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Histology 2 > Histo 2 midterm > Flashcards

Histo 2 midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Aspecific immune system cells

A

granulocytes
natural killer cells
marcophages

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2
Q

specific/ adaptive immunity

A

cellular (T-lymphocytes)

Humoral or antibody (B lymphocytes)

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3
Q

Lymphoid system

A

cells tissues and organs containing lymphocytes

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4
Q

whats the framework of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue

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5
Q

Reticular connective tissue contains?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

reticular fibers

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6
Q

reticular fibers collage type ?

A

TYPE III :)

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7
Q

Function of lymphoid system?

A

collection of excess interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
transport of absorbed lipids from the small intestine
Immunological response to foreign invaders

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8
Q

Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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9
Q

peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs

A

Lymph node
spleen
tonsils
MALT

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10
Q

TASKS of peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs

A

Maintain mature lymphocytes and initiative adaptive immune response
Site of lymphocyte activation

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11
Q

TASK of Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?

A

Production and early selection of Lymphocytes
Both T-cell and B-cells are ‘born’ in the bone marrow.
However, whereas B cells also mature in the bone marrow, T-cells have to migrate to the thymus, which is where they mature in the thymus.

(B= bildas av hematopoetiska stamceller i benmärgen)

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12
Q

How do we tell lymphoid cells from each other?

A

Based on:
location of differentiation and maturation
types of cell receptors

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13
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Mature and become immunocompetent in bone marrow

Found in B dependent Zones in non thymic lymphoid tissue

Mediate humoral immune response
( this also req T-cells!)

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14
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Mature in thymus
found in T dep in other lymphoid organs
carry out cell mediated immunity

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15
Q

wher do we find Hassall’s corpuscles ?

what are they composed of?

A

Medulla of thymus

closely packed whorls (virvlar) of epithelial cells representing highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells

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16
Q

What does Hassall’s corpuscles produce?

A

Cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Which stimulates thymic dentritic cells that in turn complete the maturation of single postive t cells

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17
Q

Blood Thymus Barrier Layers

A 
Endothelium 
Basal lamina of capillary endothelium 
pericyte 
Perivascular connective tissue space 
Basal lamina of reticular cells 
Thymic cortical epithelial cell 
outside =
(T lymphocyes )
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18
Q

name tonsils and how many each in

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

1 pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
1 lingual tonsil

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19
Q

PALATINE TONSIL

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Non Ker Str squ epi
Many deep and Branching
Especially encapsulated

other: skeletal m and mucus acini outside con tissue capsule

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20
Q

LINGUAL T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Non Ker Str squ epi
few and shallow
no capsule

Other :skeletal muscle fibers and mucus glands next to lymphoid follicles

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21
Q

PHARYNGEAL T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Psuedostrat ciliated epi

short crypts

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22
Q

TUBARIAN T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

psuedostrat ciliated epi

cartilage of auditory tube

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23
Q

what can we find in germinative center of secondary lymphoid follicle?

A

centroblasts
centrocytes
follicular dendritic cells
large diving lymphoblasts

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24
Q

divison of Secondary lymphoid follicle ?

A

Marginal zone

Germinative center

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25
Q

largest secondary lymphoid organ ?

A

SPLEEN
can also be referred to as
Lymphoreticular
hemolymphatic

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26
Q

tasks of the spleen ?

A 
Immune function 
filters blood 
degrades old erythrocytes 
stores blood 
can also do : 
erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis
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27
Q

What are the layers of the stomach?

A
  1. Mucosa
    - epithelium
    - Lamina propria mucosae
    - Lamina muscularis mucosae
  2. Submucosa - thich layer of loose connective tissue.
  3. Muscularis externa
    - (inner oblique)
    - circular layer
    - outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer.

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach is found here.

  1. Subserosa
  2. Serosa - visceral peritoneum (thin connective tissue coat) with mesothelium
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28
Q

What epithelium lines the the tunica mucosa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium.

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29
Q

What glands can be found in the gastric pits of the tunica mucosa of the stomach?

A

fundus glands

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30
Q

What can be found in the tunica muscularis?

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

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31
Q

What cells can be found in the fundus glands?

A

Luminal surface and lining the gastric pits:
- Surface mucous cells: columnar cells with elongated nuclei. Secreting neutral mucus.

Neck region:
- Mucous neck cells, producing acidic mucus - mucin - to strengthen the mucous film.

  • stem cells: a reservoir for replenishing the surface epithelial cells and gland cells

Corpus region:
- Parietal cells, acid-secreting cells stained eosinophilic cytoplasm. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (to bind B12 vitamin)

  • Enteroendocrine cells/neuroendocrine cells: different subtypes producing gastrin (G cells, somatostatin (D cells) or other factors controlling motility and secretion.

Basal portion:
- Chief cells, secreting pepsinogen that is converted into pepsin for protein breakdown) stained basophilic (stained dark in HE due to the rER for protein synthesis).

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32
Q

How can you differentiate the two parts of the gastro-duodenal junction?

A

The mucosa of the gastroduodenal junction:

  • stomach has glandular arrangement
  • duodenum has villous arrangement with crypts of Lieberkühn and usually a MALT.

The tunica muscularis:

  • pyloric sphincter muscle on the stomach side.
  • Brunner’s glands on the duodenum side (glands that are only found in the duodenum!!)
  • the submucosa of the stomach has no glands.
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33
Q

myenteric plexus of Auerbach consist of?

A

Nerve fibers and ganglion cells

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34
Q

Specific glands that can be found in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands: branched tubular glands with poorly stained glandular epithelium

35
Q

folds on surface of the lumen of the duodenum

A

Plica circularis/circular folds - valve of Kerckring.

36
Q

What does the tunica mucosa of the duodenum consist of?

What does the submucosa consist of?

A

Epithelium:

  • simple columnar enterocytes
  • goblet cells

Lamina propria:

  • intestinal villi/glands
  • Crypts of Lieberkühn lined with enterocytes, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and mitotic ‘basal’ cells (not seen)

The core of the lamina propria consists of connective tissue cells and fibers, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, a central lymphatic vessel - lacteal -, venules and arteriole ‘central arteriole’.

SUBMUCOSA:
- Brunner’s glands that exhibit the characteristics of both serous and mucous glands that produce alkaline mucus to help the neutralization of the acidic gastric juice.

SEROSA:
- lined with mesothelium OR tunica adventitia in the areas of the retroperitoneal parts of the duodenum.

37
Q

seen on surface of intenstinal villi

A

Microvilli :)

38
Q

What is the secretory product of the goblet cells?

A

acidic secretory product

39
Q

epithelium of the epiglottis?

A

lingual side: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
laryngeal side: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

40
Q

Where is gastrin secreted

A

pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas

41
Q

General structure digestive system

A

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa or tunica adventitia

42
Q

how to identify Transititon zone? VERMILION BORDERD

A

thin layer stratified sq ker epi
prominent dermal papillary layer
dermal papillae have a rich neurovascular supply
lacks both sweat and salivary glads

43
Q

Von Ebners glands location

A

located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.

44
Q

Von Ebners glands open to..?

A

floor of the circular furrow

45
Q

hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

46
Q

Parotid glad

type?

A

serous

47
Q

submandibular gland

type?

A

compound tubuloacinar gland

mostly serous

48
Q

sublingual gland

type?

A

compound tubuloacinar

mostly mucus

49
Q

ductal architecture

A

gland -> lobes -> lobules -> acini

50
Q

epiglottis type of cartilage? with features

A 
elastic cartilage 
features: 
chondroncytes 
network of elastic fibers 
few collagen fibers 
dense connective sheath of perichondrium
51
Q

layers of trachea

A 
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi 
lamina propria 
tela submucosa 
perichondrium
 (separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.)
perichondrium 
(separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.) 
Tunica adventitia
52
Q

what do we call the epithelial transformation zone btw esophagus & cardia?

A

z line

53
Q

Rugae is the folding of what ?

A

Submucosa and gastric mucosa

54
Q

cardiac glads are..

A

coiled tubular glands lined with mucus secreting epithelium

55
Q

gastric glads can be divided into 3 regions called

A

pit/ foveola
neck
body

56
Q

types of cells in gastric glads

A 
mucous 
cheif 
parietal 
stem 
gastroenteroendocrine (G cells) the gastrin secreting
57
Q

Pyloric glands

A

highly branched with a wide lumen
much deeper gastric pits that gastric glands
comprised of mucus secreting cells
+ secretory granules containing lysozyme
+ G cells

58
Q

Surface mucous (gastric gland)

A

lining foveolae so called foveolar cells

produce mucins

59
Q

mucus neck cells (gastric gland)

A

located at the opening of the gastric glad into the pit

60
Q

cheif cells/ peptic cells (gastric gland)

A 
predominate in the lower 1/3rd of the gland 
not present in cardiac glands and are also rare in pyloric glands 
produce pepsinogen (becomes activate pepsin at pH <5)
61
Q

parietal cells/ oxyntic cells (gastric gland)

A

predominate near neck and in the upper segment of gastric gland.
produce HCL and intrinsic factor

62
Q

stem cells ( gastric gland)

A

mitotic dividing cells that are responsible for continuous renewal of gastric mucosa

63
Q

g cells

A

regulate the function of the alimentary canal through secretion of peptide hormones

64
Q

Gastroduodendal junction identification

A

suble change in epi.
presence of goblet cells indicate duodenal epi
mucosa start forming finger like projections (int. villi)
Glands appearing in submucosa indicating duodenal Brunner´s glands

65
Q

General stucture of small intestinal wall

A

Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring
Intestinal villi
intestinal glands (cryps of Lieberkuhn)
microvilli

66
Q

Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring

A

permanent folds of mucosa + submucosa
absent from first few cm of duo + disal ileum
increase surface area x3
slows down passage of contents

67
Q

intestinal villi

A

in small intestine
finger like projections of ONLY tunica mucosa!!!
lined by:
enterocytes
goblet cells
Central lacteal
(a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine)
core capillaries
core of connective tissue (lam prop)
intestinal villi increase surface area x10 !!

68
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

also intestinal gland

A 
tubular intestinal glands in lamina propria 
cells :
enterocytes
goblet cells
basal cells
paneth cells 
enteroendrocrine cells
69
Q

Large intestine contains/ lacks

A

lacks:
lacks folds or villi
contains:
Tubular glands od Lieberkuhn

70
Q

Almost all of liver is cover by…. except….

A

peritoneum

“Bare area of liver”

71
Q

The liver is the biggest.. in the body

A

gland

72
Q

Under serosa the liver is surrounded by a dense con tissue capsule called ?

A

Glissons capsule

73
Q

3 types of human vasculature?

A

Typical capillary
arterial portal system
Venous portal system

74
Q

type of vasculature of liver?

A

venous portal system

75
Q

order of vasculature of liver

A

hepatic a + Portal v
interlobar a+v
interlobular a+v

All lead to: 
Hepatic sinusoids
central veins
sublobular veins 
collecting veins
hepatic v 
IVC!! :)
76
Q

Bile + lymph flows in…. to the blood

A

opposite direction

77
Q

Hepatic lobule contains

A

Mainly hepatocytes (exo : bile and endocrine: Albumin, fibrinogen, coagulation factors function)

forming hepatocyte plates

hepatocytes containing 2 cellular domains:
Basolateral (face perisinusoidal space of disse)
apical (form bile canaliculi )

Limiting plate

Portal tracts
canals of hering

78
Q

canals of hering aka …
are …
lined by…
and drain into…

A

Cholangioles
intralobular bile ducts
high sq-> low cuboidal epi
interlobular bile ducts in the portal space

79
Q

Hepatic sinusoids lined by …

the livers macrophages can found here these are called…

A

fenestrated endothelium

Kupffer cells

80
Q 
Perisinusoidal space of disse
allows...
contains perisinusoidal cells called....
with what origin...?
synthesis of ...?
A

exchange btw hepatocytes and the liver sinusoids
ITO CELLS
mesenchymal
Retinoids (vit A)

81
Q

Layers of gall bladder

A

tunica mucosa -> simple colu epi w/ goblet cells
-> lamina propria
(no tela submucosa )
tunica muscularis (circular, longitudinal + oblique)
serosa or adventitia

82
Q

gall bladder task

A

storage concentration and release of bile

83
Q

pancreas is a … peritoneal organ

% exocrine vs endocrine

A

RETRO

98 to 2%

Histology 2 (1 decks)

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