Histo/Ossification Flashcards
3 Types of Fibrous Joints
- Sutures: made of dense connective tissue ex) squamous suture.
- Syndesmosis: ligamentous ex) distal tib fib
- Gomphosis: ligamentous ex) tooth in socket
2 Type of Cartilaginous Joint
- Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage ex) epiphyseal plates
2. Symphysis: fribrocartilage ex) intercalated discs and pubic symphysis
6 Types of Synovial Joints
- Hinge: most common ex) elbow
- Plane: gliding joint ex) Carpals of the wrist
- Pivot: ex) proximal radio ulnar joint
- Condylar: Condyle and fossa ex) metacarpals and phalanges
- Saddle: ex) thumb joint
- Ball in Socket: ex) shoulder/hip joints
Synarthrosis
Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis, and synchondrosis.
Amphiarthrosis
Symphysis
Diarthrosis
All synovial joints.
Subdivisions of the Abdominal Cavity
Top right: right hypochondriac region Top middle: Epigastric region Top left: Left hypochondriac region Middle right: right lumbar region Middle: umbilical region Middle left: left lumbar region Bottom right: right iliac (inguinal) region Bottom middle: hypogastric region Bottom left: left iliac (inguinal) region
Rough ER
Synthesis and packaging of proteins
Smooth ER
Synthesis and packaging of lipids
Golgi Body
Synthesis and packaging of carbs
Mucous Production
- mucopolysaccaride is synthesized in the rough ER
- transported to the Golgi
- Golgi packages it secretory vesicles
- vesicles fuse with membrane and enter lumen by exocytosis
Epithelial Tissue
- covers external/internal body surfaces, tissues or glands
- anchored to connective tissue
- lacks blood vessels
- reproduces readily and heals rapidly
- tightly packed
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- alveoli and endothelium (simple diffusion)
- Flat coin shaped cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
- protective when keratinized in the epidermis
- found also in the lining of the mouth, vagina, anus,
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
-found in the kidney tubules and glandular epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- usually only two layers
- mammary glands and parotid salivary glands
Simple Columnar Epitelium
- has goblet cells
- lines gut, respiratory tract, and oviducts
Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium
- appears to be two layers but only one
- found in the trachea, bronchi
- ciliated
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- uncommon
- urethral lining in male and pharynx
Transitional epithelium
- stratified
- cells vary
- urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra (can stretch considerably)
CT
Much matrix few cells
Fibroblast
- basic cells of CT
- produces fibers by secreting proteins into matrix
Macrophage
- carries out phagocytosis
- clears out foreign particles from tissues
Mast Cell
Releases histamine (allergic reaction, inflammation), and heparin (prevents clots)
CT fibers
Collagen: thick, grouped in long parallel bundles, found in dense CT, “white fibers”
Elastin: very elastic, easily stretched, “yellow fibers”
Reticular Fibers: very thin
Non Rigid, General: Loose Areolar CT
- found in the papillary layer of the dermis
- connects skin to underlying muscle
Non Rigid, General: Dense Regular (Fibrous) CT
- found in tendons and ligaments
- parallel collagen and some elastin fibers
- poor blood supply, slow to heal
Non Rigid, General: Dense Irregular CT
- reticular layer of the dermis
- irregularily arranged collagen fibers
Non Rigid, General: Elastic CT
- blood vessel walls
- Can lose elasticity with age, circulation efficiency drops bp rises
Non Rigid, Specialized: Adipose CT
- made from adipocytes
- insulates, padding
- found around heart, behind eye, hypodermis
Non Rigid, Specialized: Blood CT
-erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes and plasma
Rigid, Bone CT: Compact Bone
haversian systems ( DRAW )
Rigid, Bone CT: Spongy Bone
- made of spikey trabeculae
- found at the ends of long bones
Rigid, Cartilage CT: Hyaline
- most common in the body
- found in epiphyseal plates, nose, larynx, trachea, articular cartilage at the ends of long bones
Rigid, Cartilage CT: Fibrocartilage
- intervertebral discs, knee menisci, pubic symphysis
- lacunae and chondrocytes in rows
Rigid, Cartilage CT: Elastic
- external ear, epiglottis
- largest lacunae
Smooth Muscle
- Involuntary without striations
- assoc with internal organs and respiratory tract
- fusiform (spindle) shaped cells
- single central nucleus
Cardiac Muscle
- Involuntary with indistinct striations
- Branched cells with intercalated discs
- single central nucleus
- Only in the heart
Skeletal Muscle
- Voluntary with distinct striations
- cylindrical shape
- multiple peripheral nuclei
- associated with muscles resulting in body movement
Serous Membrane
- wet
- simple squamous on loose areolar CT
1. visceral and parietal peritoneal membranes (around abdominal organs)
2. visceral and parietal pleural membranes ( around lungs)
3. visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (around the heart)
Synovial Membrane
- dry
- assoc with joints
- fibrous ct, areolar ct and adipose
Mucous Membrane
- epithelium (non keratinized stratified squamous and areolar ct)
- lines body cavities that open to exterior (sinuses, mouth) and passages leading to and from them
- Continuous with skin near openings
