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YEAR 5: HISTOPATH > Histo: Fundamentals of Histology > Flashcards

Histo: Fundamentals of Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the appearance of neutrophils.

What does an abunance of them suggest

A

Multilobed nuclei with lots of granules

Acute inflammation e.g. acute appendicitis

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2
Q

In what states might you seen an abundance of lymphomcytes?

A

Chronic inflammation e.g. chronic gastritis, but don’t forget possibility of lymphoma if sheets of lymphocytes

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3
Q

WBC on UC biopsy during flare up

A

lymphocytes and neutrophils

As its an acute on chronic inflammation - this will occur in many chronic inflammatory diseases

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils.

A

Bi-lobed nucleus with red granules

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5
Q

List three conditions that could cause eosinophilia.

A

Allergic reactions

Parasitic infections - e.g. schisctosomasis

Malignancy - as a reaction to neoplastic process (e.g.Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of the oesophagus in eosinophilc oesophagitis.

A

Horizontal striae are seen within the oesophagus (feline oesophagus)

likely due to food allergen

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of mast cells.

What does an abundance of them indicate

A

Large cells containing a lot of granules

Allergic reaction

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8
Q

Describe the appearance of macrophages.

A

Large cells with lots of cytoplasm

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9
Q

In what states do macrophages tend to appear?

A

Late in acute inflammation (macrophages clear up the debris)

Chronic inflammation - granulomas are made up of activated macrophages (become secretory rather than phagocytic)

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10
Q

Define granuloma.

A

Organised collection of activated macrophages.

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11
Q

Describe the appearance of macrophages in granulomas.

A

Epithelioid macrophages - they have a lot of cytoplasm making them look like epithelial cells (they are secretory rather than phagocytic)

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12
Q

What cytological feature is suggestive of a good sputum sample?

A

Pigmented macrophages - this suggests that they have come from the alveoli

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13
Q

What do macrophages in granulomas fuse together to form?

A

Langerhans giant cells

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14
Q

List some causes of granulomas.

A
  • TB
  • Leprosy
  • Crohn’s
  • Fungal infections
  • Sarcoidosis
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15
Q

List three types of carcinoma.

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
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16
Q

sites of origin of squamous cell carcinoma

A
17
Q

What are two key features of squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Keratin production

Intercellular bridges

normal squamous epithelium also has these features

18
Q

What are two key features of adenocarcinomas?

A

Mucin production

Glands

19
Q

sites of origin of adenocarcinomas

A
20
Q

Which stain is used for Melanin?

A

Fontana stain

21
Q

What is the difference between a histochemical stain and an immunhistochemical stain?

A
  • Histochemical stain - based on the chemical reaction between the stain and the tissue. The product will have a specific colour or other property that can be identified
  • Immunhistochemical - involves using antibodies to detect a specific antigen within the tumour
22
Q

What type of stain is haematoxylin and eosin?

A

Histochemical stain - one part will react with the acidic component of the tissue, the other part will react with the basic component

23
Q

What stain is used for iron?

A

Prussian blue

24
Q

Which stain is used for amyloid?

A

Congo red

When viewed under polarised light, it produces apple green birefringence

25
Q

Describe the mechanism of:

  1. Immunofluorescence
  2. Immunoperoxidase
A
  1. Immunofluorescence
    • ​​An antibody will be raisd against a particular antigen
    • Another antibody will be raised against the Fc component of the previous antibody, this antibody will be attached to a fluorescence marker
    • The first antibody will be to a specific antigen on the tissue and then the second antibody will bind to the first antibody - the flueorscence can then be detected
  2. Immunoperoxidase
    • ​​An antibody is added to the tissue which binds to a particular antigen
    • An enzyme is then added which binds to the antibody
    • A substrate is then added which produces a product of a certain colour
26
Q

What is a key immunological lymphoid marker?

A

CD45

27
Q

What is a classic histological feature of HSV infection?

A

Cells with multiple nuclei

28
Q

what is the key immunological marker stained for to tell if it is an epithelial tumour

A

cytokeratin - present in alll epithelium

different numbers for each e.g. CD45

very helpful to tell you what the primary tumour is e.g. if tumour in liver

YEAR 5: HISTOPATH (20 decks)

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