Histo Quiz 7 Flashcards by Caleb Thomas

How does aldosterone concentrate the urine?

By acting on the Collecting duct to pull out

H2O & Na+

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Proliferative phase in the uterus corresponds to the _________ phase in the ovary

follicular

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Loss of WNT1 can lead to what?

childhood kidney tumors

(“Wilms tumors”)

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Development of the Kidney

Mesenchyme to epithelium conversion

Compare before/after induction

Before induction: CT matrix (Type I & III collagen, fibronectin)

After induction: Epithelial matrix (Type IV collagen & laminin)

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Theca interna cells produce ________ upon stimulation by ___

produce androstenedione

upon stimulation by LH

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What does the PROSTATE form by?

What (hormone) is it formed under the influence of?

The pelvic urethra

Under the influence of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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What is the corona radiata?

oocyte + granulosa cells that surround it

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What phase is the uterus in?
what days does it correspond to?

secretory phase (early on top, late on bottom)

days 14-28

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What secretes Proteins from milk?

Merocrine secretions

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In the last trimester of pregnancy, what happens to the cytotrophoblastic cells?

They become incorporated into the syncotrophoblastic layer that now cover the villus

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The mesonephric duct enters the UG sinus and the ureteric bud is a/n….?

outgrowth of the mesonephric duct

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Oxytocin stimulates ____ _______ by inducing ______ of __________ cells

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells

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In which “pars” are interLOBULAR arteries located?

What does the interlobular artery give rise to?

Pars convoluta

gives rise to afferent arterioles

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What are the seminal vesicles formed from?

What hormone do they need?

Formed by budding of the Ductus Duferens…

…which comes from the Mesonephric duct

Need Testosterone

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What in the kidney arises from the Ureteric bud?

Collecting Duct

Ureter

Major/Minor Calyces

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The primordial follicle consists of?

the oocyte surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells that are

simple squamous in appearance

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Growth of the follicle into the secondary stage is dependent on what 4 things?

FSH

epidermal GF

Insulin-like GF (IGF-1)

Calcium ions

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As the mesonephric duct empties into the bladder, part of it gets incorporated into the bladder wall, and becomes what?

The trigone of the bladder

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What is occurring here?

Gas, waste, and nutrient exchange occur through all these elements

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What do you need for germ cell maturation?

Sex cords

(NO sex cords = NO germ cell maturation)

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Estradiol is produced by an interaction b/t what 2 things?

granulosa cells + theca interna cells

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Whats the path of sperm as it moves from the seminiferous tubule?

Rete testes → Efferent ductules → epididymis→ vas deferens → ejaculatory duct

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Fusion of the Syncytiotrophoblast (inner layer) & Cytotrophoblast (outer layer) results in what structure?

Syncytium (i.e. has no cell boundaries)

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Development of External Genitalia:

In the presence of DHT, what develops from the Labioscrotal fold in males?

What develops in females when no DHT is present?

Males: Scrotum

Females: Labia MAJORA

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Mesenchyme differentiates into what?

the nephron

Follicular phase in ovary corresponds to what phase in the uterus?

proliferative/estrogenic phase

What **does NOT form** from the Mesonephric duct?

The Prostate!!!

What is testosterone required for during puberty?

for initiation of sperm production, accessory gland secretion and development of secondary sex characteristics

Kidney development is an excellent example of what?

**Mesenchymal --\> Epithelial** interactions & conversions

What of the kidney arises from the ## Footnote **Metanephros ("Metanephric mesenchyme") ?**

PCT TLH (thin loop of henle) DCT

What is testosterone required for during embryonic development?

for **normal development of the gonads** in the male fetus

What is the Cytotrophoblast?

The outer cell layer of the placental villus; its cells divide and contribute to the Syncytiotrophoblast

The primary follicle consists of?

the oocyte surrounded by follicle (granulosa cells) that are **simple cuboidal** in apprearance

How do diabetics get proteinuria?

Filtration barrier of glomerulus in kidney is altered Proteins can now pass through and get into urinary space

Metanephrogenic mesenchyme forms in what part of the mesoderm?

posterior intermediate mesoderm

What releases **Fat** (e.g. triglycerides, CHO) **and a little bit of plasma membrane** from milk?

by **Apocrine secretion** (a protein member of the perilipin family)

The **"Excurrent Ducts"** include what 4 things? What do they arise in response to?

EFFERENT DUCTULES EPIDIDYMIS VAS DEFERENS EJACULATORY DUCTS ***ARISE*** ***AFTER DEVELOPMENT OF LEYDIG CELLS WHICH PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE.***

What can **Angiotensin II** act DIRECTLY on? what does this cause?

The **PCT cells** to reabsorb more water

WNT1 is important in the formation of?

kidneys & gonads | (and other mesenchymal tissues)

What is the cumulus oophorus?

the oocyte + corona radiata + underlying granulosa cells

What is the "vascular pole?"

Where the afferent & efferent arterioles leave

What all does the Pars convoluta contain?

Renal corpulcule PCT DCT **Arched** Collecting Duct

In the kidney, what detects low blood pressure?

Arterioles

Sex Cords - Surround what? - Become what in males and females?

* Surround the **germ cells** * Become: * In females: * **Ovarian follicles** * In males: * **Sertoli cells** (of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules)

What phase is this? what days in the menstrual cycle does this correspond to?

What is testosterone required for during adulthood?

for maintenance of spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics and excurrent and accessory gland function

What develops from the **Mesonephric duct** in **males**? Hint: SEVE

Seminal Vesicle Efferent ductules Vas deferens Epididymis

**_Development of External Genitalia:_** In the presence of **DHT**, what develops from the **Urethral (cloacal) fold** in males? What develops in females when **no DHT** is present?

Males: **Penis** Females: **Labia MINORA**

Prolactin stimulates what?

Milk **PRODUCTION**

In the kidney, what detects low sodium levels?

macula densa

Metanephrogenic mesenchyme induces WHAT from WHAT?

induces ureteric bud from mesonephric duct

**_Development of External Genitalia:_** In the presence of **DHT**, what develops from the **Definitive UG sinus** in males? What develops in females when **no DHT** is present?

Males: **Penile urethra** Females: **Vestibule of the vagina**

What does Renin convert?

converts angiotensinogen (in liver) into ## Footnote **Angiotensin I**

What are 2 ways you know this is a LATE placenta?

1. Syncytiotrophoblasts ONLY! (cytotrophoblasts have fused) 2. **NON**-nucleated Fetal RBCs

**Sex cords** have what 2 regions? After ? weeks, how do the develop differently in males and females?

**Medullary** Region & **Cortical** Region **_After 6 weeks:_** In females: * **Surface epithelium** develops --\> **Ovary** forms In males: * **Medulla** develops --\> **Testis cords** develop --\> **Testis** form

List the blood supply to the kidney in order

Renal Arteries Inter**lobar** Arteries Arcuate Arteries Inter**lobular** Arteries Afferent Arterioles Glomerular capillary bed Efferent Arterioles

In the kidney, what secretes Renin?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

What all does the Pars radiata contain?

Henle's loop (asc & desc thick & thin segments) Collecting Duct

Granulosa cells take androstenedione and aromatize it to ______ upon stimulation by \_\_\_

aromatize androstenedione to ESTRADIOL upon stimulation by FSH

What makes FSH?

Basophils of the pars distalis (pituitary)

Spermatagonial phase = ?

Spermatagonia undergoes Mitosis

What are 2 ways you know this is an **EARLY** placenta?

1. Presence of syncytiotrophoblasts & cytotrophoblasts 2. **_NUCLEATED_** fetal RBC's * Are only nucleated early in development * Lost nuclei in 2nd/3rd trimester

**_Development of External Genitalia:_** What develops from the **Genital tubercle** in males and females?

Males: **Glands & Shaft of the Penis** Females: **Glans and shaft of Clitoris**

Functions of corpus luteum = ?

produce progesterone & estradiol

What part of the adrenal (and what zona) does Angiotensin II stimulate, and to produce what hormone?

stimulates **zona glomerulosa** of adrenal **cortex** to secrete **aldosterone**

During the first trimester (i.e. EARLY phase) , the villi of the placenta are covered by what 2 cell layers?

Syncytiotrophoblast (inner layer) & Cytotrophoblast (outer layer)

During the follicular phase, the levels of what hormone increase?

Estrogen

Ureteric bud induces the overlying mesenchyme to do what?

to condense around buds

Upon penetration of the sperm the oocyte resumes what process? What causes it to do so?

oocyte resumes Meiosis II as a result of calcium oscillation brought about by PLCT

During the last trimester of pregnancy, what happens to the basement membrane of the syncotrophoblastic layer?

Fuses with the BM of the endothelial cells of the fetal capillary

Luteal phase in the ovary corresponds to what phase in the uterus?

secretory/progesteronic phase

What cells produce **testosterone?**

Leydig cells

What is the "urinary pole?"

Where urine leaves urinary space and enters PCT

The **Mesonephric duct** is functional between \_\_\_and\_\_\_ weeks

6 and 10

What's found in the intervillus space?

Maternal blood

What do 2 types of **capillary beds** do Efferent arterioles empty into?

Efferent arterioles give rise to: * **Peritubular** capillary plexus (if from **cortical** glomeruli) * This capillary bed is good at reabsorbing water * **Vasa recta** (if from **juxtaglomerula** glomeruli) * Part of counter-current mechanism

What do the **Mullerian ducts** become in the female? Hint: CUVU

**Cervix** **Uterine** tubes Upper 1/3 of the **vagina** **Uterus**

What induces FURTHER branching of the ureteric bud?

The Nephron