Histo of renal system

Question 1

Kidney Structure (stillborn kidney)

Answer 1

The kidney of a stillborn child consists of distinct regions, including the cortex and medulla.

Question 2

Papilla and Drainage

Answer 2

The papilla in the kidney projects towards the central pelvicalyceal space and eventually drains into the ureter, which exits the kidney at the hilum.

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

The cortex is darker stained and contains numerous tiny spheroidal structures, which are the developing renal corpuscles.

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

The medulla of the kidney is paler-stained in comparison to the cortex.

Question 5

Medullary pyramids

Answer 5

The medullary pyramids within the kidney consist of several tubules that converge towards the tip of the renal papillae.

Question 6

Fibrous Capsule and Renal Sinus

Answer 6

The fibrous capsule of the kidney is continuous with fatty tissue at the hilum, which packs into the renal sinus.

Question 7

Functional unit of the kidney

Answer 7

The nephron is the fundamental functional unit of the kidneys, responsible for filtering and processing blood to form urine

Question 8

Components of Nephron

Answer 8

A nephron consists of two main parts: the renal corpuscle, where the initial filtration of blood occurs, and the renal tubule, where the filtered fluid is further processed and carried away.

Question 9

Renal Corpuscle

Answer 9

The renal corpuscle is the part of the nephron where the initial filtration of blood takes place, separating waste and excess substances from the bloodstream.

Question 10

Renal tubule

Answer 10

The renal tubule is the portion of the nephron where the filtered fluid from the renal corpuscle is processed, and valuable substances are reabsorbed while additional waste products are secreted.

Question 11

Components of renal corpuscle

Answer 11

The renal corpuscle consists of two main components: the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and the glomerulus.

Question 12

Explain the glomerular capsule

Answer 12

he glomerular capsule is a single layer of flattened cells resting on the basement membrane, derived from the distal blind end of the renal tubule.

Question 13

Describe the glomerulus

Answer 13

The glomerulus is a network of anastomosing capillaries located within the renal corpuscle. It plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood.

Question 14

Capillary loops and podocytes

Answer 14

The capillary loops of the glomerulus are invested in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, which contains highly specialized epithelial cells called podocytes.

Question 15

Visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule

Answer 15

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is reflected around the vascular stalk of the glomerulus to become continuous with the parietal layer.

Question 16

Bowman’s space

Answer 16

A space exists between the two layers of the glomerular capsule, known as Bowman’s space, and it is continuous with the lumen of the renal tubule.

Question 17

Glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 17

The glomerular filtration barrier is the filtration barrier between the capillary lumen and the space within the glomerular capsule. It consists of the capillary endothelium, the podocyte layer, and the common basement membrane (glomerular basement membrane).

Question 18

Vascular and urinary poles

Answer 18

The afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole enter and exit the corpuscle at the vascular pole, which is situated opposite to the entrance of the renal tubule (urinary pole).

Question 19

Renal tubule extends from___________________ and is lined by_______

Answer 19

The renal tubule extends from the glomerular capsule to the junction with the collecting duct and is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells.

Question 20

Function of the renal tubule

Answer 20

The primary function of the renal tubule is the selective reabsorption of water and inorganic ions from the filtrate.

Question 21

Zones of the renal tubule (4)

Answer 21

The renal tubule has four distinct zones:

Proximal convoluted tubule - the most convoluted section.
Nephron loop (Loop of Henle) - which dips into the medulla.
Distal convoluted tubule.
Collecting tubule.

Question 22

Renal cortex is easily identified at low magnification due to__________________________.
It mainly consists of_________________.

Answer 22

The renal cortex is easily identified at low magnification due to the presence of renal corpuscles. It mainly consists of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

Question 23

Arcuate arteries and veins demarcate between what?

Answer 23

Arcuate arteries and veins serve as demarcation points between the renal cortex and medulla.

Question 24

Glomeruli at high magnification

Answer 24

At higher magnification, glomeruli can be identified in the renal cortex, surrounded by the glomerular space. These are important for filtration.

Question 25

The space between renal corpuscles is filled with…

Answer 25

The space between renal corpuscles is filled by tubules, including the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, involved in reabsorption and processing of filtrate.

Question 26

Medullary ray

Answer 26

The medullary ray is composed of collecting tubules and is found in the medulla, contributing to the organization of the kidney’s structure.

Question 27

mesangium and mesangial cells

Answer 27

The spaces between capillary loops in the glomerulus are filled by the mesangium, which contains mesangial cells. These cells play a role in supporting and regulating the capillaries.

Question 28

Efferent arteriole

Answer 28

The efferent arteriole, which has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, exits the glomerulus. It is important for regulating blood flow within the glomerulus.

Question 29

Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is continuous with_____________________

Answer 29

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 30

_____________________________ is found at the urinary pole

Answer 30

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 31

Transition of epithelial cells between the glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

The flattened nuclei of parietal epithelial cells line the glomerular capsule. This squamous epithelium is continuous with the epithelium at the entry to the proximal convoluted tubule and transforms into cuboidal epithelium in the subsequent part of the nephron.

Question 32

Glomerular capillaries microscopically

Answer 32

Glomerular capillaries, which can sometimes contain erythrocytes, are defined by the prominent glomerular basement membrane (GBM). They play a key role in the filtration process within the nephron.

Question 33

Mesangium and mesengial cells histologically

Answer 33

The mesangium, with a composition similar to the GBM, contains mesangial cells. These cells, which can be recognized by their nuclei. They resemble smooth muscle cells and play a crucial role in regulating capillary flow within the glomerulus.

Question 34

Podocytes histologically

Answer 34

Podocytes invest the capillary loops exposed to the glomerular space. They have extensive pale-stained cytoplasm and large pale-stained nuclei, contributing to the formation of the filtration barrier in the glomerulus.

Question 35

Proximal convoluted tubule description

Answer 35

Coiled tube, sections are found within the renal cortex, and they play a significant role in reabsorption and processing of the filtrate.

Question 36

Tubular epithelium

Answer 36

The tubular epithelium consists of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border of tall microvilli. This brush border increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, enhancing absorption and reabsorption.

Question 37

Surfaces of microvilli in PCT epithelium has…

Answer 37

The surfaces of the microvilli are coated with a prominent glycocalyx, which aids in various functions, including cell adhesion and protection.

Question 38

PCT basement membrane and description of epithelium nuclei

Answer 38

The basement membrane supports the tubular epithelium. The epithelial cells have round nuclei with prominent nucleoli

Question 39

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 39

A rich network of peritubular capillaries arises from the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus and surrounds the proximal tubules, facilitating the exchange of substances during reabsorption and secretion.

Question 40

DCT

Answer 40

The DCT is a continuation of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop after it returns to the cortex. It plays a role in further processing and regulation of the filtrate.

Question 41

Macula densa

Answer 41

The first part of the DCT forms the macula densa, which is involved in sensing changes in solute concentration and plays a role in regulating renal blood flow and filtration.

Question 42

The DCT has a brushborder just like the PCT (T/F)

Answer 42

F. Unlike the proximal tubules, the DCT does not have a brush border, which is a feature that increases surface area for reabsorption.

Question 43

Lumen and nuclei of DCT

Answer 43

The DCT has a larger and more defined lumen, along with more nuclei per cross-section. The cytoplasm of DCT cells is paler in color due to the presence of fewer organelles compared to the proximal tubules.