do?
it filters, warms, and humidified air
27
What is the nasal cavity made up of?
respiratory and olfactory mucosa
28
What is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
vestibule
29
What are the components to the nasal fossa (nasal cavity)?
inferior, middle and superior conchae
30
the (blank) divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate-controlling tissue.
conchae
31
Which side is the nasal cavity corrugated (has grooves)?
the lateral side
32
To have a true sinus infection you need discharge from the (blank)
maxillary sinus
33
The nasal cavity is easy entrance for bacteria and viruses so to compensate there are a lot of (blank) that produce (blank) and (blank).
plasma cells
| IgA and IgE
34
Why is IgA the more pleasant antibody rather than IgE in the nasal cavity?
because IgE deals with allergies and released mast cells and basophils causing a allergic reaction
35
What is the venous plexus in lamina propria that enlarge as alternately on 2 sides of the nasal cavity (about every 30 minutes) giving mucosa on occluded side time to recover from desiccation and help to direct air to the olfactory epithelium
Swell bodies of the nasal cavity
36
drainage from maxillary sinus infections can be seen below the (blank)
middle concha
37
the (blank) is a site of drug delivery since there is convenient access to a superficial venous plexus beneath the nasal cavity mucosa
nasal cavity
38
Where is the olfactory bulb located?
superiorly in the nasal cavity
39
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
on the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae
40
What kind of epithelium is located on the roof of the nasal cavity and on the superior nasal conchae
olfactory epithelium
41
How many different cell types are there in the olfactory epithelium? What are they?
4
| olfactory cell, sustentacular cells, basal cells, brush cells
42
What are bipolar neurons hose apical surfaces are modified to form the olfactory vesicle and olfactory cilia?
olfactory cell
43
What have dendrites that terminate as bulbous olfactory vesicles w/ 6-20 nonmotile cilia
olfactory cell
44
What cell type synthesizes an odor receptor molecule on its ciliated surface?
olfactory cell
45
Where do odors dissolve?
on the ciliated surface where they dissolve in the serous fluid and attach onto an dorant binding protein produced by the bowman's gland
46
Once a (blank) is reached, it will trigger an impulse to the olfactory bulb
odor threshold
47
What cell is a bipolar neuron?
an olfactory cell
48
What is a stem cell for all olfactory epithelium?
basal cell
49
What are the most predominant cells of the olfactory epithelium? Where are their nuclei?
olfactory cells, nuclei are on basal side
50
What are sustenacular cells good for? Where are their nuclei located?
support
| towards apical surface
51
(blank) makes proteins that dissolve odors and act like window washers for epithelial surfaces.
olfactory gland of bowmen
52
What allows you to think about smell and actually smell it or to forget the smell (become refractory to it)?
spatio temporal patterning/ olfactory adaptation
53
Where is the bowman's gland located?
lamina propria
54
What does the bowman's gland synthesize?
odorant binding protein
55
What is the serous secretion of the Bowman's gland important for?
dissolving odors and cleans the surface
56
What kind of cell has an apically located ovoid nucleus?
supporting cell
57
(blank) are air spaces within cranial bone lined with respiratory epithelium
paranasal sinuses
58
What are sinuses lined with?
respiratory epithelium
59
What allows the cranial vault to be light?
sinuses
60
What has larger hyaline plates and smaller elastic cartilage plates?
larynx
61
What connects trachea with pharynx?
larynx
62
What prevents entry of food and fluids into the respiratory system?
epiglottis
63
The epiglottis has two sides what are they?
the tracheal and lingual sides
64
HOw any types of epithelium does the epiglottis have?
2 types
65
What kind of cartilage does the epiglottis have?
elastic cartilage
66
during swallowing the backward motion of tongue forces the epiglottis over the (blank) opening, which closes the larynx and directs food into the esophagus
laryngeal
67
How many kinds of vocal cords are there?
2, false and true
68
Are the false vocal cords the upper pair of folds or the lower pair of folds?
upper
69
What is the false vocal cords covered with?
respiratory epithelium
70
Do the false vocal cords contain glands and muscle?
contains glands but does not contain muscle
71
What creates the production of sound/phonation (not speech) and prevents food and fluid form going into respiratory system via epiglottis?
larynx
72
On the tracheal surface (pharyngeal) of the epiglottis what kind of epithelium is there?
respiratory epithelium
73
On the lingual surface of the epiglottis what kind of epithelium is there?
stratified squamos epithelium
74
What kind of epithelium are the true vocal cords covered by?
stratified squamos
75
What kind of epithelium are the false vocal cords covered by?
respiratory epithelium
76
Do babies undergo normal hyperplasia?
yes
77
Do they true vocal cords have glands?
no
78
What are the 2 components of the true vocal cords, what are they covered in, and do they have glands?
vocalis muscle (skeletal) and vocal ligament (elastic fibers)
covered by stratified squamos epithelium
NO
79
Where is reinkes space?
in the true vocal cords
80
How many rings does the tracheae have?
16-20 rings
81
The trachea bifurcates into what?
the primary bronchi
82
What kind of epithelium does the trachea have?
respiratory
83
What are the 4 components of the trachea?
respiratory epithelium (w/ thick BM)
lamina propria
submucosa
adventitia
84
What are the components of the lamina propria of the trachea?
seromucous glands that extend into submucosa
| collagen and elastic fibers with well defined elastic lamina
85
What is the C shaped hyaline cartilage of the trachea close off by posteriorly?
by trachealis muscle
86
The perichondrium of the adventitia in the trachea fuses with what?
the submucosa and the adventitia
87
The adventitia of the trachea has what white stuff in it?
adipose tissue
88
Does the vagus nerve run with the trachea?
yes
89
What is the epithelial lining of the trachea made out of?
columnar ciliated cell
goblet cell
basal cell
endocrine cell
90
Which side faces the lumen, the apical or basal?
apical
91
can the trachea push inward or outward?
only push inward
92
What are the two components of the bronchial tree?
the extrapulmonary bronchi and the itnrapulmonary bronchi
93
The right bifuraction of the trachea is straighter than the left and (blanks)
trifurcates
94
The left bifuraction of the trachea (blank)
bifurcates
95
Are extrapulmonary bronchi or intrapulmonary bronchi more rigid?
extrapulmonary bronchi
96
What kind of muscle do you have in the extrapulmonary bronchi?
you have spiral smooth muscle between submucosa and cartilage
97
Where do you find the spiral smooth muscle of the extrapulmonary bronchi?
in between submucosa and cartilage
98
Extrapulmonary bronchi have (blank) that become irregular
cartilaginous rings
99
What are in the intrapulmonary bronchi?
secondary (lobar bronchi) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
100
Where does the secondary (lobar) bronchi go?
to the lobes
101
Where does the tertiary (segmental) bronchi go?
to the bronchopulmonary segments
102
What kind of epithelium is in the intrapulmonary bronchi?
respiratory epithelium
103
What are the elements of the lamina propria and submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi?
rich elastic fibers
spiral smooth muscle
seromucous glands b/w cartilage plates and smooth muscle
104
Are cartilage plates present in the bronchioles?
no
105
What are all the components of the intrapulmonary bronchi?
secondary, tertiary, respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, spiral smooth muscle, seromucous glands, cartilage plates
106
What are all the layers of the bronchus?
mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia
107
What kind of muscle is in bronchioles?
circular muscle
108
Does spiral muscle allow for constriction?
no
109
As bronchi become smaller (blank) cartilage is observed
irregular
110
The (blank) are observed in the lamina propria with the secretory acinal protecting beyond the layer of smooth muscle cell bundles.
seromucous glands
111
Do bronchioles have seromucous glands?
do they have cartilage?
how big are they?
no
no
1mm or less
112
What is the epithelium of the bronchioles?
ciliated columnar with goblet cells to a ciliated columnar/cuboidal with clara cells
113
What structure has clara cells?
bronchioles
114
What kind of hairs do clara cells have?
short microvilli, NO CILIA
115
What do clara cells secrete?
glycoprotein that protects the mucosa
116
What degrades airborne toxins by sER p450 cytochroms?
clara cells
117
What divide to regenerate the bronchiol epithelium?
clara cells
118
Goblet cells (blank) as clara cells (blank)
decrease
| increase
119
What are the three main components of the bronchioles?
epithelium, clara cells, lamina propria
120
What is the lamina propria of the bronchioles made out of?
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
| NO cartilage, NO seromucous glands
121
How can you tell you are looking at a terminal bronchiole?
look for domed shape clara cells!
122
What is the innervation of the bronchioles?
parasympathetics- bronchial constriction
| sympathetics- bronchial dilation
123
What is asthma?
constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causing decreased diameter
124
What causes wheezing, difficulty expelling air from lungs (expiration) and sometimes on inspiration?
asthma
125
where do you listen for wheezing?
peripherally
126
As you start out from the trachea down to alveoli, what happens to all the cells?
height of epithelium decreases
number of cells decrease
hyaline cartilage disappears at bronchioles
elastic fibers and epithelium are maintained
127
What stop just before the terminal bronchiole?
goblet cells, glands, hyaline cartilage
128
What are the components of the respiratory bronchiole?
epithelium and lamina propria
129
What does the epithelium of the respiratory bronchiole have?
simple ciliated cuboidal with clara cells
130
What does the lamina propria of the respiratory bronchiole have?
very thin SM and elastic fibers at alveolar openings, alveoli
131
What are the alveolar ducts lined with?
squamos epithelium (type 1 pneumocytes)
132
What are the components of the alveolar ducts?
squamos epithelium, SM, elastic fibers in LP
133
What are pouch-like evaginations?
alveoli
134
What percent of alveoli develop after birth?
85% until age of 10
135
What has an interalveolar wall or septum?
the alveoli
136
the interalveolar wall or septum of the alveoli is made up by what?
type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
137
What do alveolar pores of Kohn do?
connect adjacent alveoli and are responsible for collateral respiration when blockage occurs.
138
```
What does this describe:
simple squamos epithelium
very attenuated
exchange of gases occurs here
95% of the alveolar surface is this
cannot regenerate
```
Type I pneumocyte
139
```
What does this describe:
cuboidal
5% of the alveolar surface is this
occluding junctions between type I and type II
can regenerate entire surface
surfactant production
```
type II pneumocyte
140
What produces surfactant?
Type II pneumocyte
141
What can regenerate the entire surface of the interalveolar surface?
Type II pneumocyte
142
What reduces surface tension?
surfactant
143
Where is surfactant stored?
lamellar bodies
144
When is surfactant present?
26-28 weeks in amniotic fluid
145
What is very attenuated and has exchange of gases
type I pneumocyte
146
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
| How do you fix this?
premature infants lack sufficient surfactant-> alveoli collapse
give glucocorticoids
147
Which pneumocyte can regenerate Type I or Type II?
Type II
148
What are the three components of the interalveolar septum?
type I and type II pneumocytes
elastic and reticular fibers
continuous capillaries
149
What are the two portions of the IA septum?
thin and thick
150
Where is the blood-gas barrier, and the exchange of gases taking place in the IA septum?
in the thin portion
151
What are the four parts of the blood-gas barrier?
1. surfactant layer
2. cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
3. fused basal lamina b/w type I and capillary endothelium
4. cytoplasm of capillary endothelium
152
Where are the continuous capillaries, elastic, collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells found?
thick portion
153
Are there lymphatics from the alveolar sacs distally?
no
154
The (blank) is responsible for removing fluid from essentially a closed space through a wicking action.
interalveolar septum
155
In the interalveolar septums, fluid diffuses proximally in the interstitium until it enters small lymphatics at about the level of the (blank). Lymphatics then follow the (blank)
respiratory bronchioles
| bronchial tree
156
In the interalveolar septum, there are two types of macrophages (dust cells), what are they?
1) associated with alveolar wall
| 2) macrophages that roam free
157
What do macrophages produce?
elastase
158
What do you call macrophages in the interlaveolar septum?
dust cells
159
What are heart failure cells?
alveolar macrophages that have digested erythrocytes and stain positive for Fe in the RBCs (i.e macrophages that eat RBCs)
160
When do pores of Kohn/alveolar pores develop?
| What do the do?
age 3-4
equilibrate the pressure from alveoli to alveoli, allow passage of roaming macrophages, allows collateral ventilation in case of bronchiole obstruction
161
Type II pneumocytes are identified by what?
their abundant apical microvilli
162
The lung has a (blank) blood supply and venous drainage. What are they?
duel
| pulmonary and bronchial arteries
163
Where is the capillary component where gas exchange occurs at low pressure within the vasculature of the lung?
pulmonary vasculature
164
What follows the course of the bronchial tree at high pressures and branches off the thoracic aorta?
bronchial arteries
165
What follows the bronchial tree to level of respiratory bronchioles and has anastomoses with branches of the pulmonary artery?
bronchial arteries
166
The (blank) transports oxygenated blood back to the heart. It arises from venules draining the alveolar capillary plexuses and travels in the connective tissue septa.
pulmonary vein
167
(blank) drain the alveolar capillaries
pulmonary vein plexus
168
(blank) is found around bronchi and bronchioles, blood vessels, and septa, the deep pulmonary plexus links to the superificial (pleural) lymphatic plexus and also drain in the hilum into main lymphatic vessels.
Deep pulmonary lymphatic plexus
169
(blank) carries oxygenated blood, follows the bronchial tree and supply branches to the walls of the bronchi, arteries, veins, and connective tissue septa. Capillaries from the bronchial arteries anastomose with the pulmonary vein plexuses and bronchial veins.
bronchial artery
170
The (blank) transports deoxygenated blood, it enters the lung with the main bronchi, branches following the bronchial tree, and terminates at the respiratory bronchiole where it gives rise to the alveolar capillary plexus in the wall of the alveoli.
pulmonary artery
171
Smoking causes (blank)
death
172
```
What does this describe?
- destruction of interalveolar
wall
- decreased elasticity/lungs
are unable to recoil
- enough air, you just can’t
move it
- associated with exposure to
cigarette smoke and
```
emphysema
173
If you inhibit this you will get emphysema.
alpha 1 antitrypsin
174
what does alpha 1 antitrypsin do?
it is a protein that protects the lung from action of elastase
175
What are the 2 components of the larynx?
the vocal cords and the epiglottis
