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Year 5: Pathology > Histo buzzwords > Flashcards

Histo buzzwords Flashcards

1
Q

Mastitis

A

High neutrophils

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2
Q

Breast abscess

A

Aspirate + culture
Incision + drainage + IV abx (flucloxacillin)

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3
Q

Duct ectasia

A

Greeny brown discharge
Duct dilatation w/ proteinaceous materials inside ducts + macrophages

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4
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Damaged fat lobules w/ empty fat spaces

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5
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

Most COMMON cause of mobile lump in young women
Firm mobile + painless
Stromal proliferation

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6
Q

Phyloides tumour

A

‘leaf like’ fronds (projections) / ‘artichoke’ appearance
‘malignant fibroadenoma’ - but actually pre-malignant (just more malignant than fibroadenoma)

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7
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

Fibrocyst = fluid filled
Size varies w/ periods

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8
Q

Intraductal papilloma

A

red discharge (bloody)
Dilated duct w/ papillary mass

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9
Q

Radial scar

A

Mimics breast cancer (but is not cancer) - centrofibrous stellate area

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10
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

‘Finger-like’ projections

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11
Q

Breast cancers - meaning of cytopathology:
1. 4
2. 5a
3. 5b

A
  1. 4 - suspicious of malignancy
  2. 5a - carcinoma in situ
  3. 5b - invasive carcinoma
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12
Q

Invasive ductal carcinoma (renamed to no special type -..-)

A

Most COMMON breast cancer
Large pleomorphic cells
(any breast cancer that can’t be categorised falls into this category - i.e. no specific features)

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13
Q

Invasive lobular

A

Indian file (single file)
E-cadherin loss

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14
Q

Invasive tubular

A

Elongated tubules

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15
Q

Invasive mucinous

A

Empty spaces w/ mucin

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16
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Microcalcifications + necrosis

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17
Q

Lobular carcinoma in situ

A

NO microcalcifications OR necrosis

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18
Q

Nottingham grading system (used to grade breast cancer) is composed of:

A
  1. tubule formation
  2. nuclear pleomorphisms
  3. mitotic activity
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19
Q

Prognosis is dependent on…
BONUS: Mx

A
  1. Axillary lymph node status
  2. Oestrogen + progesterone receptor positive = good prognosis
  3. HER positive = poor prognosis

BONUS: MX -
ER +ve = Tamoxifen (CI: fluoxetine, post-menopausal)
Instead give anastrazole for post-menopausal
HER +ve = Herceptin (AKA trastuzumab)

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20
Q

Basal cell carcinoma of the breast

A

Triple negative for all receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, HER)

Lymphocytic infiltrate

Test for: basal cytokeratins

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21
Q

Gynae:
1. complication of PID?
2. Endometriosis - where/what are chocolate cysts
3. Fibroids - what type of muscle cell?
4. What type of epithelium is involved in VIN?
5. What proteins do HPV 16 + 18 affect?

A
  1. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis
  2. Endometriomas, typically found on ovaries
  3. Bundles of smooth muscle cell
  4. Squamous epithelium (squamous carcinoma AKA primary vulval carcinoma = MOST COMMON type of vulval carcinoma)
  5. 16 encodes for E6 (inactivates p53); 18 encodes for E7 (inactivated retinoblastoma)
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22
Q

Follicular cyst (ovarian)

A

regress after several menstrual cycles
only found in pre-menopausal women

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23
Q

Dermoid cyst
(or mature / cystic teratoma)

A

Hair
Rokitansky protruberance (meaning hair + teeth)
Teeth

24
Q

Dysgerminoma

A

AKA female seminoma
MOST common ovarian malignancy in young women + responsive to radiotherapy

NOTE: seminomas treated w/ surgery

25
Q

Serous ovarian cancer

A

psamomma bodies
most COMMON benign epithelial tumour

26
Q

Mucinous ovarian tumour

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

27
Q

Endometroid ovarian tumour

A

Mimics endometriosis w/ chocolate cysts
Large increase in Ca125

SBA: deep dyspareunia + raised Ca125

28
Q

Fibroma

A

Meigs syndrome = fibroma + ascites + pleural effusion

29
Q

Sertoli / leydig tumour

A

virilisation + hirsutism (+ defeminisation w/ breast atrophy)

30
Q

Krukenberg tumour (ovarian)

A

from gastric mets
signet ring cells

31
Q

SLE

A

anti-smith = most sensitive
anti-dsdNA
anti-histone = drug-induced lupus

Libman sack endocarditis - associated w/ SLE

32
Q

Limited systemic sclerosis

A

anti-centromere antibodies
CREST syndrome

33
Q

Diffuse systemic sclerosis

A

anti-Scl 70

34
Q

Polymyositis

A

anti-Jo-1
proximal muscle weakness
high creatine kinase
EMG +ve (polymyositis = positive)

35
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

anti-Jo-1
EMG -ve
Gottron’s papules

36
Q

Takayasu

A

pulseless (but alive)

37
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

GGS - giant cells, granulomatous transmural inflammation,skip lesions

Like Crohn’s but in temporal arteritis

38
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

associated w/ Hep B
rosary bead appearance

39
Q

Kawasaki disease

A

fever for >5 days, strawberry tongue, coronary aneurysm (do ECHO!)

40
Q

thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

A

HEAVY smokers
Tibial + radial arterial inflammation
corkscrew appearance of vessels

41
Q

Small vasculitides:
1. granulomatous w/ polyangiitis
2. eosinophilic granulomatous w/ polyangiitis
3. Microscopic polyangiitis
4. HSP

A

affects renals

42
Q

fibrous dysplasia

A

McCune Albright syndrome = cafe au lait spots + fibrous dysplasia + precocious puberty

‘chinese letters’

soap bubble osteolysis

fibrous dysplasia in femoral head = ‘shepherd’s crook’

43
Q

osteoma

A

histology = normal
associated w/ Gardner’s (FAP + osteomas)

44
Q

osteoid osteoma

A

usually presents in proximal femur
histology = normal
X-ray finding = radiolucent nidus w/ sclerotic rim (looks like a bullseye)
SBA: dull pain made better w/ aspirin

45
Q

osteochondroma

A

most common benign tumour
bony protuberance w/ cartilage cap (AKA mushroom)

46
Q

giant cell tumour

A

giant cells + soap bubble appearance (similar to fibrodysplasia)

47
Q

enchondroma

A

popcorn / cotton wool appearance

48
Q

Malignant bone tumours

A
  1. Osteosarcoma = sunburst appearance
  2. Ewing’s = onion skin
  3. Chondrosarcoma = ‘fluffy’ calcifications
49
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

spares DIP
HLA DR4
multinucleate giant cells (AKA grimley sokoloff)

50
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

LOSS; thickeness of bone plate

51
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

10 days after onset = involucrum (new bone fromation)
Later = sequestrum detachment

52
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

HLA B27
CXR = apical fibrosis
sacroiliitis

53
Q

psoriatic arthritis

A

HLA B27
pencil in a cup deformity

54
Q

Paget’s disease

A

increased risk of osteosarcoma
isolated high ALP
Osteolysis in early disease; mixed lytic / sclerotic lesions later

55
Q

Ricket’s / osteomalacia

A

vitamin D deficiency –> reduced bone mineralisation
kids = bowed legs
osteomalacia = looser zones (pseudofractures)

56
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica = v. thin bones
(+ brown tumours)

Year 5: Pathology (7 decks)

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