Histo 2 midterm Flashcards
Aspecific immune system cells
granulocytes
natural killer cells
marcophages
specific/ adaptive immunity
cellular (T-lymphocytes)
Humoral or antibody (B lymphocytes)
Lymphoid system
cells tissues and organs containing lymphocytes
whats the framework of lymphoid tissue?
Reticular connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue contains?
Reticuloendothelial cells
reticular fibers
reticular fibers collage type ?
TYPE III :)
Function of lymphoid system?
collection of excess interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
transport of absorbed lipids from the small intestine
Immunological response to foreign invaders
Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?
Bone Marrow
Thymus
peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs
Lymph node
spleen
tonsils
MALT
TASKS of peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs
Maintain mature lymphocytes and initiative adaptive immune response
Site of lymphocyte activation
TASK of Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?
Production and early selection of Lymphocytes
Both T-cell and B-cells are ‘born’ in the bone marrow.
However, whereas B cells also mature in the bone marrow, T-cells have to migrate to the thymus, which is where they mature in the thymus.
(B= bildas av hematopoetiska stamceller i benmärgen)
How do we tell lymphoid cells from each other?
Based on:
location of differentiation and maturation
types of cell receptors
B Lymphocytes
Mature and become immunocompetent in bone marrow
Found in B dependent Zones in non thymic lymphoid tissue
Mediate humoral immune response
( this also req T-cells!)
T Lymphocytes
Mature in thymus
found in T dep in other lymphoid organs
carry out cell mediated immunity
wher do we find Hassall’s corpuscles ?
what are they composed of?
Medulla of thymus
closely packed whorls (virvlar) of epithelial cells representing highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells
What does Hassall’s corpuscles produce?
Cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin
Which stimulates thymic dentritic cells that in turn complete the maturation of single postive t cells
Blood Thymus Barrier Layers
Endothelium Basal lamina of capillary endothelium pericyte Perivascular connective tissue space Basal lamina of reticular cells Thymic cortical epithelial cell outside = (T lymphocyes )
name tonsils and how many each in
Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring
1 pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
1 lingual tonsil
PALATINE TONSIL
Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other
Non Ker Str squ epi
Many deep and Branching
Especially encapsulated
other: skeletal m and mucus acini outside con tissue capsule
LINGUAL T
Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other
Non Ker Str squ epi
few and shallow
no capsule
Other :skeletal muscle fibers and mucus glands next to lymphoid follicles
PHARYNGEAL T
Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other
Psuedostrat ciliated epi
short crypts
TUBARIAN T
Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other
psuedostrat ciliated epi
cartilage of auditory tube
what can we find in germinative center of secondary lymphoid follicle?
centroblasts
centrocytes
follicular dendritic cells
large diving lymphoblasts
divison of Secondary lymphoid follicle ?
Marginal zone
Germinative center
largest secondary lymphoid organ ?
SPLEEN
can also be referred to as
Lymphoreticular
hemolymphatic
tasks of the spleen ?
Immune function filters blood degrades old erythrocytes stores blood can also do : erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis
What are the layers of the stomach?
- Mucosa
- epithelium
- Lamina propria mucosae
- Lamina muscularis mucosae - Submucosa - thich layer of loose connective tissue.
- Muscularis externa
- (inner oblique)
- circular layer
- outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer.
Myenteric plexus of Auerbach is found here.
- Subserosa
- Serosa - visceral peritoneum (thin connective tissue coat) with mesothelium
What epithelium lines the the tunica mucosa of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium.
What glands can be found in the gastric pits of the tunica mucosa of the stomach?
fundus glands
What can be found in the tunica muscularis?
Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
What cells can be found in the fundus glands?
Luminal surface and lining the gastric pits:
- Surface mucous cells: columnar cells with elongated nuclei. Secreting neutral mucus.
Neck region:
- Mucous neck cells, producing acidic mucus - mucin - to strengthen the mucous film.
- stem cells: a reservoir for replenishing the surface epithelial cells and gland cells
Corpus region:
- Parietal cells, acid-secreting cells stained eosinophilic cytoplasm. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (to bind B12 vitamin)
- Enteroendocrine cells/neuroendocrine cells: different subtypes producing gastrin (G cells, somatostatin (D cells) or other factors controlling motility and secretion.
Basal portion:
- Chief cells, secreting pepsinogen that is converted into pepsin for protein breakdown) stained basophilic (stained dark in HE due to the rER for protein synthesis).
How can you differentiate the two parts of the gastro-duodenal junction?
The mucosa of the gastroduodenal junction:
- stomach has glandular arrangement
- duodenum has villous arrangement with crypts of Lieberkühn and usually a MALT.
The tunica muscularis:
- pyloric sphincter muscle on the stomach side.
- Brunner’s glands on the duodenum side (glands that are only found in the duodenum!!)
- the submucosa of the stomach has no glands.
myenteric plexus of Auerbach consist of?
Nerve fibers and ganglion cells
Specific glands that can be found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands: branched tubular glands with poorly stained glandular epithelium
folds on surface of the lumen of the duodenum
Plica circularis/circular folds - valve of Kerckring.
What does the tunica mucosa of the duodenum consist of?
What does the submucosa consist of?
Epithelium:
- simple columnar enterocytes
- goblet cells
Lamina propria:
- intestinal villi/glands
- Crypts of Lieberkühn lined with enterocytes, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and mitotic ‘basal’ cells (not seen)
The core of the lamina propria consists of connective tissue cells and fibers, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, a central lymphatic vessel - lacteal -, venules and arteriole ‘central arteriole’.
SUBMUCOSA:
- Brunner’s glands that exhibit the characteristics of both serous and mucous glands that produce alkaline mucus to help the neutralization of the acidic gastric juice.
SEROSA:
- lined with mesothelium OR tunica adventitia in the areas of the retroperitoneal parts of the duodenum.
seen on surface of intenstinal villi
Microvilli :)
What is the secretory product of the goblet cells?
acidic secretory product
epithelium of the epiglottis?
lingual side: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
laryngeal side: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Where is gastrin secreted
pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas
General structure digestive system
tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa or tunica adventitia
how to identify Transititon zone? VERMILION BORDERD
thin layer stratified sq ker epi
prominent dermal papillary layer
dermal papillae have a rich neurovascular supply
lacks both sweat and salivary glads
Von Ebners glands location
located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.
Von Ebners glands open to..?
floor of the circular furrow
hardest substance in the body
Enamel
Parotid glad
type?
serous
submandibular gland
type?
compound tubuloacinar gland
mostly serous
sublingual gland
type?
compound tubuloacinar
mostly mucus
ductal architecture
gland -> lobes -> lobules -> acini
epiglottis type of cartilage? with features
elastic cartilage features: chondroncytes network of elastic fibers few collagen fibers dense connective sheath of perichondrium
layers of trachea
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi lamina propria tela submucosa perichondrium (separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.) perichondrium (separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.) Tunica adventitia
what do we call the epithelial transformation zone btw esophagus & cardia?
z line
Rugae is the folding of what ?
Submucosa and gastric mucosa
cardiac glads are..
coiled tubular glands lined with mucus secreting epithelium
gastric glads can be divided into 3 regions called
pit/ foveola
neck
body
types of cells in gastric glads
mucous cheif parietal stem gastroenteroendocrine (G cells) the gastrin secreting
Pyloric glands
highly branched with a wide lumen
much deeper gastric pits that gastric glands
comprised of mucus secreting cells
+ secretory granules containing lysozyme
+ G cells
Surface mucous (gastric gland)
lining foveolae so called foveolar cells
produce mucins
mucus neck cells (gastric gland)
located at the opening of the gastric glad into the pit
cheif cells/ peptic cells (gastric gland)
predominate in the lower 1/3rd of the gland not present in cardiac glands and are also rare in pyloric glands produce pepsinogen (becomes activate pepsin at pH <5)
parietal cells/ oxyntic cells (gastric gland)
predominate near neck and in the upper segment of gastric gland.
produce HCL and intrinsic factor
stem cells ( gastric gland)
mitotic dividing cells that are responsible for continuous renewal of gastric mucosa
g cells
regulate the function of the alimentary canal through secretion of peptide hormones
Gastroduodendal junction identification
suble change in epi.
presence of goblet cells indicate duodenal epi
mucosa start forming finger like projections (int. villi)
Glands appearing in submucosa indicating duodenal Brunner´s glands
General stucture of small intestinal wall
Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring
Intestinal villi
intestinal glands (cryps of Lieberkuhn)
microvilli
Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring
permanent folds of mucosa + submucosa
absent from first few cm of duo + disal ileum
increase surface area x3
slows down passage of contents
intestinal villi
in small intestine
finger like projections of ONLY tunica mucosa!!!
lined by:
enterocytes
goblet cells
Central lacteal
(a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine)
core capillaries
core of connective tissue (lam prop)
intestinal villi increase surface area x10 !!
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
also intestinal gland
tubular intestinal glands in lamina propria cells : enterocytes goblet cells basal cells paneth cells enteroendrocrine cells
Large intestine contains/ lacks
lacks:
lacks folds or villi
contains:
Tubular glands od Lieberkuhn
Almost all of liver is cover by…. except….
peritoneum
“Bare area of liver”
The liver is the biggest.. in the body
gland
Under serosa the liver is surrounded by a dense con tissue capsule called ?
Glissons capsule
3 types of human vasculature?
Typical capillary
arterial portal system
Venous portal system
type of vasculature of liver?
venous portal system
order of vasculature of liver
hepatic a + Portal v
interlobar a+v
interlobular a+v
All lead to: Hepatic sinusoids central veins sublobular veins collecting veins hepatic v IVC!! :)
Bile + lymph flows in…. to the blood
opposite direction
Hepatic lobule contains
Mainly hepatocytes (exo : bile and endocrine: Albumin, fibrinogen, coagulation factors function)
forming hepatocyte plates
hepatocytes containing 2 cellular domains:
Basolateral (face perisinusoidal space of disse)
apical (form bile canaliculi )
Limiting plate
Portal tracts
canals of hering
canals of hering aka …
are …
lined by…
and drain into…
Cholangioles
intralobular bile ducts
high sq-> low cuboidal epi
interlobular bile ducts in the portal space
Hepatic sinusoids lined by …
the livers macrophages can found here these are called…
fenestrated endothelium
Kupffer cells
Perisinusoidal space of disse allows... contains perisinusoidal cells called.... with what origin...? synthesis of ...?
exchange btw hepatocytes and the liver sinusoids
ITO CELLS
mesenchymal
Retinoids (vit A)
Layers of gall bladder
tunica mucosa -> simple colu epi w/ goblet cells
-> lamina propria
(no tela submucosa )
tunica muscularis (circular, longitudinal + oblique)
serosa or adventitia
gall bladder task
storage concentration and release of bile
pancreas is a … peritoneal organ
% exocrine vs endocrine
RETRO
98 to 2%
