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Histo 1 > Histo 1 > Flashcards

Histo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A

Body temp regulation
Protection from external environment
Cutaneous sensations
Excretion and absorption
Vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

Group of soluble SERCOSTEROIDS
responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
Body can synthesize vit D in the skin from cholesterol when expose to the sun

A

VIT D

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3
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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4
Q

Two principle parts of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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5
Q

Superficial portion of skin with 5 layers

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

Inner portion of skin with 2 regions

A

Dermis

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7
Q

KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Forms major distinction between thick and thim skin

A

Epidermis

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8
Q

Principle types of cell in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Lagerhans cells
Merkell’s cells

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9
Q

Consist 90% of epidermal cells
Produce protein KERATIN and LAMELLAR GRANULES

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

Consist of 8% of the epiderma cells
Located at the basal layer of epidermis
Produce the pigment MELANIN

A

Melanocytes

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11
Q

Types of melanin produced by melanocytes

A

Eumelanins
Pheomelanin

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12
Q

Brown/black pigments

A

Eumelanins

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13
Q

Pigment found in red hair

A

Pheomelanin

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14
Q

Arises from RED BONE MARROW and migrate to the EPIDERMIS
Constitute a small portion of the epidermal cell
Participate in immune responses: RECOGNIZE,PHAGOCYTIZE and PROCESS FOREIGN ANTIGENS and present them to T LYMPHOCYTES for an immune response thus function in ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APC)
found in stratum spinosum

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

The least numeruous in epidermal cells
Located in the deepest layer of epidermis where they contact the sensory neuron aka MERKEL OR TACTILE DISC

A

Merkel cells

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16
Q

Essential for light touch sensation
Most abundant in highly sensitive skij such as fingers and at the bases of hair follicles

A

MERKEL CELLS AND TACTILE DISC

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17
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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18
Q

Corne-hard or hooklike
Consists od 20-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes
Contain KERATOHYALIN
Cells continuosly shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata

A

Stratum corneum

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19
Q

Densely packed intermidiate filaments and lamellar granules

A

Keratohyalin

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20
Q

These are from the lamellar granules that are effective water repellant barrier and also protects against injury and microbes

A

Lipids

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21
Q

Due to constant exposure of skin to friction causes abnormal thickening of the epidermis

A

Callus

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22
Q

Means clear
Present only in thick skin of the finger tips, palms and soles
Consist of 2-3 layers of clear, flat deaf keratinocytes that contain densely packed intermidiate filaments and thickened plasma membrane

A

Stratum lucidum

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23
Q

Means little grains
Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
Nuclei and other organelles of keratinocytes begin to degenerate thus granulosum marks the transition between deeper and superficial strata
Contains basophilic granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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24
Q

Basophilic granules of stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyalin
Lamellar

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25
Q

Darkly stained granules of a protein
Organizes intermidiate filaments into even thicker bundles thus becomes more apparent

A

Keratohyalin

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26
Q

Distinctive granules of the layer
Lipid rich impermeable layer around the cell
Skins barrier against water loss
Provides sealing effect in the skin forming barrier to penetration by most foriegn material

A

Lamellar

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27
Q

Superficial tonstratum basale
Thickest layer especially in epidermal ridges
8-10 layers of POLYHEDRAL KERATINOCYTES fit closely together
Apper to be covered with thornlike spinesn
Bundles of intermidiate filament of the cytoskeletom tightly join the cells to one another to provide strenght and flexibility to the skin
LANGERHANS CELLS AND MELANOCYTES appear in this stratum

A

Spinosum

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28
Q

Deepest layer of the epidermis
Sometimes referred to as startum germinativum
Characterized by intense MITOTIC activity
Single row basophilic cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
HEMODESMOSOMES join this layer to the basal lamina
DESMOSOMES binds the cells of this layer together in their lateral and upper surfaces
MELANOCYTES, MERKEL CELLS and TACTILE DISCS are scattered among the keratinocytes of the basal layer
Human epidermis is renewed about 15 to 30 days depending on age

A

Basale

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29
Q

Important feature of all keratinocytes in basale which increase during differentiation as cell moves upward

A

Cytoskeletal keratins

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30
Q

Second deepest part of the skin
Composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
Include cells such as fibroblast, macrophages and some adipocytes
Blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles are embedded in dermal tissue

A

Dermis

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31
Q

Superficial portion of dermis
Consists of areolar tissue with elastic fibers and small fine typen1 and 3 collagen fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and other WBC
Contain dermal papillae
Contain: meissner’s corpuscle
Free nerve endings

A

Papillary region

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32
Q

Finger like projections that indent the epidermis and contains loops of capillaries

A

Dermal papillae

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33
Q

For touch sensation

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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34
Q

Dendrites that initiates signals that are felt as warmth, coolness, pain, tickling and itching

A

Free nerve endings

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35
Q

deeper portion of dermis
consists of DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE containing more coarsely textured bundles of collagen and some elastic fibers
combination of collagen and elastic fibers provides the skin with extensibility and elasticity
between collagen and elastic fibers are abundant proteoglycans rich in dermatan sulfate
spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sabaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

A

reticular region

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36
Q

functions of the connective tissue of the dermis

A

tough collagen fibers and resilient elastic
the ground substance of the dermis
mast cells, lymphocytes and macrophages in the connective tissue
dermis together with its associated blood vessels and nerves

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37
Q

fibers provide meachanical strength for skin
lines of tension in the dermus, called LANGER’S LINES, affect healing after surgical incision

A

tough collagen fibers and resilient elastic

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38
Q

serves as the substrate for diffusion of nutrients and waste to and from various other tissue components

A

the ground substance of the dermis

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39
Q

carry out substrate for diffusion for the immune system

A

mast cells, lymphocytes and macrophages in the connective tissue

40
Q

capable of active response to injury, yielding the defensive reaction of inflammation, followed by the healing processes of growth and repair

A

dermis together with its associated blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

types of skin

A

thin skin
thick skin

42
Q

covers all parts of the body except palms, palmar surfaces of the digits and soles
epidermis is thin
lack stratum lucidum, spinosum and corneum are thin
has fewer dermal papilla, lacks muscle and oil glands but fewer sweat glands than thick
sparse distribution of sensory receptors

A

thin skin

43
Q

covers palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
thick epidermis
with stratum lucidum, spinosum and corneum
more numerous dermal papillae, thus has epidermal ridges
lacks of hair follicles, arrector pilli, sabaceous glands
has more sweat glands than thin skin
also display blood vessels and adipose tissues
sensory receptors are more densely clustered

A

thick skin

44
Q

types of mechanoreceptors

A

unencapsulated
- tactile
- free nerve endings
- root hair plexus
encapsulated
- meissner’s corpuscle
- pacinian corpuscle
- krause end bulbs
- ruffini corpuscles

45
Q

type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor
for tonic receptors, for light touch and for sensing an objects texture

A

tactile/merkel disc

46
Q

in papillary dermis
respond to high and low temperature, pain and itching
function also as tactile receptors

A

free nerve endings

47
Q

sorrounds bases of hair follicles in reticular dermis
detects movement of hair

A

root hair plexus

48
Q

are encapsulated endings in dermal papillae, most common in palmar and palmar skin, especially in fingertips

A

meissner’s corpuscle

49
Q

located deeper in dermis
also found in tissue organs deep in the body including wall of rectum and unirnary bladder
avoid structures resembling small onions
respond to deep pressure, vibration and coarse touch

A

pacinian corpuscle

50
Q

found in skin of penis and clitoris where they sense low frequency vibration

A

krause and bulbs

51
Q

have collagenous fusiform capsules
with sensory axons stimulated by stretch or twisting in the skin

A

rufinni corpuscle

52
Q

under the skin
contains the superficial fascia and adipose tissue
mainly for fat storage
injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a route of administration used for drugs such as insulin, bc it is highly vascular, the tissue absorbs drugs quickly
subcutaneous injection is believed to be the most effective manner to administer some drugs such as human growth hormones
can store fat, can also provide good storage space for drugs that need released gradually because there is limited blood flow

A

subcutaneous layer

53
Q

produced by melanocytes and stored in basal keratinocytes contributes a yellow/brown color to the epidermis
if the epidermis is not heavily pigmented, light readily penetrates into the dermis

A

melanin

54
Q

scatter light from the dermis without altering its color, hence the whiteness of white skin primarily a reflection of collagen

A

collagen

55
Q

HEMOGLOBIN in rbc scatters lights and is responsible for the pinkness of unpigmented skin. the relative amount of pink in any given patch of skin reflects how closely blood approaches the base of epidermis

A

blood

56
Q

skin color

A

melanin
collagen
blood

57
Q

affect the thickness and smoothness of the epidermis, by the quality of fibers in the dermis and by the amount of fluid in dermal connective tissue

A

skin texture

58
Q

composed of column of dead, keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

A

hairs

59
Q

parts of hairs

A

shaft
roof
hair follicle
bulb
arrector pilli
hair root plexuses

60
Q

superficial portion of hair

A

shaft

61
Q

penetrates into the dermis

A

roots

62
Q

concentric layers of shaft and root

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

63
Q

inner portion of inner layer of shaft and root
2 or 3 rows of polyhedral-shaped cells containing pigment granules and air spaces

A

medulla

64
Q

middle portion of shaft and root
forms the major part of the shaft and pigment granules in dark hair but mostly air in gray or white hair

A

cortex

65
Q

outermost layer of shaft and roof
single layer of thin, flat cells that are most heavy keratinized

A

cuticle

66
Q

tubular invaginations lined by stratified squamous epithelium similar to epidermis
surrounds the roots of the hair

A

hair folicle

67
Q

hair follicle is made of

A

external root sheath
internal root sheath

68
Q

downward continuation of epidermis
contains str. basale

A

external root sheath

69
Q

hair follicles are associated with

A

sebaceous gland
nerve ending
smooth muscle

70
Q

secrete oil into the hair follicles as well as nerve endings and smooth muscle to form the pilosebaceous apparatus

A

sebaceous glands

71
Q

detects deflection of the hair shaft and also controls PILOERECTION OR GOOSEBUMPS

A

nerve endings

72
Q

with a small bundle of smooth muscle cells called ARRECTOR PILI attached to the connective tissue sheath around each hair follicle
affect PILOERECTION

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

the base of hair follicle
onion shaped structure

A

bulb

74
Q

bulb houses

A

papilla of the hair
matrix

75
Q

nipple shaped indentation
contains areolar connective tissue
contains many blood vessels that nourish growing hair follicle

A

papilla of the hair

76
Q

germinal layers of cells w/c arise from stratum basale
responsible for the growth of existing hairs and producing new hairs when old hairs are shed

A

matrix

77
Q

smooth muscle cells
stimulated by autonomic nerve endings to contact pulling the hair shaft perpendicular to the skin surface during cold or fright
produces goose bumps

A

arrector pilli

78
Q

glands of the integumentary system

A

sebaceous gland
sudoriferous glands

79
Q

lined with STARTIFIED EPITHELIA WITH COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL CELLS known as BASAL CElls
are associated with hair follciles
they are HOLOCRINE GLANDS which means that the whole cell is secreted
produce sebum

A

oil gland

80
Q

mixture of fats, cholesterol, protein, inorganic salts and pheromones
coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle
prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin
keeps skin soft and pliable
inhibits growth of certain bacteria

A

sebum

81
Q

3-4 m sweat glands release their secretions by exocytosis and empty them onto the skin surface

A

sudoriferous glands

82
Q

2 types of sudoriferous or sweat glands

A

eccrine
apocrine

83
Q

simple coiled tubular glands
much more common
numerous in skin of plams and soles
for regukation of body temperature and waste removal, excrete water, sodium salts, ammonia, uric acid and urea
sweat is a physiologic response to increase body temperature

A

eccrine

84
Q

types of eccrine cells

A

clear cells
- dark cells
- myoepithelial cells

85
Q

pale staining
no secreting granules
watery secretion

A

clear cells

86
Q

with stringly eosinophillic secreting granules
line most the lumen
mucous secretion

A
  • dark cells
87
Q

sorrounds basal portion of sceretory portion
contracts to expel the secretion from sweat gland
-

A

myoepithelial cells

88
Q

simple coiled tubular glands
stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement
secretions are commonly know as COLD SWEAT
larger than eccrine
limited to axillary, anus and areolar region of breast
ducts open into hair follicle and produce viscous secretions that acquire a distinct odor following bacterial decomposition

A
  • apocrine
89
Q

plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells
cells from a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surface of the distal portions of the digits

A

nails

90
Q

parts of nails

A

nail body
free edge
nail root
lunula
hyponychium
eponychium

91
Q

portion of nail that is visible

A

nail body

92
Q

part of nail body that may end past the distal end of digits

A

free edge

93
Q

proximal edge of the nail plate that is buried in a fold

A

nail root

94
Q

whitish cresent shape covered by the portion of nail bed

A

hyponychium

95
Q
A

eponychium

Histo 1 (1 decks)

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