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Histo Exam 1 > Histo exam 1 > Flashcards

Histo exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiolipin?

A

In inner mito. membrane, makes membrane impermeable to electrons and protons!

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2
Q

adherens junction

A

anchors ACTIN by CATENIN and VINCULIN; Ca2+ dependent actions between cells through CADHERIN PROTEINS

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3
Q

peroxisome?

A

use CATALASE to break down long chain fatty acids to acetyl coa and then to hydrogen peroxide, replicate by fission

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4
Q

intermediate filament for epithelial cell?

A

cytokeratins

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5
Q

phospholipid polar region made up of:

A

+ choline and - phosphate

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6
Q

cholesterol forms microdomains called:

A

lipid rafts- lots of concentrated cholesterol important for cell to cell interactions

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7
Q

glycolipids- disease

A

Tay Sachs- defect in ganglioside metabolism, missing hexosaminidase, affects CNS neurons

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8
Q

how does the glycocalyx protect the cell?

A

have as strong negative charge on outer surface to block infection

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9
Q

movement of macromolecules and particulate matter across cell membrane is called:

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

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10
Q

3 types of endocytosis:

A

pinocytosis (drinking)
receptor mediated endo.
phagocytosis- eat big stuff

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11
Q

how does pinocytosis work?

A

bulk fluid uptake into CLATHRIN coated vesicles, vesicles pinch off by DYNAMIN

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12
Q

how does receptor-mediated endo. work?

A

LDL receptor on membrane pick up LDL molecules, fall into clathrin coated pit, pinch into a vesicle, acidity causes receptor and ligand to unattach, dealt with by lysosome

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13
Q

how does phagocytosis work?

A

NOT CLATHRIN DRIVEN! caused by changes in active cytoplasm- done by macrophages and neutrophils, rearrange actin cytoskeleton, phagosome, stuff binds to receptors on cell membrane

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14
Q

2 types of exocytosis

A
  1. regulated pathway: controlled by specific stimulus (hormones cause calcium to trigger zymogen granules released to small intestine)
  2. constitutive pathway: replaces membranes and membrane proteins as well as secreting materials synthesized by the cell (mucous secretion by goblet cells)
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15
Q

RER : SER

A

flattened sacs: tubes

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16
Q

SER function?

A

membrane synthesis, make steroid hormones, Ca homeostasis (sarcoplasmic reticulum), detox of lipid soluble drugs, metabolic waste and ingested toxins by cytochrome p450 system

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17
Q

rer function?

A

makes integral and secreted proteins, 1st site of post-translational modification

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18
Q

ribosome size? translation?

A

12nm wide, 25nm long, signal sequence binds to signal recognition particle which binds to SRP receptor on RER, keeps translating, signal peptidase cuts off signal sequence

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19
Q

golgi functioning…

A

trans face: sort/packages stuff into:

  1. non-clathrin coated vesicle to PM
  2. clathrin coated vesicle
  3. lys. enzymes for the lysosome gets mannose6p since lysosome has a m6p receptor, also has clathrin coating
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20
Q

lysosome size, function

A

<1 micrometer, irregular shape, have acid hydrolases, come from trans golgi network,primary lysosome + late endosome = secondary lysosome

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21
Q

lysosomes and osteoclasts

A

lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes in extracellular space that osteoclasts use to do bone remodeling

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22
Q

autophagy and heterophagy

A

thing that eventually combines with lysosome is from cell (autophagy) or outside cell (like a bacteria that was phagocytized) heterophagy

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23
Q

what are lipofuscin residual bodies?

A

stuff that can’t get let out are suck there, build up in cell. have secondary lysosome action

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24
Q

pompe lysosomal storage disorder?

A

no glucosidase, accumulate glycogen, bad for heart

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25
Q

hurler lysosome storage disorder?

A

no L-Iduronidase, accumulate dermatan sulfate, affect skeletal system

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26
Q

Niemann-Pick lysosomal storage disorder?

A

no sphingomyelinase, accumulate sphingomyelin, affect CNS oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

peroxisome function?

A

.2 micrometer, fission, aka microbodies

have CATALASE and other oxidative enzymes to break down long fatty acid chain to acetyl coa to hydrogen peroxide

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28
Q

mitochondria info?

A

.5 micrometer x 7 micrometer, make ATP, slef replicate

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29
Q

mito. matrix?

A

has krebs cycle enzymes, matrix granules important for binding Ca2+, circular dna and own mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes

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30
Q

mito. inner membrane

A

ATP synthase protein complex, ETC enzymes, lots of CARDIOLIPIN- makes membrane impermeable to electrons and protons

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31
Q

what stuff counts as INCLUSIONs?

A

glycogen granules, lipid droplets, pigment granules (lipfuscin, melanin), crystalline inclusions

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32
Q

nuclear pore complex?

A

allows free passage of ions/molecules < 60kDa
bidirectional ACTIVE transport of big stuff
-nuclear localization (importin) signals
-nuclear export signals (exportin)

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33
Q

chromatin 2 types:

A

euchromatin: <30 nm, dispersed, transcriptionally active
heterochromatin: condensed, inactive

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34
Q

nucleolus

A

where rRNA is made, ribsome subunits assembled, VERY acidic/basophilic

35
Q

nuclear envelope

A

inner membrane supported by nuclear lamin A,B,C

outer membrane continuous with RER

36
Q

microfilament fuction

A

actin, maintain cell shape, cell cortex, cytoplasmic streamingm cell motility (treadmilling to make pseudopodia), muscle contraction, cell division (make cleavage furrow), add at + end, decrease at - end

37
Q

intermediate filaments

A

form nuclear lamina, anchor nucleus and other organelles, tension bearing elements, structurally homologous but biochemically distinct

38
Q

EPIDERMOLYSIS bullosa?

A

cytokeratin intermediate filaments let epidermal cells/skin resist stress, mutation in CYTOKERATIN –> fragile skin, blistering

39
Q

microtubules function:

A

cell shape (compression resisting girder), organelle movement (kinesin, dyenin), mitotic spindle, cilia/ flagella

40
Q

microtubule structure

A

long straight rigid: alpha/beta tubulin dimer

minus end in microtubule organizing center (MTOC), polymerize and depolymerize at (+) end

41
Q

kinesin and dynein

A

ATPases: transport membrane bound organelles along microtubules
KINESIS, anterograde: - -> +
DYNEIN, retrograde + -> -

42
Q

Why have a PAS stain of microvilli?

A

has lots of carbs, glycocalyx, actin based structure

43
Q

microvilli size? function

A

1-2 micrometer long, 80 nm diameter, actin cytoskeleton, non-motile, increase SA

44
Q

cilia size? function? structure?

A

8-10 micrometer long, .25 micrometer diameter,
move fluids over cell surface, anchor to basal body, DYNEIN-dependent hydrolysis of ATP, AXONEME- microtubulues in 9+2 organization

45
Q

Kartengener’s syndrome?

A

no dynein arms in cilia, respiratory problems, mucus pool at bottom of lungs, sperm problems

46
Q

is stereocilia real cilia?

A

NO, long microvilli, in testes and hair cells

47
Q

is kinocilia real cilia?

A

YES, non-motile cilia, 9+0 axoneme, hair cells

48
Q

zonula occludens

A

tight junction, complex of OCCLUDIN and CLAUDIN, prevent water soluble molecule movement btw. cells and movement of integral proteins
–> bad ones lead to leaky gut syndrome

49
Q

desmosomes

A

adhesive by DESMOGLEIN and DESMOPLAKIN, intermediate filaments anchor to it

50
Q

gap junction

A

CONNEXONS channels made of 6 connexin subunits, let ions/small molecules pass btw. cells, couple cells electronically and metobolically

51
Q

basement membrane and cell-to-extracellular matrix connections

A

hemidesmosome–> basal lamina (lamina lucida, lamina densa) -> reticular fibers
LAMININ, TYPE 4 COLLAGEN, ENTACTIN, PERLECAN
for support, filtration, adhesion

52
Q

integrins

A 
transmembrane protein (alpha/beta heterodimer), couple to actin cytoskeleton, alpha chain mediates adhesion by binding to short recognition sequences on ECM molecules like LAMININ, FIBRONECTIN, COLLAGEN
-important in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
53
Q

pemphigus disease?

A

autoimmune disease against parts of desmosome/hemidesmosome

-epidermal blistering and loss of extracellular fluid

54
Q

Alport’s syndrome

A

inherit defect in type 4 collagen, filtration problem so blood goes in urine (hematuria)

55
Q

cell cycle control: extrinsic factors

A

nutrients, growth factors

56
Q

cell cycle control: intrinsic factors

A

cell senescence, accelerated aging
Werner’s- mutation in gene encoding DNA helicase
Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford) - mutation in intermediate filament that lines nuclear envelope

57
Q

cyclins in interphase

A

G1 -> S: cyclin D and E
S->G2: cyclin A
G2-> M: cyclin B

58
Q

prophase

A

chromosome condense, kinetochore go on centromeres, centromere go to poles, spindles start to form

59
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules attach to kinetochores, chromosomes begin to migrate

60
Q

anaphase

A

sister chrom. separate, cleave furrow begins to form

61
Q

telophase

A

spindle microtubules begin to depolymerize, nuclear envelope forms around daughter nuclei, chromosomes begin to decondense and nucleoli form, cleavage furrow deepns

62
Q

which cell cycle anti cancer drugs disrupt mitotic spindle formation?

A

vincristine/colchicine destabilize microtubules

taxol stabilize microtubules to prevent from moving

63
Q

which anti cancer/cell cycle drug inhibits DNA synthesis?

A

5-fluorouracil/methotraxate block formation of deoxynucleotides

cytosine arabinoside- analog of cytosine that blocks DNA replication

64
Q

What are the 5 steps of meiotic prophase?

A
  1. leptotene- condense
  2. zygotene- pair
  3. pachytene- recombination
  4. diplotene- oocyte dormant til puberty here, coil
  5. diakinesis- recondense, nucleolus and nuclear envelop disappear
65
Q

trisomy 21

A

nondisjunction in 1st meiosis, homologues didn’t get pulled apart

66
Q

What is the giesma stain?

A

chromosome banding in karyotype- general organization of genes within each chromosome

67
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia- philadelphia chromosome?

A

dna between chromosome 22 and 9 get swapped, wild replication of cells in bone marrow

68
Q

how long does apoptosis take?

A

20 minutes

69
Q

physiological examples of apoptosis

A 
embryo development (delete webs)
cell turnover (intestinal crypt)
t-cell conal deletion
normal involutional process (breast, ovary, endometrium)
atrophic processes (prostate)
70
Q

apoptosis examples in pathology

A

atophic process (kidney, liver)
viral (HIV)
immune-mediated cell killing (rejection, graft vs. host)
cellular injury (radiation, chemo, toxin)

71
Q

disease and increased apoptosis

A

aids, neurogenerative disorder (parkinson, alzheimer, amytrophic lateral sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar degeneration), aplastic anemia, alcohol toxin liver disease, ischemic (heart injuries)

HEART AND BRAIN

72
Q

disease with inhibition of apoptosis

A

cancer, autoimmune disorders, viral infections (herpes, pox, adenovirus)

73
Q

mechanisms of apoptosis

A
  1. organelle dysfunction (intrinsic)
  2. DNA damage
  3. death receptor activation (extrinsic)
  4. abnormal protein folding/ accumulation
74
Q

apoptosis: organelle messed up!- intrinsic

A

BAX activated, pokes hole in mitochondria membrane, AIF, Cyt. C, APAF-1 come out –> CASPASES –> nuclear fragmentation

75
Q

extrinsic apoptosis pathway

A

cell death receptor activated at cell membrane, caspase cascade leads to apoptosis

76
Q

necrosis affected diseases

A

neurodegenerative, cerebral ischemia, heart disease

77
Q

what are triggers of necrosis?

A

acute energy depletion, trauma, harsh environment, extrensive DNA damage

78
Q

necrosis mechanisms

A

bother ion homeostasis (increase Ca, Na, Mg, Zn, acidosis, degenerins for animals)

protein degradation- lysosomes (cathepsin, hydrolase), CALPAINS, caspase

79
Q

autophagy mechanism

A

autophagic vacuoles accumulate in cells, type 2 cell death (lysosomal)

autophagosome (membrane bound structure with damaged organelle) merge with lysosome and gets digested

80
Q

autophagy occurs in

A

development, differentiation, tissue remodeling, cancer, liver disease, muscle disease, neurogenerative disease, infection

81
Q

preventing cell death

A

Ca2+ blockers, caspase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, glutamate receptor antagonist (memantine), growth factors (BDNF), cytokines, antioxidants

FUTURE: gene therapy (bcl2 gene transfer), natural caspase inhibitor, understand hibernation, anti-apoptotic molecules (anti-p53)

82
Q

cell death regulators

A

p53, bcl2, cell cycle genes, fas ligand, cytokine, proteosome, mitochondria, lysosome, calcium

83
Q

cell death effectors

A

caspase, cytochrome c, apaf1, DFF, lamin, gelsolin, calpain, cathespins, autophagosome

Histo Exam 1 (1 decks)

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