HIST 1120 Midterm Flashcards
Christopher Columbus
Who - Italian explorer under the Spanish flag, sponsored by Ferdinand/Isabella
What - Discovered the Americas for Europe, opened the way for European exploration, colonization, and exploitation in the Americas
When - 1492
Where - Caribbean Islands, South/Central America
HS - Columbian Exchange - global exchange of plants, animals, people, disease (Africa, Europe, Asia - America)
Treaty of Torsdesillas
Who - Pope Alexander VI
What - An agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the newly discovered land (West-Spain, East-Portugal)
When - 1494
Where - Parts of Africa/Asia, Edge of Brazil, Portugal/Spain
HS - Contributed to the vast global networks of trade, colonization, and exploitation
Hernan Cortes
Who - Spanish conquistador
What - Conquered the Aztec Empire
When - 1519-1521
Where - Mexico
HS - Further spread the European dominance in the Americas, Spanish colonization, exploitation and dominance in the Americas, brought diseases (small pox)
Yongle Emperor
Who - Ming Dynasty Emperor
What - Commissioned Zhong He on treasure voyages, heavily relied on eunuchs to administer the empire
When - 1402-1424
Where - China
HS - Globalization by engaging in global trade and diplomacy across vast distances (Africa, Arabia, Southeast Asia)
Aurangzeb
Who - Mughal Emperor
What - Banned local Hindu practices, overturned Akbar’s policies
When - 1658-1707
Where - Mughal Empire, India
HS - Opened the door for British Imperialism, part of global Islamic renewal
Vasco da Gama
Who - Portuguese explorer
What - Discovered a new direct sea route from Europe to Asia
When - 1498
Where - Portugal, Africa, Asia
HS - Age of Exploration, contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese Empire and global trade, direct maritime route between Europe and Asia, European colonization in Asia
Kingdom of Kongo
Who - A West African kingdom that engaged with the Portuguese
What - Sold slaves to the Portuguese
When - 1480-1665
Where - Congo, Central Africa
HS - Involved with the Trans Atlantic slave trade, European colonization in Africa, Christianity spread in Africa
The Galileo Affair
Who - Galileo vs. The Catholic Church
What - A conflict between Galileo and the Catholic church about the Heliocentric model of the solar system
When - 1610-1633
Where - Rome, Italy
HS - Conflict between scientific inquiry and religious doctrine, advancing the Scientific Revolution, development of modern scientific methods
King Henry VIII
Who - King of England
What - Protestant Reformation, Church of England
When - 1507-1547
Where - England
HS - Started the Protestant Reformation, paved the way for constitutional monarchy later in England
Council of Trent
Who - Pope, Jesuits, Charles V
What - Convened in response to the growing influence of the Protestant Reformation
When - 1545-1563
Where - Trent, Italy
HS - Foundation of the Counter-Reformation, reassert its influence and spread Catholicism in regions affected by the Protestant Reformation
Schmalkaldic League
Who - A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman empire
What - Established to protect the interests of the Lutheran princes against the Catholic Church/Charles V
When - 1531
Where - Germany
HS - Established political/military resistance that helped secure the survival of the Lutheran faith
Edict of Nantes
Who - King Henry IV of France
What - Enacted a decree granting religious freedom to the Huguenots
When - 1598
Where - France
HS - Enlightenment ideas advocating for freedom of religion
Matteo Ricci
Who - Italian Jesuit missionary
What - Tried to bridge European and Chinese cultures through intellectual exchange, science, and faith
When - 1582-1610
Where - China
HS - Christianity in Asia*
The Enlightenment
Who - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What - An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, scientific inquiry, and challenging the monarchs/churches
When - 1685-1815
Where - Britain and France
HS - Laid the philosophical foundation for revolutions in France/Americas
Ideas of democracy, liberty, and equality
John Locke
Who - English philosopher
What - Advocated for the protection of natural rights
When - 1632-1704
Where - England
HS - Foundational in liberal democracy, American Revolution, and the U.S. Constitution
Seven Years’ War
Who - Major European powers (Britain, France, Austria)
What - A conflict between Britain and France over North American land claims (Pennsylvania) later to other parts of the world
When - 1756-1763
Where - America, Europe, Asia
HS - Reshaped colonial empires, setting the stage for Britain’s global dominance
Estates General
Who - A general assembly representing the 3 Estates of the French society: The clergy, the nobility, the common people (3rd Estate)
What - A legislature assembly organized by King Louis XVI to address France’s financial crisis
When - 1789
Where - France
HS - Led to the formation of the national assembly - start of French Revolution
National Assembly
Who - Representatives of the 3rd Estate of France
What - A revolutionary legislative body committed to reforming the French government
When - 1789
Where - France
HS - Played a key role in the early stages of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Who - A radical Jacobin leader, key figure in the French Revolution
What - Oversaw the Reign of Terror and executed thousands
When - 1758-1794
Where - France
HS - Influenced future revolutions about the balance between liberty & order during revolutions
Haitian Revolution
Who - Fighting against the French, Toussaint Louverture
What - The only successful slave revolt, Blood Revolution, For self-determination and emancipation
When - 1791-1804
Where - Haiti, Saint-Domingue
HS - Only successful slave revolt, war debts prevented it from prospering, inspired the French/American revolution, inspire revolutions through Latin America
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Who - An American suffragist, social activist, led in women’s right movement
What - Formulated the first organized demand for women suffrage in the United States
When - 1815-1902
Where - United States
HS - Foundational figure in the women’s suffrage movement, Groundwork for the 19th amendment (women’s right to vote)
Zong Ship
Who - A British ship with enslaved Africans
What - Killed over 130 enslaved Africans thrown overboard
When - 1781
Where - Atlantic Ocean
HS - Sparked outrage, key event in the British abolishment movement
Olaudah Equiano
Who - An African slave who became a prominent abolitionist & author
What - Played an important role in the movement to abolish slavery
When - 1745-1797
Where - Nigeria, America
HS - Equiano’s writings were influential in raising awareness about slavery & pushing for its abolition
Curse of Ham
Who - Southerners in American
What - Pro-slavery biblical argument in Genesis
When - 1830-1850s
Where - America
HS - Provided a theological rationale for slavery
