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Histology 2 > Histo 2 midterm > Flashcards

Histo 2 midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Aspecific immune system cells

A

granulocytes
natural killer cells
marcophages

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2
Q

specific/ adaptive immunity

A

cellular (T-lymphocytes)

Humoral or antibody (B lymphocytes)

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3
Q

Lymphoid system

A

cells tissues and organs containing lymphocytes

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4
Q

whats the framework of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue

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5
Q

Reticular connective tissue contains?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

reticular fibers

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6
Q

reticular fibers collage type ?

A

TYPE III :)

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7
Q

Function of lymphoid system?

A

collection of excess interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
transport of absorbed lipids from the small intestine
Immunological response to foreign invaders

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8
Q

Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?

A

Bone Marrow

Thymus

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9
Q

peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs

A

Lymph node
spleen
tonsils
MALT

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10
Q

TASKS of peripheral (Seconary) Lymphoid organs

A

Maintain mature lymphocytes and initiative adaptive immune response
Site of lymphocyte activation

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11
Q

TASK of Central (Primary) Lymphoid organs?

A

Production and early selection of Lymphocytes
Both T-cell and B-cells are ‘born’ in the bone marrow.
However, whereas B cells also mature in the bone marrow, T-cells have to migrate to the thymus, which is where they mature in the thymus.

(B= bildas av hematopoetiska stamceller i benmärgen)

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12
Q

How do we tell lymphoid cells from each other?

A

Based on:
location of differentiation and maturation
types of cell receptors

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13
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Mature and become immunocompetent in bone marrow

Found in B dependent Zones in non thymic lymphoid tissue

Mediate humoral immune response
( this also req T-cells!)

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14
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Mature in thymus
found in T dep in other lymphoid organs
carry out cell mediated immunity

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15
Q

wher do we find Hassall’s corpuscles ?

what are they composed of?

A

Medulla of thymus

closely packed whorls (virvlar) of epithelial cells representing highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells

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16
Q

What does Hassall’s corpuscles produce?

A

Cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Which stimulates thymic dentritic cells that in turn complete the maturation of single postive t cells

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17
Q

Blood Thymus Barrier Layers

A 
Endothelium 
Basal lamina of capillary endothelium 
pericyte 
Perivascular connective tissue space 
Basal lamina of reticular cells 
Thymic cortical epithelial cell 
outside =
(T lymphocyes )
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18
Q

name tonsils and how many each in

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

1 pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
1 lingual tonsil

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19
Q

PALATINE TONSIL

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Non Ker Str squ epi
Many deep and Branching
Especially encapsulated

other: skeletal m and mucus acini outside con tissue capsule

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20
Q

LINGUAL T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Non Ker Str squ epi
few and shallow
no capsule

Other :skeletal muscle fibers and mucus glands next to lymphoid follicles

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21
Q

PHARYNGEAL T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

Psuedostrat ciliated epi

short crypts

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22
Q

TUBARIAN T

Epithelium
crypts
capsule
other

A

psuedostrat ciliated epi

cartilage of auditory tube

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23
Q

what can we find in germinative center of secondary lymphoid follicle?

A

centroblasts
centrocytes
follicular dendritic cells
large diving lymphoblasts

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24
Q

divison of Secondary lymphoid follicle ?

A

Marginal zone

Germinative center

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25
largest secondary lymphoid organ ?
SPLEEN can also be referred to as Lymphoreticular hemolymphatic
26
tasks of the spleen ?
``` Immune function filters blood degrades old erythrocytes stores blood can also do : erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis ```
27
What are the layers of the stomach?
1. Mucosa - epithelium - Lamina propria mucosae - Lamina muscularis mucosae 2. Submucosa - thich layer of loose connective tissue. 3. Muscularis externa - (inner oblique) - circular layer - outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer. Myenteric plexus of Auerbach is found here. 4. Subserosa 5. Serosa - visceral peritoneum (thin connective tissue coat) with mesothelium
28
What epithelium lines the the tunica mucosa of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium.
29
What glands can be found in the gastric pits of the tunica mucosa of the stomach?
fundus glands
30
What can be found in the tunica muscularis?
Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
31
What cells can be found in the fundus glands?
Luminal surface and lining the gastric pits: - Surface mucous cells: columnar cells with elongated nuclei. Secreting neutral mucus. Neck region: - Mucous neck cells, producing acidic mucus - mucin - to strengthen the mucous film. - stem cells: a reservoir for replenishing the surface epithelial cells and gland cells Corpus region: - Parietal cells, acid-secreting cells stained eosinophilic cytoplasm. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (to bind B12 vitamin) - Enteroendocrine cells/neuroendocrine cells: different subtypes producing gastrin (G cells, somatostatin (D cells) or other factors controlling motility and secretion. Basal portion: - Chief cells, secreting pepsinogen that is converted into pepsin for protein breakdown) stained basophilic (stained dark in HE due to the rER for protein synthesis).
32
How can you differentiate the two parts of the gastro-duodenal junction?
The mucosa of the gastroduodenal junction: - stomach has glandular arrangement - duodenum has villous arrangement with crypts of Lieberkühn and usually a MALT. The tunica muscularis: - pyloric sphincter muscle on the stomach side. - Brunner’s glands on the duodenum side (glands that are only found in the duodenum!!) - the submucosa of the stomach has no glands.
33
myenteric plexus of Auerbach consist of?
Nerve fibers and ganglion cells
34
Specific glands that can be found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands: branched tubular glands with poorly stained glandular epithelium
35
folds on surface of the lumen of the duodenum
Plica circularis/circular folds - valve of Kerckring.
36
What does the tunica mucosa of the duodenum consist of? What does the submucosa consist of?
Epithelium: - simple columnar enterocytes - goblet cells Lamina propria: - intestinal villi/glands - Crypts of Lieberkühn lined with enterocytes, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and mitotic ‘basal’ cells (not seen) The core of the lamina propria consists of connective tissue cells and fibers, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, a central lymphatic vessel - lacteal -, venules and arteriole ‘central arteriole’. SUBMUCOSA: - Brunner’s glands that exhibit the characteristics of both serous and mucous glands that produce alkaline mucus to help the neutralization of the acidic gastric juice. SEROSA: - lined with mesothelium OR tunica adventitia in the areas of the retroperitoneal parts of the duodenum.
37
seen on surface of intenstinal villi
Microvilli :)
38
What is the secretory product of the goblet cells?
acidic secretory product
39
epithelium of the epiglottis?
lingual side: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. laryngeal side: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
40
Where is gastrin secreted
pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas
41
General structure digestive system
tunica mucosa tunica submucosa tunica muscularis tunica serosa or tunica adventitia
42
how to identify Transititon zone? VERMILION BORDERD
thin layer stratified sq ker epi prominent dermal papillary layer dermal papillae have a rich neurovascular supply lacks both sweat and salivary glads
43
Von Ebners glands location
located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.
44
Von Ebners glands open to..?
floor of the circular furrow
45
hardest substance in the body
Enamel
46
Parotid glad | type?
serous
47
submandibular gland | type?
compound tubuloacinar gland | mostly serous
48
sublingual gland | type?
compound tubuloacinar | mostly mucus
49
ductal architecture
gland -> lobes -> lobules -> acini
50
epiglottis type of cartilage? with features
``` elastic cartilage features: chondroncytes network of elastic fibers few collagen fibers dense connective sheath of perichondrium ```
51
layers of trachea
``` psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi lamina propria tela submucosa perichondrium (separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.) perichondrium (separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.) Tunica adventitia ```
52
what do we call the epithelial transformation zone btw esophagus & cardia?
z line
53
Rugae is the folding of what ?
Submucosa and gastric mucosa
54
cardiac glads are..
coiled tubular glands lined with mucus secreting epithelium
55
gastric glads can be divided into 3 regions called
pit/ foveola neck body
56
types of cells in gastric glads
``` mucous cheif parietal stem gastroenteroendocrine (G cells) the gastrin secreting ```
57
Pyloric glands
highly branched with a wide lumen much deeper gastric pits that gastric glands comprised of mucus secreting cells + secretory granules containing lysozyme + G cells
58
Surface mucous (gastric gland)
lining foveolae so called foveolar cells | produce mucins
59
mucus neck cells (gastric gland)
located at the opening of the gastric glad into the pit
60
cheif cells/ peptic cells (gastric gland)
``` predominate in the lower 1/3rd of the gland not present in cardiac glands and are also rare in pyloric glands produce pepsinogen (becomes activate pepsin at pH <5) ```
61
parietal cells/ oxyntic cells (gastric gland)
predominate near neck and in the upper segment of gastric gland. produce HCL and intrinsic factor
62
stem cells ( gastric gland)
mitotic dividing cells that are responsible for continuous renewal of gastric mucosa
63
g cells
regulate the function of the alimentary canal through secretion of peptide hormones
64
Gastroduodendal junction identification
suble change in epi. presence of goblet cells indicate duodenal epi mucosa start forming finger like projections (int. villi) Glands appearing in submucosa indicating duodenal Brunner´s glands
65
General stucture of small intestinal wall
Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring Intestinal villi intestinal glands (cryps of Lieberkuhn) microvilli
66
Plicae circulares / valves of Kerkring
permanent folds of mucosa + submucosa absent from first few cm of duo + disal ileum increase surface area x3 slows down passage of contents
67
intestinal villi
in small intestine finger like projections of ONLY tunica mucosa!!! lined by: enterocytes goblet cells Central lacteal (a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine) core capillaries core of connective tissue (lam prop) intestinal villi increase surface area x10 !!
68
Crypts of Lieberkuhn | also intestinal gland
``` tubular intestinal glands in lamina propria cells : enterocytes goblet cells basal cells paneth cells enteroendrocrine cells ```
69
Large intestine contains/ lacks
lacks: lacks folds or villi contains: Tubular glands od Lieberkuhn
70
Almost all of liver is cover by.... except....
peritoneum | "Bare area of liver"
71
The liver is the biggest.. in the body
gland
72
Under serosa the liver is surrounded by a dense con tissue capsule called ?
Glissons capsule
73
3 types of human vasculature?
Typical capillary arterial portal system Venous portal system
74
type of vasculature of liver?
venous portal system
75
order of vasculature of liver
hepatic a + Portal v interlobar a+v interlobular a+v ``` All lead to: Hepatic sinusoids central veins sublobular veins collecting veins hepatic v IVC!! :) ```
76
Bile + lymph flows in.... to the blood
opposite direction
77
Hepatic lobule contains
Mainly hepatocytes (exo : bile and endocrine: Albumin, fibrinogen, coagulation factors function) forming hepatocyte plates hepatocytes containing 2 cellular domains: Basolateral (face perisinusoidal space of disse) apical (form bile canaliculi ) Limiting plate Portal tracts canals of hering
78
canals of hering aka ... are ... lined by... and drain into...
Cholangioles intralobular bile ducts high sq-> low cuboidal epi interlobular bile ducts in the portal space
79
Hepatic sinusoids lined by ... | the livers macrophages can found here these are called...
fenestrated endothelium | Kupffer cells
80
``` Perisinusoidal space of disse allows... contains perisinusoidal cells called.... with what origin...? synthesis of ...? ```
exchange btw hepatocytes and the liver sinusoids ITO CELLS mesenchymal Retinoids (vit A)
81
Layers of gall bladder
tunica mucosa -> simple colu epi w/ goblet cells -> lamina propria (no tela submucosa ) tunica muscularis (circular, longitudinal + oblique) serosa or adventitia
82
gall bladder task
storage concentration and release of bile
83
pancreas is a ... peritoneal organ | % exocrine vs endocrine
RETRO | 98 to 2%

Histology 2 (1 decks)

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