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Histo Exam 1 > Histo Exam 1 > Flashcards

Histo Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three areas you will find simple squamous NK epithelium and what are their associated germ layers?

A

Alveoli of lung- endoderm
Blood vessels-mesoderm
Serosa-mesoderm

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2
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous NK epithelium?

A

Secretion/lubrication
Diffusion
Exchange
Filtration

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3
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium ?

A

Absorption, conduit/fluid transport, secretion, bidirectional movement along tube.

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4
Q

What are the surface specializations of simple cuboidal epithelium? Where would those cells be found>

A

Cilia and microvilli
Kidney tubules (microvilli)
Oviduct (Cilia)

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5
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, movement of fluid

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6
Q

What are the surface specializations of simple columnar epithelium? Where is this specialized cell found?

A

Mainly microvilli and in the GI tract.

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7
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium ?

A

Transport of debris via sweeping w cilia, secretion, absorption

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8
Q

What are the surface specializations of pseudostratified columnar cells? Where would these cells be found?

A

Cilia-respiratory tract
Stereocilia- male repro system

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9
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection, prevents abrasion

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10
Q

What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Transport

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11
Q

What are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Fluid transport

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12
Q

Hematoxylin

A

A basic stain that targets Nuclei, Nucleoli, polyribosomes, cytoplasm and rER. It is basophillic and stains blue-purple.

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13
Q

Eosin

A

An acidic dye that targets proteins, ECM, cytoplasmic proteins, and mitochondria. It is acidophilic and stains pink.

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14
Q

Mallory Trichrome

A

Stains Connective Tissue, Collagen, and Cytoplasm

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15
Q

PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)

A

Stains complex carbs including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, mucin. Stains magenta.

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16
Q

Wright-Giemsa stain

A

Stains red and white blood cells

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17
Q

Silver stain

A

Stains elastic fibers, reticular fibers, nervous tissue. Stains black/purple.

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18
Q

What are the two states chromatin will be seen in using the H/E staining technique?

A

Euchroatin- extended chromatic that indicates the cell is actively transcribing. Visible nucleolus

Heterochromatin- condensed chromatic, no visible nucleus, cell not actively transcribing.

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19
Q

What is the difference between dry ground preparation and decalcification prep?

A

Dry ground- all organic materials and cells removed
Decal- inorganic material removed allows to see cells and organic matrix of tissues

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20
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types in the body, and what pattern are they typically seen in.

A

Epithelium, CT, Muscle, Nervous Tissue

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21
Q

What steps are involved in the processing of histological samples?

A

Biopsy, fix, process, embed in paraffin wax, cut, stain

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22
Q

Induction

A

The process by which one cell/tissue (inductor) acts on another to alter its developmental course.

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23
Q

Migration

A

The movement of cells based on interactions with surroundings cells and environment due to signaling

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24
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells will develop fro an undifferentiated/immature cell type to a mature differentiated cell with specific functions. The more differentiated a cell becomes, the less self renewal and plasticity it has

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25
Q

What are the outcomes of cell signaling

A

Activate/inhibit gene transcription, change protein synthesis and expression, alter mitotic activity, influences cell death or survival, induce a change in the developmental pathway

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26
Q

Totipotent ; give an example

A

A cell capable of becoming any cell/tissue of the body plus extra embryonic structures. Example is a zygote

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27
Q

Pluripotent; give an example

A

A cell that can become any cell/tissue in the human embryo. Embryonic stem cells.

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28
Q

What are the two properties of stem cells

A

Capable of self renewal and they can give rise to progenitor cells that develop into mature terminally differentiated cells (nullipotent).

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29
Q

Gastrulation

A

Migration of most cells form the surface through a midline surface opening to internal part of embryo.

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30
Q

What are the outcomes of gastrulation and the resulting germ layers

A

Establishment of body axes. Dorsal/ventral, left/right, cranial/caudal. The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

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31
Q

What two germ layers form mucous membranes

A

Ectoderm, endoderm

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32
Q

Neurulation

A

Inductive signaling process that leads to formation of additional germ layers from ectoderm

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33
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Comes from the ectoderm and it forms al neural tissue found in the CNS (brain, spina cord, motor neurons).

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34
Q

Neural Crest cells

A

Forms migratory cells that form neural tissue of the PNS. Also forms melanocytes of body and facial bones

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35
Q

Notochord

A

An area of mesoderm that induces the ectoderm to form the neural plate via signaling and eventually disintegrates to persist as nucleolus pulposis of intervertebral discs

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36
Q

Neural plate

A

A structure comprised of the germ layer known as neuroectoderm

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37
Q

Neural folds

A

Fuse together to become the neural tube and sink below the ectoderm

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38
Q

What does the notochord become

A

It degenerates and becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

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39
Q

What cells of the four germ layers differentiate to give rise to all the cells that comprise the four basic tissues

A

Multipotent stem cells

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40
Q

Where in the body is serous membrane found and what germ layer gives rise to them

A

Lining outer surface of visceral organs. Mesoderm

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41
Q

What germ layer gives rise to membranes that have a passageway in contact with the outside world? What are these membranes

A

Ectoderm. Mucous membranes

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42
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the membranes in hallow organs? What are these membranes

A

Endoderm. GI tract, throat, respiratory, bladder

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43
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the Lining of the inside of the brain

A

Neuroectoderm

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44
Q

What two germ layers are involved in the inductive signaling process during neurulation and what types of signaling interactions are mainly involved in forming the CNS and PNS

A

Notochord of the mesoderm induces ectoderm to form neural plate. Inductive signaling.

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45
Q

What germ layer are the vascular and lymphatic systems associated with?

A

Mesoderm. The is the ONLY germ layer that forms epithelium, CT, smooth and cardiac muscle of hear,and vessels

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46
Q

What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue

A

Surface- covers body surfaces, organ surfaces, and lines body cavities and lumens of hallow organs.
Glandular-forms exocrine and endocrine glands

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47
Q

What are the key characteristics common to all types of epithelium

A

Polarity, Lateral and basal adhesions, avascular, rapid renewing rate

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48
Q

How is surface epithelium classified

A

By number of cell layers, shape of surface cell, presence of specialized apical modification.

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49
Q

What does the ‘type’ of epithelium refer to and what does the ‘name’

A

Type= histological appearance
Name=is used to indicate the specific location of the epithelium

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50
Q

What are the principle functions of epithelium

A

Barrier/protection, Transport, Conduit for fluid, secretion

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51
Q

How does to organization, thickness, surface specializations and turnover rate of epithelium reflect its function

A

Epithelium must maintain balance between cell renewal and cell loss to maintain homeostasis. The simple epithelium will renew/turn over quicker than stratified, chemotherapeutic drugs that affect mitosis will affect rapidly renewing cells first. Surface specialization is present in areas where it is needed.

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52
Q

Describe the BM in terms of function, location, composition and staining pattern

A

BM physically binds epithelial cells by a group of ECM proteins secreted by the epithelial cells that aid in anchoring the epithelium to underlying CT. It proves molecular filtration and structural support. BM stains pink

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53
Q

What happens with damage to BM and loss of epithelial attachment

A

When epithelial cells lose adhesion to the BM it promotes migration away from it and become invasive to other tissues where they can begin to divide uncontrollably and become cancer. Migration of cancer cells away form initial site where the cancer cell proliferated is called metastasis

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54
Q

What is the junctional attachment that attaches epithelium to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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55
Q

Lateral junctions and their function

A

Occluding (tight) junctions
Anchoring junctions; Zonula adherens, macula adherens (desmosome)
Gap Junctions- communication

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56
Q

What happens to cells if lateral junctions are lost/damaged

A

Loss of lateral junctions promotes loss of adhesion and polarity causes increased mobility and cal lead to apoptosis or loss of communication

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57
Q

Transcellular transport vs paracellular transport

A

Transcellular transport is passage from the apex of the cell to the base. Paracellular transport is passage between adjacent cells at the intercellular junction.

58
Q

How can environment lead to changes in type of epithelium and what is that process called.

A

Metaplasia. This would be for example In the esophagus of an individual who has persistent acid reflux. The normal type of epithelium there is ssnk but because of the acid in the area the tissue will become simple columnar epithelium associated with the intestine in order to produce mucin to neutralize the acid.

59
Q

Dysplasia

A

An increase in mitosis with out cell differentiation. Often considered a premalignant lesion in epithelial dysplasia.

60
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in cell size

61
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size and or number

62
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number w out modification

63
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one normal differentiated cell type with another normal differentiated cell type. Usually reversible with removal of stimuli continued stimuli can lead to an increased risk of cancer and become dysplasia

64
Q

What are the two major classification of glandular epithelium and what type of epithelial cells do they contain

A

Endocrine-product released into blood
Exocrine-product released into duct
Can range from simple cuboidal or columnar to stratified.

65
Q

How do endocrine glands develop

A

Epithelium invaginates from surface

66
Q

How do exocrine glands form

A

Epithelium invaginates from surface and detaches to form clusters of cells to produce product or a duct surrounded by cells.

67
Q

How is the initial site of development related to germ layer of the gland

A

Their germ layer source of the EPITHELIUM determines the germ layer source of the gland.

68
Q

What are the two morphological classifications of exocrine glands and where are each type found

A

Unicellular-goblet cells-GI tract
Multicellular- multiple secretory cells and may have one or more ducts. Salivary glands

69
Q

Give an example of exocrine glands and the embryonic germ layer they are derived from

A

Salivary glands-endoderm
Goblet cells-endoderm

70
Q

List three methods of exocytosis for glandular secretion and give an example of an exocrine gland that uses that method

A

Holocrine- shedding of whole cell (sebaceous glands)
Merocrine-secretory product released by exocytosis from vesicles in apex of cells to lumen (salivary gland)
Apocrine- apical portion of cell pinches off (mammary)

71
Q

Simple squamous locations and germ layers

A

Lung- endoderm
Blood vessels- mesoderm
Serosa-mesoderm

72
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium typer, location, germ layers

A

Oviduct-ciliated-mesoderm
Salivary ducts-endoderm
Kidney tubule-mesoderm

73
Q

Simple columnar locations and associated germ layers

A

GI tract-endoderm
GI tract w microvilli- endoderm
Respiratory (cilia) endoderm

74
Q

Stratified squamous location and germ layers

A

Oral cavity-non keratinized, ectoderm
Esophagus-non kertinized, endoderm
Skin-keratinized, ectoderm

75
Q

Stratified cuboidal locations and germ layers

A

Exocrine glands— sweat and salivary glands. Ectoderm and endoderm

76
Q

Stratified columnar locations and germ layer

A

Large ducts of exocrine glands, GL depend on gland. Salivary, pancreas, galbladder

77
Q

Pseudostratified columnar location and germ layer

A

Respiratory -ciliated, endoderm
Male reproductive system- stereocilia, mesoderm

78
Q

Transitional stratified location and germ layer

A

Bladder- endoderm
Urethra-endoderm
Ureter-mesoderm

79
Q

What are the general functions of connective tissue

A

Connects adjacent tissue layers together and provides support and protection to organ systems

80
Q

What are the four general classifications of CT

A

CT Proper, specialized CT, Specialized Fluid CT, Supportive CT

81
Q

How does the option of CT influence the cell type responsible for fiber synthesis

A

The predominant cell type of tissues will tend to produce the fibers exhibited there. For example adipocytes in adipose tissue produce reticular fibers. In the aorta smooth muscle cells produce the elastic fibers.

82
Q

What four cell synthesize reticular fibers (type III collagen)

A

Reticular cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblast

83
Q

What types of cells can synthesize type I collagen

A

Osteoblast, fibroblast, chondroblast

84
Q

What cells synthesize type II collagen

A

Chondroblasts. Only in cartilage

85
Q

What two types of cells synthesize elastic fibers

A

Fibroblast and smooth muscle (chondroblasts in elastic cartilage)

86
Q

What makes up ground substance

A

Non fibrous proteins—hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins. Different types will exist indifferent CT to confer function

87
Q

What are the major and minor components of CT extracellular matrix

A

Major are fibers and GS and minor is cells

88
Q

What cells are fixed cells

A

Mast cells, mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, machrophages, adipocytes and reticular cells if present

89
Q

What cells are wandering

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells. (All WBC’s)

90
Q

What are the four steps of wound healing

A

Hemostasis/blood clotting-platelets
Acute inflammation- neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells
Proliferation- fibroblasts synthesize type III fibers for granulation tissue
Remodeling- Type III broken down and replaced with type I

91
Q

Mesoderm (mesenchymal) stem cell

A

Fixed. May differentiate ito all types of CT cells when induced.

92
Q

Macrophages

A

Fixed and wandering. Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris

93
Q

Mast cells

A

Fixed. Inflammatory reaction. Responsible for redness, heat, swelling of inflammation

94
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fixed. Synthesize reticular fibers. Store fats.

95
Q

Plasma cells

A

Wandering. Antibody (ig) production

96
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Wandering. Various immune/defense functions. Higher in number during infection.

97
Q

Neutrophil

A

Wandering. Phagocytosis of bacteria. 1st to arrive during injury.

98
Q

Locations of LCT

A

Beneath basement membrane of all epithelium. Walls of organs.

99
Q

Locations of DICT

A

Dermis of skin, walls of organs (submucosa), capsule of organs

100
Q

Location of DRCT

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, deep fascia

101
Q

Elastic CT

A

Wall of large elastic blood vessels (aorta)

102
Q

Location of reticular CT

A

Lymphatic organs—liver,spleen,bone marrow, lymph nodes

103
Q

Location of adipose tissue

A

Hypodermis

104
Q

What cells control normal ECM synthesis/degradation to maintain healthy CT

A

Fibroblasts

105
Q

What are the effects of aging

A

Increased collagenases responsible for fiber breakdown. Decrease in cell renewal, fiber and GS synthesis.

106
Q

What is the name of epithelium that lines the inside body cavities an covers out surface of visceral organs?

A

Mesothelium

107
Q

What is the name of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the ventricles in the brain and central can of spinal cord

A

Ependymal

108
Q

What is the name of the epithelium that forms the outer layer of skin

A

Epidermis

109
Q

Serous secretory cells

A

Secrete watery protein substance. Round euchromatic nucleus, abundant rER, storage vesicles

110
Q

Lipid secreting cells

A

Oily secretion-sebum, steroid. Abundant sER. Doesn’t stain wi H/E. Found in sebaceous glands

111
Q

mucous secretory cells

A

Thick viscous secretion; mucus and glycogen. Abundant golgi. Pale stained cytoplasm. Goblet cells in GI and respiratory. Mucous cells in stomach and salivary

112
Q

Seromucous

A

Mixed secretion that is slightly watery. Serous cell adjacent to a mucous cell. Found in salivary glands

113
Q

What is the name of the tissue in the alveoli of the lung

A

Lining

114
Q

Parenchymal tissue

A

Tissue that is considered functional and required for specific organ function (epithelium, muscle, nervous)

115
Q

Stromal tissue

A

Tissue that is considered supportive and helps connect functional tissue together (connective tissue)

116
Q

Zona occludens

A

Maintains cell polarity, creates a selective barrier, controls/restricts passage of molecules. Located at apex of cell

117
Q

Function of intercellular junctions

A

Links plasma membrane of adjacent cells together so they can function in an integrated manner

118
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Permits passage of small molecules/ions directly between cytoplasm of cells via pores. Electrically couple cells together.

119
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Localized adhesion, transient attachment necessary for wound healing and epithelial migration.

120
Q

Intraepithelial

A

Impacts adhesions within the epithelial tissue I.e., damage to desmosomes

121
Q

Subepithelial

A

Beneath epithelium. Represents loss of adhesions between the basal epithelial cells, BM and CT. Damage to hemidesmosomes

122
Q

Appearance of simple squamous cell

A

Flattened surface cell, flattened nuclei

123
Q

Appearance of simple cuboidal cell

A

Equal height/width of surface cell with a round central nuclei

124
Q

Appearance of columnar cells

A

Height is greater than width of surface cell, elongated nuclei maybe near base.

125
Q

Appearance of transitional

A

Rounded/domed surface layer. These layers stretch and become flattened. Usually 4-6 layers in thickness.

126
Q

Nucleus

A

Site of transcription. Chromosomes contain genetic information to encode all proteins in the body

127
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

128
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Mediates bidirectional selective transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus.

129
Q

Cell plasma membrane

A

Divides cell from external environment and mediates cellular interactions/signaling with external environment and other cells. Site of membrane transport

130
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

RER surface is sire of protein synthesis and the rER lumen is site of post translational modifications and folding of proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes.

131
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

A term used to refer to the large amounts of rER in a nerve cell

132
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis via three metabolic pathways

133
Q

What does abundant mitochondria in a cell stain look like and what would the cell function be?

A

High amounts of mitochondria will be stained with eosin dye and will typically gather In one region of the cell. If large amounts the cell is most likely performing active transport.

134
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

sER contains enzymes that area synthesized in the rER and function in lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, glycogen breakdown and detoxification

135
Q

Golgi

A

Site of pops translational modification of proteins. Responsible for packaging and sorting of proteins to their final destination. Does not stain with H/E

136
Q

Lysosome

A

Site of destruction of pathogenic organisms or degradation of intracellular waste products via acid hydrolase enzymes. Not visible by H/E

137
Q

Peroxisome

A

Site of beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids that control the amount of hydrogen peroxide in cell via catalase activity

138
Q

Glycogen granules

A

Energy storage

139
Q

Lipofuscin granules

A

Represent the accumulation of cellular waste products from lysosomal breakdown

140
Q

Lipid droplets

A

Energy storage droplets may aggregate in cells

141
Q

Transport/secretory vesicles

A

Transport materials between different cell compartments/organelles and to plasma membrane for export.

Histo Exam 1 (1 decks)

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