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Histo Exam 1 > Histo Exam 1 > Flashcards

Histo Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acid reflux disease can result in what type of cell change?

A

Metaplasia of stomach mucosa

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2
Q

Peptic ulcer can result in what type of change?

A

Destruction of stomach mucosal lining

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3
Q

Celiac Disease results in what type of change in the stomach?

A

Alteration of normal absorptive surface of small intestine

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4
Q

Describe secretory cells

A
  • Clear cytoplasm
  • Round/oval nuclei
  • Without nucleoli
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5
Q

Describe Basal Cells in the prostate

A
  • Numerous
  • Produce high molecular keratin
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6
Q

Describe the epithelial bilayer in the prostate

A
  • Consists of columnar and basal cells –> psuedostratified
  • Abundant fibro-muscular stoma
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7
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the prostate

A
  • Many wide, irregular tubules (well-differentiated)
  • Epithelium is folded
  • Glands not closely spaced
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8
Q

Identify the organ and condition

A

Appendicitis

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9
Q

What are some pathological findings consistent with appendicitis?

A
  • Gray, shaggy exudate
  • Pus
  • Ulcerated mucosal surface
  • Neutrophilic infiltrate
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10
Q

What are the seven staining methods?

A
  1. Gomori
  2. Feulgen
  3. Masson
  4. Romanovsky
  5. Golgi
  6. Geimsa
  7. Cajal
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11
Q

What does H&E stain show?

A

Generalized picture of a cell and structure of an organ

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12
Q

What does PAS show?

A

Mucus secretions and basement membranes

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13
Q

What does Masson’s Trichrome show?

A

Collagenous architecture of organs

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14
Q

What does Wright’s Stain show?

A

Complete blood cell counts

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15
Q

What does Sudan Black “B” show?

A

Lipid droplets, lysosomes, and mitochondria

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16
Q

What do silver stains show?

A

Polypeptide hormone-producing cells and basement membranes

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17
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney in Eosin

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18
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney in hematoxylin

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19
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney shown in H&E stain

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20
Q

What kind of stain is being used?

A

PAS

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21
Q

What kind of stain is being used?

A

Silver stain

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22
Q

What kind of dye is hematoxylin and what does it stain in the nucleus?

A

Basic dye, stains RNA and DNA

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23
Q

What type of dye is Eosin and what does it stain?

A
  • Acidic dye
  • Stains:
    • Cytoplasm
    • Skeletal muscle
    • Secretion granule
    • Connective tissue cells (fibroblasts)
    • Collagen fibers
    • Thyroglobulin
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24
Q

What does H&E dye help show the contrast between?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria

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25
Q

What are three histochemical procedures for identifying the presence of specific substances in cells?

A
  1. PAS
  2. Feulgen Reaction
  3. Acid phosphatase
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26
Q

What stain should be used to determine the presence of lipids?

A

Osmium

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27
Q

What does PAS procedure show the presence of?

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

What type of stain was used and what is being seen?

A

PAS and it is staining glycogen

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29
Q

What does the Feulgen Reaction stain?

A

Stains DNA

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30
Q

How was this stained and what is it staining?

A

Feulgen Reaction staining DNA

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31
Q

What does Acid Phosphatase stain?

A

Lysosomes

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32
Q

What type of stain was used and what is it showing the presence of?

A

Acid phosphatase showing lysosomes

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33
Q

What type of stained was used and what is it showing?

A

Osmium staining lipid droplets

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34
Q

What type of stain is used and what is it showing?

A

Golgi stain showing the golgi apparatus

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35
Q

What is acid fuchsin stained used to show?

A

Mitochondria

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36
Q

What is a type of negative relief stain?

A

Geisma

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37
Q

What stains poorly in Giesma?

A
  • Lipids
  • Golgi
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38
Q

What type of stain was used for this slide?

A

Giesma

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39
Q

What stains poorly in Wright’s stain and why?

A

Mitochondria because they are right in lipids, which don’t have an affinity for the dye

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40
Q

What stain was used for the slide?

A

Wright’s Stain

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41
Q

What is the stain and what are the clear areas of the slide?

A

Lipid vacuoles in H & E stain

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42
Q

What stain was used and why are they this color?

A

H & E staining keratinocytes, which have melanin

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43
Q

How does lipofuscin pigment appear on a slide?

A

Brown

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44
Q

What is Lipochrome pigment?

A

Yellow pigment in H & E dye

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45
Q

In a typical cell, what makes up the cell membrane?

A
  • Cell border
  • Cell coat
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46
Q

In a typical cell, what organelles can be seen?

A
  • Centrioles
  • Mitochondria
  • SER
  • Ribosomes
  • RER
  • Golgi
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vesicles
  • Granules
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47
Q

In a typical cell, what types of granules can be seen?

A
  • Azure
  • Secretion
  • Specific
  • Others
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48
Q

In a typical cell, what makes up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments (myofibril, terminal web)
  • Microtubules (mitotic spindle)
  • Intermediate filaments (Tonofilaments)
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49
Q

In a typical cell, what inclusions can be seen?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Lipid droplets
  • Lipid vacuoles
  • Hemosiderin
  • Lipofuscin/lipochrome pigment
  • Melanosome
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50
Q

In a mesenchymal (stem) cell, what structures are visible?

A
  • RER
  • Free ribosomes
  • SER
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
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51
Q

What is the function of a Paneth cell?

A

Production of antibacterial agent, controls bacteria of cells

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52
Q

How are the regions of a Paneth cell divided by function?

A
  • Bottom: production
  • Middle: packaging
  • Top: storage
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53
Q

What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: cell

A
  1. Relative size
  2. Shape (round, flat, irregular)
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54
Q

What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: Cytoplasm

A
  1. Stained?
  2. Color
  3. Intensity of staining
  4. Presence/absence of particles
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55
Q

What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: nucleus

A
  1. Relative size
  2. Shape (oval, round, flat, segmented)
  3. Number of nuclei
  4. Location
  5. Intensity of staining
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56
Q

What are the criteria used for identifying a cell in general?

A
  1. Cell structure
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
  4. Nucleolus
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57
Q

Internum

A

Electron dense core of specific granule under EM

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58
Q

Externum

A

Less well-stained periphery of specific granule under EM

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59
Q

Identify the structures/regions

A
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60
Q

The cell membrane is a ________ membrane

A

Trilaminar

Outer leaflet

Space

Inner leaflet

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61
Q

What are the darker regions, lighter regions, and bottom left?

A
  1. Heterochromatin
  2. Euchromatin
  3. ER
62
Q

What does the lightness of euchromatin tell us about its activity?

A

Active transcription

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q

When ribosomes are clustered, what are they called and what is their function?

A

Polyribosomes as they are attached to mRNA

66
Q

What is being indicated by the red arrow?

A

Ribosomes

67
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glycogen?

A

Beta glycogen is a single particle, whereas alpha glycogen is a collection of beta particles known as a “Glycogen Rosette”

68
Q

What is indicated by blue and red arrows?

A
69
Q

What is a cistern?

A

The empty space within the RER

70
Q

What shape would you typically expect to see to indicate a polyribosome?

A

A 9 or 6 swirl

71
Q

What would cause a bloated cistern?

A

Backup of protein

72
Q

Identify the structure seen in each of these pictures

A

RER

73
Q

How are smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes/cisterns organized?

A

Organized as tubules rather than sheets

74
Q

What are the structures highlighted in blue?

A

SER

75
Q

The convex side of a golgi is known also as:

A

Cis/forming face; where vesicles enter the golgi

76
Q

The concave side of a golgi is also known as:

A

Trans/maturing face; where particles leave the golgi

77
Q

How can you tell the difference between a condensing vacuole and secretory granule under EM?

A

A condensing vacuole is more lightly stained, whereas a secretory granule is darkly stained

78
Q

Primary lysosomes

A
  • Dense bodies
  • Vesicles
  • Enzymes are inactive
  • Homegenous matrix
79
Q

Secondary lysosome

A
  • Residual bodies with pigments (lipochrome or lipofuscin)
  • Material inside the matrix
80
Q

Tertiary lysosomes

A
  • Residual bodies discharged in the form of pus
  • Neutrophils and macrophages are destroyed/eliminated
81
Q

Heterophagic pathway

A

Process of lysosomal digestion of materials ingested from the extracellular environment. Examples include the uptake and digestion of bacteria by neutrophils and the removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages.

82
Q

Autophagic pathways

A

Intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome

83
Q

What is the figure showing?

A

Primary and secondary lysosomes

84
Q

Name the structure

A

Secondary lysosome

85
Q

Name the components of the cellular cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
86
Q

What are the primary functions of blood?

A
  1. Carries oxygen, hormones, nutrients
  2. Transports immune cells
  3. Coagulation and thermoregulation
87
Q

What is contained in Wright’s stain?

A

Methylene blue, eosin, azure

88
Q

What are the main basophilic structures?

A

DNA (nucleus), rRNA (cytoplasmic ribosomes)

89
Q

What stain affinity does hemoglobin have?

A

Eosinophilic

90
Q

What are the most common azurophilic structures?

A

Azure granules = lysosomes of white blood cells

91
Q

Blood plasma makes up X % of blood

A

Blood plasma makes up 55% of blood

92
Q

What is blood plasma comprised of?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma proteins
    • Albumin
    • Globulins
    • Fibrinogen
93
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Draws extracellular fluid into blood vessels

94
Q

What is the function of globulins?

A

Plasma cells that secrete antibodies

95
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Interacts with blood platelets to promote clotting

96
Q

Formed elements make up X % of blood

A

Formed elements make up 45% of blood

97
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • White blood cells
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)
98
Q

Of the formed elements, what is the composition between red blood cells and the “buffy coat”?

A

99% of formed element of blood is RBCs, and the remaining 1% makes up the buffy coat, comprised of Leukocytes and Thrombocytes

99
Q

How does the hematocrit in people living at high altitudes compare to those in lower altitudes?

A

Hematocrit is higher in people at high altitudes

100
Q

What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

A

7.2 micrometers

101
Q

How would one describe the shape of an erythrocyte?

A

Anucleate biconcave disc

102
Q

What helps a RBC deform as it passes through a vessel?

A

Proteins

103
Q

What is the name and cause of the condition seen here?

A

Spherocytosis

Defect in spectrin gene

No central pallor

104
Q

What is the illness seen here?

A

Sickle cell anemia

105
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow

106
Q

What is the life cycle of a RBC?

A

120 days

107
Q

Name the stages of RBC development

A

Proerythroblast -> Basophilic erythroblast -> Polychromatophilic erythroblast -> Orthochromatophilic erythroblast -> *nucleus extrudes* -> Reticulocytes -> RBC

108
Q

Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle

A

Proerythroblast (dense with ribosomes)

109
Q

Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle

A

Basophilic erythroblast

110
Q

Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle

A

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

111
Q

Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle

A

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

112
Q

Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle

A

Reticulocyte (presence of some organelles and cytoplasmic ribosomes)

113
Q

Reticulocytes make up X % of RBCs

A

Reticulocytes make up 1-2% of RBCs

114
Q

Under what condition would you expect to see higher than normal numbers of reticulocytes?

A

Anemia

115
Q

What are the cells with the darker blue spots?

A

Reticulocytes

116
Q

What are D, G, and M?

A

D: Degenerating mitochondrion

M: Mitochondrion

G: Golgi remnants

117
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes and what do they contain that differentiates them from agranulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil

Contain specific and azure granules

118
Q

What are the three types of agranulocytes and what do they contain?

A
  1. Monocyte
  2. Lymphocyte
119
Q

Name the cell

A

Neutrophil

120
Q

Name the cell

A

Eosinophil

121
Q

Name the cell

A

Basophil

122
Q

Name the cell

A

Monocyte

123
Q

Name the cell

A

Monocyte

124
Q

Name the cell

A

Lymphocyte

125
Q

What are the distinguishing features of a Neutrophil?

A
  • 60-70% WBC
  • 12-15 micrometer
  • Polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes)
  • Specific granules stain pink
    • Anti-microbial enzymes (collagenases, lysozymes)
  • Phagocytosis and destroy bacteria
  • Barr bodies = drumstick
126
Q

Describe the Azure granules of a neutrophil under EM

A
  • Large
  • Less numerous than specific granules
  • Electron dense
127
Q

Describe the specific granules of a neutrophil under EM

A
  • Small
  • More numerous
  • Relatively more electron lucent than azure
128
Q

Describe the specific features of a Basophil

A
  • 0.5% WBC
  • 12-15 micrometer
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Granules obscure the view of the nucleus
  • Release vasodilators, anticoagulants to promote immune response
  • Cell typed in involved in anaphylaxis but effect modulated by eosinophils
129
Q

What are the Specific Granules of the basophil?

A
  1. Heparin (anticoagulant)
  2. Histamine (vasodilator)
  3. Leukotrienes (smooth muscle airway constrictors)
130
Q

What are the Azurophilic granules of Basophils?

A
  1. Lysosomes (acid hydrolases)
131
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Basophil

132
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A
  • 1-4% WBC
  • 12-15 micrometers
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Specific granules stain salmon pink to orange
  • Modulates inflammatory response to parasitic infections, sites of chronic inflammation, and allergies
  • Antigen-antibody complex
133
Q

What are the specific granules of Eosinophils?

A
  1. Major basic protein (Eosinophilia)
  2. Eosin-derived Neurotoxin (CNS toxin)
  3. Histaminase (Neutralizes histamines)

Generally cytotoxic to parasites

134
Q

What are the azure granules of eosinophils?

A
  1. Lysosomes
    1. Degrade antigen-antibody complexes
135
Q

What cell is this?

A

Eosinophil (notice the specific granule bars)

136
Q

What is this and where would you find it?

A

Specific granule found in an eosinophil

137
Q

Describe Monocytes

A
  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • 16-20 micrometers
  • Nuclei:
    • Horse-shoe shaped
    • Kidney bean shaped
  • Transform into macrophages that phagocytose and degrade bacteria in:
    • Connective tissue (Histiocytes)
    • Liver (Kupffer cells)
    • Lung (dust cells)
    • Bone (Osteoclasts)
  • Antigen presenting cells
    *
138
Q

Name the cell

A

Monocyte

139
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • 20-25% of WBCs
  • 6-12 micrometers
  • Small or large type
    • Small = mature ( >90%)
    • Large = Immature
      • 80% = T-lymphocytes
      • 20% = B-lymphocytes
  • Thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm (many cytoplasmic ribosomes)
  • Function: cell mediated (t-cells); humoral immunity (b-cells) against antigens
  • Virus infected cells, tumor cells
140
Q

Name the cell

A

Large lymphocyte

141
Q

Describe platelets

A
  • 2-3 micrometers
  • Come from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
  • Perform blood vessel surveillance
  • Plug up holes with fibrinogen, pull vessels together, release hormones to heal wounds
142
Q

Biggest WBC

A

Monocyte

143
Q

Smallest WBC

A

Platelet

144
Q

Order of proportionality for WBC (most –> least)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
145
Q

WBC % make up: Neutrophil

A

60-70%

146
Q

WBC % make up: Lymphocyte

A

20-25%

147
Q

WBC % make up: Monocyte

A

3-8%

148
Q

WBC % make up: Eosinophils

A

1-4%

149
Q

WBC % make up: Basophils

A

0.5%

150
Q
A
151
Q
A

Histo Exam 1 (1 decks)

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