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Salma's Path > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria for diagnosing SLE

A
  1. malar rash
  2. discoid rash
  3. photosenstivity
  4. neuro disorder: seizures/psychosis
  5. mouth or nose ulcers
  6. cardio-pulmonary problems (pleuritis/pericarditis)
  7. renal disorder
  8. nonerosis arthritis (2 or more joints
  9. haem disorder (low WBC/plts, haemolytic anaemia)
  10. specific Abs: anti dsDNA/anti cardiolipin/ anti Sm
  11. ANA

Need 4 out of 11

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2
Q

Antibodies in systemic sclerosis?

A

Diffuse: anti-topoisomerase (top to toe)

Limited: Anti centromere (C for CREST)

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3
Q

onion skin intimal thickening of small arteries

A

scleroderma

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4
Q

mixed connective tissue disease autoantibodies?

A

speckled ANA
anti RNP
Rhfactor in 50%

Raynaud’s common, happens in older women

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5
Q

How do you diagnose dermatomyositis?

A

CK levels and muscle biopsy

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6
Q

What is Takayasu’s arteritis?

A

involves aorta or branches of aortic arch
inflammation destroys vessel wall and replaces it with fibrosis
sometimes giant cell reaction (i.e. you see macrophages)

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7
Q

Vasculitis associated with asthma and raised eosinophils?

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome aka allergic vasculitis

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8
Q

IgA mediated leucocytoclastic small vessel vasculitis?

A

HSP

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9
Q

What is cryoglobulinaemia?

A

low temp = precipitation of proteins

associated with myeloma

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10
Q

Heavy smoker presents with claudication and gangrene (but not diabetic)

A

Buerger’s disease aka thromboangiitis obliterans

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11
Q

antiendothelial antibodies

A

Kawasaki’s

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12
Q

signs of Kawasaki’s

A 
fever
erythema of palms and soles leading to desquamation 
non-purulent conjunctivitis 
rash 
lymphadenopathy 
strawberry tongue

treat with IVIG to prevent coronary artery aneurysms

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13
Q

M:F ratio for polyarteritis nodosa?

A

2:1 :o

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14
Q

rosary sign

A 
polyarteritis nodosa 
 (small aneurysms along an artery) - medium and small arteries
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15
Q

which organs does polyarteritis nodosa affect?

A 
in order: 
kidneys causing HTN 
heart 
liver 
GIT

arteritis is focal and sharply dermarcated - heals by fibrosis

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16
Q

what sort of hypersensitivity reaction is temporal arteritis?

A

Type IV - delayed

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17
Q

which disease is temporal arteritis associated with?

A

50% have polymyalgia rheumatica

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18
Q

congo red dye and apple green bifringence under polarised light

A

amyloidosis

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19
Q

raised T cells in lung fluids but low T cells in peripheral blood

A

Sarcoidosis

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20
Q

lupus pernio

A

sarcoidosis

21
Q

sarcoidosis bloods?

A

hypergammaglobulinaemia
raised ACE
hypercalcaemia (due to release of vit D metabolites by activated macrophages)

22
Q

non-bacterial endocarditis associated with SLE

A

Libman-Sacks

23
Q

nucleolar pattern immunoflurescence

A

scleroderma

24
Q

Gottron’s papules

A

dermatomyositis - dorsum of knuckles on hands

25
Q

what are the 2 large vessel vasculitides?

A

Takayasu

Giant cell

26
Q

2 medium vessel vasculitides?

A

polyarteritis nodosa

Kawasaki disease

27
Q

ANCA associated vasculitides?

A

Microscopic polyangitis
Wegener’s (C-ANCA)
Churg-Strauss (P-ANCA –> P for pulmonary)

28
Q

immune complex small vessel vasculitides?

A

Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis
HSP
anti-C1q vasculitis

29
Q

palpable purpuric rash

A

vasculitis

30
Q

What are P-ANCA and C-ANCA directed against?

A

P-ANCA - myeloperoxidase

C-ANCA - proteinase 3

31
Q

on histology: ball of macrophages, multinucleate giant cells

A

sarcoid

32
Q

what are the 2 types of parenchymal cerebral oedema?

A

vasogenic oedema: this happens when the integrity of the BBB is disrupted and is made worse due to lack of lymphatic drainage in the brain. this may be local or general.

Cytotoxic oedema: secondary to cellular injury

33
Q

most of CSF is produced by what?

A

choroid plexus (70-80%)

34
Q

what are the 2 types of hydrocephalus?

A

non-communicating (obstructive) - typically blockage in cerebral aqueduct

communicating (non-obstructive) - impaired reabsorption, no problems with flow

35
Q

what are the 3 types of brain herniation?

A

transtentorial - medial temporal lobe compressed against the free margin of the tentorium cerebelli

subfalcine - cingulate gyrus displaced under falx cerebri

Tonsillar - cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

36
Q

what is a watershed stroke?

A

Ischemia, or blood flow blockage, that is localized to the border zones between the territories of two major arteries in the brain. territory between ACA and MCA most at risk (cortical border zone)

37
Q

what are cavernous angiomas?

A

well-defined malformative lesions composed of closely packed vessels with no parenchyma interposed between vascular spaces.

Jess Martin: ‘Literally a hole lined with blood vessels’

cause low pressure, recurrent bleeds

38
Q

where do berry aneuryms occur?

A

80% ICA bifurcation

20% in verterbrobasilar circulation

39
Q

how can you categorize head trauma?

A

non-missile (axonal injury - dorsal midbrain particularly vulnerable) or missile
focal or diffuse

40
Q

what is the structure of prions?

A

alpha helical structure which becomes unfolded and then refolded into beta pleated sheet

41
Q

spongiform change

A

prion disease

42
Q

symptoms of supratentorial tumours

A

focal neurological deficit
seizure
headache
change of mental status

43
Q

subtentorial tumour symptoms?

A

cerebellar ataxia, long tract signs, cranial nerve palsy

44
Q

what is the grading system for CNS tumours?

A

grade 1: long-term survival/cured
grade 2: death in >5 yrs
grade 3: death within 5 years
grade 4: death within 6 months to 1 year

45
Q

what is the most common primary CNS tumour in adults?

A

glial

46
Q

fried egg appearance on CNS histology

A

oligodendroglial nucleus

47
Q

CNS histology: Rosenthal fibres and granular bodies with piloid hairy cells

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

48
Q

CNS histology: whirl-like structure

A

meningioma

Salma's Path (1 decks)

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