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Histo Lymph > Histo lymph > Flashcards

Histo lymph Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the lymphatic system

A

(a) to return fluid and plasma proteins to blood
(b) to return lymphocytes of the recirculating pool
(c) to add antibodies formed in lymph nodes

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2
Q

Define lymph

A
  • lymph is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

- formed by seepage of blood fluid across capillary walls

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3
Q

Lymph Flow

A

lymph capillaries –> lymphatic vessels–> Lymph nodes Via Afferent vessels –> Thoracic duct or Subclavian via Efferent vessels

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4
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling caused by damage or malformation of the lymphatic system

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5
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

infectious, caused by nematode worms

Ex: elephantiasis

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6
Q

Lymph Capillaries

A
  • endothelium very thin
  • clefts between endothelial cells (No Valves, LEAKY)
  • Discontinuous basal lamina
  • Lack tight junctions
  • No RBC in lumen
  • incomplete basement membrane
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7
Q

Do all capillaries not have valves?

A

No, larger capillaries, like the ones in the leg have valves to prevent back flow down.

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8
Q

What prevents the lumen in capillaries from collapsing?

A

Anchoring Filaments.

They surround the connective endothelial tissue

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9
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • larger lumen than blood vessels
  • thicker wall than lymph capillaries
  • Have valves
  • flow depends on pressure from neighbouring structures
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10
Q

Lymphatic Ducts (trunks)

A
  • right lymphatic and thoracic duct
  • similar to veins - possess valves, more smooth muscle in media than veins
  • empty into great veins at base of neck
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11
Q

Lymph Tissue

A

consists of reticular tissue (reticular cells and fibers), free cells (chiefly lymphocytes)

  • underlies the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
  • also in lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
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12
Q

Lymphoid nodules

A

-dense aggregations of lymphoid tissue
(COLLECTION OF LYMPHOCYTES)

  • Found in the cortex of lymph nodes and in white pulp in the spleen
  • found in tonsils, appendix, under epithelium of digestive and respiratory tracts
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13
Q

Primary nodule

A

Tightly packed small lymphocytes

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14
Q

Secondary nodule

A

Germinal center surrounded by cap of small lymphocytes

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15
Q

Lymph Nodes Function

A
  • Filter lymph
  • Removed undesirable cells, invading microorganisms
  • Lymphocyte production
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16
Q

Lymph Node locations

A

In certain areas such as the mesentery, axilla, groin

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17
Q

Do lymph nodes have capsules?

A

Yes; Connective tissue covering. Extends into node as trabeculae.

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18
Q

What are spaces of lymph nodes filled with?

A

Lymphocytes, Macrophages, plasma cells

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19
Q

How does filtrate enter the lymph node and how does it exit?

A

Enters via the afferent vessels over the surface, and exits via the efferent vessels through the hilus

20
Q

Types of Lymphatic sinuses

A

Subscapular sinus

Cortical sinus

21
Q

Subcapsular sinus

A

Enters corticol (peritrabecular sinus) which follow the trabeculae

-Filled with reticularcytes and macrophages

22
Q

Cortical sinus (peritrabeculae)

A

Enters the medullary sinus which are located between the medullary cords

23
Q

Where is the pericordical area and what is found there?

A

Between the Medulla and cortex T cells

24
Q

What is trabeculae made up of?

A

reticular cells and macrophages

25
Q

Where can I find B cells?

A

In the germinal centers of secondary nodules

26
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Continuation of capsule

27
Q

What are reticular Cells

A

Reticular cells are fibroblasts that are specialized in the production of type III collagen

28
Q

Lymphatic Sinuses

A

lymph courses from the afferent lymphatic to subcapsular sinuses to cortical sinuses

  • reticular fibers but no basement membrane underlie the lining cells
29
Q

Cortex of nodule

A

the outer cortex contains primary and secondary nodules
- the deep cortex consists of diffuse lymphoid tissue

-the lymphocytes in this zone are chiefly T-lymphocytes seeded from the thymus

30
Q

Medulla

A

lymphoid tissue arranged in the form of irregular, anastomosing medullary cords

31
Q

medullary cords

A

aggregations of diffuse lymphoid tissue

32
Q

medullary sinuses

A
  • large, tortuous, irregular channels that branch and anastomose
  • medullary sinuses are interposed between trabeculae and cords
33
Q

Blood Vessels

A

b.v.’s enter and leave at the hilus and run in the trabeculae

34
Q

postcapillary venules (high endothelial venules)

A
  • Course radially in the deep cortex (Cuboidal cells)
  • they represent the portal of entry from blood into the lymphatic circulation
  • HEVs enable lymphocytes circulating in the blood to directly enter a lymph node (by crossing through the HEV) through aquaporins
  • located in perchordical region between cortex and medulla
  • where majority of lymphocytes leave vascular and gain access into lymph nodes
35
Q

Medullary Cords and what is found in them

A

extension of the cortex running into the medulla.

B-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic and plasma cells

36
Q

What are sinuses lined by

A

stellate endothelial cells and macrophages

37
Q

What do HEV’s contain?

A

Aquaporin channels on HEV columnar epithelium create solvent drag (pulls in lymph via afferent vessels)

38
Q

What do T Helper Cells induce?

A

immature B cells in the germinal center of the nodule to form larger lymphoblasts

39
Q

What do Lymphoblasts give rise to?

A

memory cells and then plasma cells, which secrete antibodies (IgG)

40
Q

Function of the spleen

A
  • Blood filtration, destruction of old blood cells and platelets, hemoglobin degradation
  • Immune defense against blood-borne antigens, production of antibodies
  • contains large amounts of lymphoid tissue
41
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

production of lymphocytes

42
Q

Spleen Capsule

A

dense connective tissue, elastic fibres, smooth muscle - contraction changes volume

  • covered by mesothelium
43
Q

Splenic Pulp

A

reticular framework provides support

  • supports “pulp” - divided into white and red based on their colour in the fresh state:
44
Q

White pulp

A

lymphoid tissue: lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages in reticular c.t.

  • central arteries pass into the pulp from the trabeculae
  • Surrounded by red pulp

Cylindrical mass of lymphocytes arranged around a central artery. Constitutes the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS).

45
Q

Red pulp

A

rich in blood
- red pulp fills all the remaining space outside the white pulp and trabeculae

vascular sinuses with branching cords of cells
- the cords are called splenic cords or Billroth cords

splenic sinuses surrounded by splenic cords

46
Q

Flow of blood through spleen

A

Artery enters spleen through hilus.
Gives rise to trabecular artery that gives rise to central arteris.

Each central artery leaves white pulp to enter in the red pulp.

Histo Lymph (1 decks)

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