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Block 2; Week 4 > HISTO of the Kidney > Flashcards

HISTO of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the urinary system?

A

The Kidneys & the urinary tract

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2
Q

What is at the apex of every renal pyramid?

A

The renal papilla

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3
Q

Where does the transitional epithelium begin?

A

@ the renal papilla

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4
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption/Excretion
Synthesis of Renin & Erythropoietin
Activation of Vitamin D3

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5
Q

What forms the corticomedullary border?

A

15-20 renal lobes or pyramids

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6
Q

About how many collecting ducts drain into each renal papilla?

A

about 20

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7
Q

Where are glomeruli located?

A

In the cortex

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8
Q

Where are cortical labryinths located?

A

In the cortex

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9
Q

Where are medullary rays located?

A

In the cortex

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10
Q

What makes up a kidney lobe?

A

Medullary pyramid + overlying cortex

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11
Q

What makes up a kidney lobule?

A

Group of nephrons that open into the same collecting duct…medullary ray is in the middle & interlobular arteries are on both side.

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12
Q

What composes the nephron? What is its function?

A

Glomerulus + PCT + Loop of Henle + DCT

Filtration, Excretion, Reabsorption

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13
Q

What composes the renal corpuscle?

A

Nephron + Bowman’s Capsule

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14
Q

Which blood vessels separate the cortex from the medulla?

A

The arcuate vein & artery.

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15
Q

What is the functional unit for producing urine?

A

Uriniferous Tube

This is composed of the nephron & the collecting duct.

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16
Q

What is the area cribrosa?

A

holes…located at the end of the renal papilla.

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17
Q

Where are the renal corpuscles located for juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

In the cortex.

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18
Q

What is the order of the arteries beginning w/ the interlobar arteries?

A

Interlobar arteries give rise to: arcuate arteries
Arcuate arteries give rise to: Interlobular arteries
Interlobular arteries give rise to: afferent arteriole

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19
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of capillary networks?

A

Normal: arteriole to capillary to venule
Arterial Portal System: afferent arteriole to capillary to efferent arteriole to capillary to venule (in the kidney)
Venous Portal System: arteriole to capillary to vein to capillary/sinusoid to vein

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20
Q

Where do you see the arterial portal system? Where do you see the venous portal system?

A

Arterial: kidney
Venous: liver & pituitary

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21
Q

What is the general purpose of a portal system?

A

It slows things down so that filtration can be separated from absorption.

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22
Q

In the arterial portal system where do you go after the efferent arteriole?

A

Peritubular capillaries…then venule…interlobular vein…arcuate vein…interlobar vein & out.

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23
Q

What covers the glomerulus?

A

Visceral layer of epithelium w/ podocytes

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24
Q

What makes up the outside layer of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

The parietal layer of epithelium: considered mesothelium.

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25
Q

Where does the glomerular filtrate go after it comes thru the arterioles?

A

Released into the Bowman’s Space

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26
Q

What are the 2 poles of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

The vascular pole (where the afferent & efferent arterioles are & the juxtaglomerular apparatus is)
180 degrees later…
The Urinary Pole (where the glomerular filtrate drains into the PCT)

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27
Q

What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa (a part of the DCT)
Extraglomerular mesangial cells (b/w the arterioles)
Juxtaglomerular cells

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28
Q

What lies on the inside of the visceral wall of the renal corpuscle?

A

Mesangial Matrix.

Here are the mesangial cells.

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29
Q

What do mesangial cells that are located in the matrix do?

A

Secrete Extraceullar Matrix
Secrete Cytokines
Secrete Prostaglandins
Secrete Endothelins (can induce capillary constriction)
Have phagocytic activity
**contract & regulate blood flow thru the capillaries & therefore regulate glomerular filtration.

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30
Q

Are there basement membranes in the layers of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Yes.
Visceral Wall has a basement membrane made up of the fusion of the basal laminae of the endothelium & the podocytes
Parietal Wall has a basement membrane that faces outside of the capsule.

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31
Q

Which cells are the macula densa cells in contact with?

A

The extraglomerular mesangial cells.

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32
Q

What do the sympathetic fibers innervate in the nephron?

A

The afferent arteriole…this firing will cause the release of renin.

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33
Q

Where is the urinary space?

A

it is the area b/w the visceral wall & the parietal wall.

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34
Q

What is the relationship b/w the visceral & parietal walls of the renal corpuscle?

A

They are opposing, but continuous. Like an invagination.

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35
Q

Where are the fenestrations in the renal corpuscle?

A

In the visceral wall!! This way you get your filtrate into the urinary space.

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36
Q

What is another name for the parietal wall?

A

The Bowman’s Capsule

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37
Q

Where is the location of the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

These are modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the afferent & efferent arterioles.

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38
Q

histologically…can you tell the difference b/w the afferent & efferent arterioles? B/w the arterioles & venules?

A

Can’t tell the difference b/w the afferent & efferent arterioles.
You CAN tell the difference b/w an arteriole & a venule.

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39
Q

What are the 3 layers of the basal laminae on the visceral wall side?

A

Capillary Side: Lamina Rara Interna
In the middle a very thick: Lamina Densa
Visceral Layer Side: Lamina Externa

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40
Q

Does the body of the podocytes face the inside of the glomerulus or the urinary space?

A

The urinary space.

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41
Q

Explain the arrangement of the podocytes on the visceral wall.

A

The podocytes have primary processes & secondary processes called pedicels.
The pedicels interdigitate. B/w them is the filtration slit covered in a thin filtration diaphragm.

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42
Q

What does the lamina rara catch? The lamina densa?

A

Lamina Rara catches negatively charged molecules & stiff molecules that can’t be deformed
Lamina Densa catches large molecules.

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43
Q

What is the fluid called that gets into the urinary space?

A

Glomerular Ultrafiltrate

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44
Q

How does the basal laminae keep from getting clogged? How does the basal laminae keep from getting eaten alive?

A

Intraglomerular Mesangial Cells phagocytize the clogs.

Podocytes & glomerular endothelial cells replenish the basal laminae.

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45
Q

What are mesangial cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm, not bone marrow

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46
Q

What’s the basic order of the structures that separate the capillary from the urinary space?

A 
Capillary Side
Endothelium that is fenestrated
Basal Lamina (3 layers)
Podocytes (w/ filtration slits)
Urinary Space Side
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47
Q

What is found b/w the secondary processes of podocytes (aka pedicels)?

A

Filtration Slits.
Note: the pedicels are connected by a filtration slit diaphragm composed of nephrin.
The nephrin is connected to the actin filaments of the podocytes w/ a protein called CD2AP

48
Q

What types of molecules can get thru the fenestrae of the endothelium? Which types can’t? Why?

A 
Can get in:
water
sodium
urea
glucose
small proteins
Can't get in:
large anionic protein
B/c blocked by an anionic coat of negatively charged glycoproteins (heparan sulfate).
49
Q

What types of molecules make up the basal lamina? What about it also slows down the anionic molecules?

A

Type IV collagen
Laminin
Fibronectin
proteoglycans (w/ lots of heparan sulfate)
** the heparan sulfate is why it is hard for anionic molecules to get thru here too.

50
Q

T/F The pedicels also have an anionic coat, making it difficult for large anionic proteins to make it thru.

A

True

51
Q

What happens when there is a mutation in the gene encoding nephrin?

A

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
Causes massive proteinuria (leakage of albumin in the urine)
Causes edema.

52
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

53
Q

What type of stain can you use to see a PCT?

A

eosin stain; PCT is eosinophilic

54
Q

What are some important features of the PCT that help you to identify it on a histo slide?

A 
simple cuboidal epithelium
eosinophilic
striated border of microvilli
have an irregular lumen
**look fuzzy.
55
Q

What types of substances & % are reabsorbed @ the PCT back into the blood thru the peritubular capillaries?

A

Gradient created thru reabsorption of glucose & salt.
70% of water is reabsorbed.
Amino acids & proteins, & HCO3- are also reabsorbed here.

56
Q

What types of substances does the PCT try to keep pushing thru into the urine?

A

organic solutes
drugs
toxins
creatinine

57
Q

What are the 3 things in the PCT that help fcn w/ protein reabsorption?

A

apical canaliculi
vesicles
vacuoles

58
Q

What molecules are reabsorbed in the PCT via the paracellular pathway?

A

This pathway causes reabsorption b/w cells. Molecules that use this pathway include: H20, Ca++, K+,

59
Q

What molecules are reabsorbed in the PCT via the transcellular pathway?

A

This pathway causes reabsorption thru cells.

Molecules that use this pathway include: H20, glucose, peptides

60
Q

Which side of the PCT is the Na+/H+ exchanger on? What ends up in the urine then?

A

the luminal side.

H+ ends up in the lumen.

61
Q

Which side of the PCT is the sodium potassium pump on? What ends up in the blood then?

A

The side next to the capillaries. Na+ ends up in the blood.

62
Q

Explain the importance of the basal ridges of the PCT.

A

These are infoldings of the plasma membrane on the side of the PCT that is closest to the capillaries. They have a ton of mitochondria, which help supply the energy for the sodium potassium pump to get sodium back in the blood. These basal ridges interdigitate which help lock cells together.

63
Q

Aside from interdigitating basal ridges…what helps connect the cuboidal epithelial cells of the PCT?

A

Tight Jcns.

64
Q

How can you tell the vasa recta from the thin limbs of the loops of Henle?

A

The vasa recta have RBCs inside.

65
Q

What types of epithelium are the thin limbs of the loops of Henle made of?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium.

66
Q

What is the difference in permeability of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle & the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb: Permeable to H20

Ascending Limb: slightly permeable to H20

67
Q

Where are the interstitial cells located in a nephron?

A

They span the space b/w the loop of Henle & the vasa recta.

68
Q

T/F All of the DCT have macula densa cells.

A

False. Only @ the JG apparatus.

69
Q

What is the function of the macula densa cells in the DCT & what are its characteristics?

A

Fcn:
monitor filtrate for salt…as a part of the JG apparatus.
Characteristic:
tall, narrow cells.

70
Q

What 2 substances can be secreted into the lumen of the DCT?

A

potassium

hydrogen ions

71
Q

What is the DCT sensitive to?

A

Aldosterone. Can actively resorbe Na & passively absorbe Cl

72
Q

What makes up the cortical labyrinth?

A

the region of the cortex w/ glomeruli & PCT & DCT

73
Q

Explain the nuclei of the thin portions of the loop of Henle.

A

They are bulging into the lumen.

74
Q

Where is the JG apparatus located in terms of poles?

A

@ the vascular pole of the nephron

75
Q

How does the structure of the DCT compare to the structure of the PCT?

A

It lacks a brush border. It has a smooth lumen.
It has a wider lumen.
It has shorter simple cuboidal epithelium than the PCT.

76
Q

T/F the distal convoluted tubule is impermeable to water.

A

True.

77
Q

T/F DCT, like the PCT has abundant lysosomes & tubulovesicular structures.

A

False. It doesn’t have these structures.

78
Q

T/F The DCT, unlike the PCT, doesn’t have any microvilli or basal mitochondria.

A

False. It does have these structures. It’s just that its microvilli are more sparse. They don’t have a brush border.

79
Q

What are JG cells? Where are they located? How does their size compare to normal smooth muscle cells?

A

They are modified smooth muscle cells, larger than normal smooth muscle cells, that are a part of the JG apparatus & that secrete renin. They are located mainly in the afferent arteriole, but also partly in the efferent arteriole.

80
Q

What happens when JG cells are triggered by sympathetic nerve fibers? What NT accomplishes this?

A

They secrete renin.

NE or dopamine.

81
Q

What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa cells (of the DCT)
The JG cells (mainly in the afferent arteriole)
extraglomerular mesangial cells

82
Q

What is the basic deal w/ the sensing of sparse salt in the filtrate by the macula densa cells & the secretion of renin by the JG cells?

A

The macula densa cells & the JG cells somehow communicate. The extraglomerular mesangial cells are thought to be a part of this communication process.
JG cells are connected thru gap jcns.
Extraglomerular mesangial cells are connected thru gap jcns & are perhaps connected to the JG cells thru gap jcns, too.

83
Q

Although Highi doesn’t necessarily buy it, what is the reaction of extraglomerular mesangial cells to ang II?

A

Contraction.

84
Q

T/F The collecting ducts have a different embryological origin than the nephrons.

A

True.

85
Q

What type of epithelium lines the collecting ducts? What are the 2 specialized cell types found here?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.
Principal cells
intercalated Cells.

86
Q

Which are more prevalent in the collecting duct–principal or intercalated cells?

A

Principal Cells

87
Q

How do the 2 main cells that make up the collecting duct differ in their staining?

A

Principal Cells: stain light.

Intercalated Cells: stain dark.

88
Q

T/F Cortical collecting ducts are found only in the medullary rays.

A

False. They are also sometimes found in cortical labryinths.

89
Q

When do you stop seeing the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

A

You see them in the cortical collecting ducts & in the medullary collecting ducts in the outer medulla. By the time you get to the inner medulla you don’t see the intercalated cells anymore.

90
Q

When do you stop seeing the principal cells in the collecting ducts?

A

You stop seeing them when you get to the papillary collecting ducts. Here: they have a simple columnar epithelium w/ a single cilium that lines them.

91
Q

Aside from staining light, what are other characteristics of the principal cells in the collecting ducts?

A

They have a round central nucleus & a single central cilium. They have less abundant mitochondrial in their basal cytoplasm.

92
Q

Aside from staining dark, what are other characteristics of the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

A

They have microplicae (folds) on their apical surface & they have apical cytoplasmic vesicles. They also have abundant mitochondria in their cytoplasm. They have distinct lateral cell borders.

93
Q

What is the fcn of the principal cells?

A

W/ the presence of ADH–they reabsorb water into the blood.

W/o ADH: urine doesn’t have a lot of solute & is large in volume.

94
Q

What is the fcn of the intercalated cells?

A

put H+ in the urine, put HCO3- in the urine, put potassium back into the blood.

95
Q

How much urine do you produce a day? How is this possible when you have 180 L of glomerular filtrate per day?

A

1.5-2 L per day.

Condensed by PCT, DCT, & CT.

96
Q

T/F the collecting ducts are a part of the nephron.

A

False. They are only a part of the uriniferous tubule.

97
Q

What is another name for mesangial cells?

A

Lactis cells

98
Q

What are the ducts of Bellini?

A

The papillary collecting ducts.

99
Q

Where does the transitional epithelium begin?

A

@ the renal papilla/ minor calyces.

100
Q

What are the layers of the ureter in the upper part of the tract? From inside to outside?

A 
Stellate Lumen
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Fibroelastic Lamina Propria (made of collagen & elastic fibers--allows stretch)
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
outer circular smooth muscle
Adventitia
101
Q

What are the layers of the ureter in the lower part of the tract? From inside to outside?

A 
Stellate Lumen
Transitional Epithelium (urothelium)
Fibroelastic Lamina Propria (made of collagen & elastic-great for stretch)
Inner Longitudinal Smooth Muscle
Middle Circular Smooth Muscle
Outer Longitudinal Smooth Muscle
Adventitia
102
Q

What does the ureter layers lack?

A

NO muscosal or submucosal glands.
No submucosa.
NO muscularis mucosae

103
Q

What does the ureter have (mucosa talk)?

A

Mucosa (epithelium & lamina propria)
Muscularis Externa
Serosa (adventitia) SOMETIMES

104
Q

When does the transitional epithelium of the ureter look like transitional & when does it not?

A

It does look this way when there is contraction & not distention. It doesn’t look this way when there is distention. Gets rid of the dome shape.

105
Q

Why is it important that the ureter be distensible?

A

For continuous flow

For the accommodation of kidney stones

106
Q

What is a unique feature of the relationship b/w the cells of the urothelium of the urinary bladder?

A

They slide over each other like plates.

107
Q

What are the layers of the urinary bladder? Starting from the lumen outward…

A 
Lumen
Transitional Epithelium (urothelium)
Fibroelastic Lamina Propria
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Middle circular smooth muscle layer
Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Adventitia (fibroelastic)
108
Q

What is different about the adventitial layer of the urinary bladder on its superior surface?

A

Here it isn’t considered adventitia, but is considered serosa b/c of the peritoneum that covers it after the adventitia.

109
Q

What is one possible explanation for why females have a higher rate of urinary tract infections than males?

A

The female urethra is much shorter. There is also a short distance b/w the urethra & anus in females. The bacteria don’t have a very long journey to the urinary bladder & their dream of infection.

110
Q

How does the epithelium transition in the female urethra as you move from the top to the opening?

A

Near Bladder
Transitional
Pseudostratified & Stratified Columnar
Stratified Squamous non-keratinized @ the end

111
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra? What do they represent in terms of epithelium?

A

Prostatic Urethra: Transitional
Membranous Urethra: Pseudostratified & stratified columnar
Penile Urethra: Stratified squamous non-keratinized.

112
Q

What are 2 characteristics (not the epithelium) that both male & female urethras share?

A

vascular fibroelastic lamina propria

urethral glands

113
Q

What are the urethral glands called in males?

A

Glands of LIttre

114
Q

What is the purpose of the urethral glands?

A

They lubricate the 2 surfaces of the urethra so they don’t stick together.

115
Q

What composes the 2 sphincters of the urethra?

A

Inner Sphincter: inner longitudinal; outer circular smooth muscle layers
Outer Sphincter: skeletal muscle (voluntary control).

Block 2; Week 4 (6 decks)

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