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HTHSCI 1I06 > Histamine > Flashcards

Histamine Flashcards

1
Q

Histidine

A

Non-toxic form; used by the body to make histamine (amino acid)

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2
Q

Histamine

A

Toxic form; hydrophobic & highly charged (pos.).. chemical found in body cell’s that causes symptoms of allergies (amine)

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3
Q

Histidine Decarboxylase (HDC)

A

Removes CO2 from Histidine to convert it into Histamine; “decarboxylation”

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4
Q

Production of Histamine

A

HDC removes CO2 from Histidine to turn it into Histamine

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5
Q

Packaging of Histamine

A

-ATPase pumps protons into granule
-VMAT2 exchanges protons in the granule with histamine in the cytosol (1 for 1 exchange), creating a proton motive force

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6
Q

Heparin

A
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7
Q

Release of histamine

A
  1. Translocation
  2. Docking
  3. Fusion
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8
Q

Translocation

A

-Granule filled with histamine in the cell
-VAMP attached to vesicle membrane
-SNAP attaches to cell membrane

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9
Q

Docking to fusion

A

-Vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane ONLY upon stimuli
(docking- action of coming together)

-VAMP and SNAP attach, opening the granule, allowing histamine to flood out of it into the blood (degranulation)
(fusion- action of histamine actually coming out)

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10
Q

Histamine as a neurotransmitter vs. endocrine hormone

A

If histamine is acting as a neurotransmitter, then it does not function endocrine style in the blood, it goes to the post synaptic cell

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11
Q

Possible stimuli to vesicle membrane fusion with cell membrane

A

-increase intracellular calcium
-chemical: venoms, detergent
-physical: injury, heat, UV
-antigens (aka toxic substances) (clinically most important)

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12
Q

Mast cell degranulation

A

-Histamine along with other substances flooding out of the granule

-It’s usually not just histamine in the granule/cell, there are other molecules present such as serotin

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13
Q

Histamine primary receptor response (H1)

A

-Found/expressed in smooth muscle, endothelium, brain, GI tract (food), mast cells

(NOT ONLY LOCATION, ITS THE PRIMARY RECEPTOR IN THE FOLLOWING REGIONS)

-increases IP3, diacylglycerol (DAG), intracellular Ca++
(DONE BY SECONDARY MESSENGER)

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14
Q

Histamine primary receptor response (H2)

A

-Found/expressed in gastric mucosa, brain, cardiac muscle, mast cells

(NOT ONLY LOCATION, ITS THE PRIMARY RECEPTOR IN THE FOLLOWING REGIONS)

-Increase cAMP and Ca 2+
(DONE BY SECONDARY MESSENGER)

THE MAIN BITCH

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15
Q

Histamine primary receptor response (H3)

A

-Found/expressed brain, neutron

(NOT ONLY LOCATION, ITS THE PRIMARY RECEPTOR IN THE FOLLOWING REGIONS)

-Decrease cAMP, inhibition of Ca 2+ channels
(DONE BY SECONDARY MESSENGER)

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16
Q

Histamine primary receptor (H4)

A

-Found/expressed in immune cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, T cells)

(NOT ONLY LOCATION, ITS THE PRIMARY RECEPTOR IN THE FOLLOWING REGIONS)

-Decreases cAMP, increases Ca 2+
(DONE BY SECONDARY MESSENGER)

17
Q

Histamine primary receptors are…

A

7-transmembrane receptors aka- GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors)

18
Q

Termination of histamine

A

-Enzymatic degredation converts histamine into in/less active metabolites (major)
-uptake into cells (minor)
-receptor desensitization (minor)

19
Q

Diamine Oxidase (DAO)

A

-found in intestines, kidneys, placenta
-deals with ezymatic degradation in extracellular histamine
-breaks down histamine into conjugates with ribose phosphates

20
Q

Histamine Methyltransferase (HMT) (HNMT)

A

-found in kidney, liver, colon, pancreas, central nervous system (CNS)
-deals with intracellular histamine
-breaks histamine into N-methylhistamine oxidase

21
Q

ECL- like Cell

A

secretes histamine:
-promotes parietal cell
-stimulates gastric acid (HCL) secretion

22
Q

Histamine intolerance

A

-defined as the intolerance of histamine ingested with food
This happens when:
-ineffective DAO (some drugs inhibit DAO), not enough histamine is broken down
-too much histamine

23
Q

Histamine receptor antagonist

A

-benadryl
-zantac
-claritin
-gravol

24
Q

Histamine containing food

A

-fish: tuna fish, mackerel and anchovy (scombroid fish, scombrotoxin)
-cheese: emmental, Camembert and roquefort
-hard cured sausage: salami and raw ham
-vegetable: sauerkraut
-alcoholic beverages: red wine

25
Q

H1 secondary messenger

A

PLC (Phospholipase C)

26
Q

H2 secondary messenger

A

AC (adenylate cyclase)

27
Q

H3 is an example of…

A

physiological antagonism

28
Q

H1 response

A

-allergic conditions
-smooth muscle contraction
-vasodilation
-increase in vascular permeability

29
Q

H2 response

A

-gastric acid secretion of HCL
-bicarbonate secretion

30
Q

H3 response

A

-CNS disorders
-Release of neurotransmitter
-inhibition of gastric acid

31
Q

H4 response

A

-immune system and inflammatory conditions

32
Q

Histamine pathophysiological roles

A

-allergy and anaphylaxis
-food intolerance
-asthma
-motion sickness
-ulcers + gerd
-pain + itch
-narcolepsy
-scombrotoxic fish poisoning

33
Q

What can histamine be packaged into

A

-mast cells: all over the body - lungs, gitract, skin
-ECL cells: gastric mucosa
-Basophics: white blood cells (WBCs)- all over body
-neurons

34
Q

Histamine effects: humans

A

IN ORDER
-diarrhea
-flatulence
-sneezing
-runny nose
-headache
-itching
-itching and redness of eyes

35
Q

Commonly used over-the-counter drugs
(histamine receptor antagonist)

A

-benadryl
-maxium strength zantac
-gravol
-claritin

36
Q

Sir Henry Hallet Dale (1875-1968)

A

-discovered the biological implications of histamine
-mentioned the fact that histamine could play role in allergies

37
Q

Histamine structure

A

primary amine, contains an imidazole ring and side chain

38
Q

What is released from mast cells

A

Immediate: histamine, serotonin
Delayed: leukotrienes

HTHSCI 1I06 (5 decks)

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