HIST 110 MIDTERM Flashcards
when did homoerectus start using fire?
500,000 years ago
what did neanderthals bury their dead with?
flowers
how much neanderthal DNA do modern humans outside of Africa have?
1-4%
what 2 ice age species still exist in North America today?
Bison
Musk Ox
how many years ago did the last ice age end?
10,000 years ago
during the neolithic revolution, where was obsidian mined and traded?
Çatalhöyük
who proposed that factors of geography and plant and animal genetics were more important than human genetics to explain the rise of civilization in the Middle East.
Jared Diamond
When did agriculture develop in the Middle East?
over 11,000 years ago
where did the earliest urban civilizations arise?
Asia and Africa
where are the oldest known civilizations?
Tigris-Euphrates Valley
Mesopotamia
where did people in the area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers grow their wheat and barley?
Barley in south
Wheat in North
around 3000 BC which city grew exponentially
Uruk (small village to 50,000)
the interactions of people in a city area what? example
A synergy
ex. warfare
who excavated ur in 1992?
Sir Charles Leonard Woolley
Who unified Mesopotamia into worlds first empire?
Sargon of Akkad in 2350 BC
What did Sargon of Akkad use to build his empire?
Military force
How long did Mesopotamia last for?
200 years
When did Sumer start to decline
around 2000 BC
what excavation was the birth of modern archaeology?
The royal cemetery in 1922
Where did Hammurabi receive his law code from?
From a seated god
What is Hammurabi best known for?
Code of laws
what was the capital of Hammurabis Babylonian empire?
Babylon
what did scribes write in?
Cuneiform
Epic of Gilgamesh (2100 BC) and what it dealt with
contains the flood narrative and tells of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, and his friendship with Enkidu, a wild man of the hills.
dealt with mortality, sickness, old age, fame and desire.
what protects Egypt?
Geography
what are the black lands and red lands?
Black lands - lands irrigated by the nile
red lands - unirrigated desert lands
old kingdom
3100-2686 BC
Narmer of upper Egypt conquers lower Egypt and unifies country
Ma’at
order, justice, or truth; an eternal now
Horus, Isis and Osiris
Horus - living pharaoh
Isis - put Horus back together
Osiris - dead pharaoh
ankh
symbol of eternal life
Imhotep
designed the first pyramids, had the first known artifact of history (himself)
who built the pyramids of Giza?
Pharaoh sneferu’s sons
how long was the great pyramid of Giza the tallest man-made structure?
3800 years
what collapsed the old kingdom?
series of droughts and low nile river
Middle Kingdom
2055-1650 BC
Menuhotep reunifies Egypt and pyramids go out of style, mortuary temples become the new
who was the first documented female ruler of Egypt?
Sobekeuferu
“kings daughter”
who introduces Egypt to bronze weapons, heavier swords, compound bows and horse-drawn chariots?
Hyksos people
when does the middle kingdom end?
When the Hyksos introduce the new way of warfare
New Kingdom
1200 BC
under the leadership of Ahmose, Egyptians learn how to use chariot and drive out the Hyksos
which female pharaoh had a fake beard?
Hatshepsut
Battle of Megiddo
April 16, 1469 BC
client kings in North Palestine were in revolt against Egyptian rule
how did tutmosis achieve victory at battle of Megiddo?
took narrow pass that generals advised against, but surprised the opposing army and wins
who restored the old gods in Egypt?
Tutankhamen (king-tut)
why was the battle of kadesh important?
both Egyptians and Hittites thought they won, resulted in one of the first peace treaties 15 years later
who used iron weapons in warfare during the new kingdom era?
Hittites
What does the Ululburan shipwreck from the new kingdom suggest about the Bronze Age?
a time of prosperity, had many different types of trade goods from around the world
Bronze Age collapse
1200 BC
Egypt and hittites conquered by the “sea peoples”
Egypt falls to Ethiopians eventually
Indo-European conquerers
what did the collapse of the Bronze Age lead to?
A dark age worse than the fall of the Western Roman Empire
what group of new people start to emerge after the collapse of the Bronze Age?
Hebrews, Philistines, Iranians, and Phoenicians
which religions all acknowledge Abraham as their founder?
Judaism, christianity, and islam
story of David
shepherd boy who fights Goliath, the philistine giant, with a sling and stone, David wins
who built the temple in Jerusalem to house the ark of the covenant?
Solomon
what happened after Solomos death?
Civil war split Israel into 2 states:
Israel North (10 tribes)
Judah south (2 tribes)
who did Israel become conquered by?
assyrians
who did Judah become conquered by?
neo-babylonian empire where they became deemed jews
Carthage
new empire in the western mediterranean sea established by the Phoenicians
what was a famous source of timber in ancient times?
Cedars of Lebanon
what was the symbol of royalty in the ancient times?
Color purple
How did the assyrians become such good fighter and conquerers
Lived in a very unprotected area, had to learn to fight to keep their empire
What did assyrians develop?
military engineers, use of iron weapons
who helped the Neo-babylonians fight the assyrians?
Persians and medes
Who was Babylon conquered and captured by?
Cyrus the Great
leader of the Medes and Persians
What made Cyrus the great a good person?
respected other ethnic groups and religions, allowed jews to return to Jerusalem to restore their holy site,
also developed a coinage system called a daric
what was the Persian empire divided into?
Provinces called satrapies, the richest in the local regions of divisions became rulers
The “immortals” and why they were called this
infantry of 10,000 men in the Persian army
called this because you were easily replaced if killed, a very prestigious and high demand army to be in
Zoroastrianism
official religion of the Persian empire, but not imposed upon the people
what type of climate was Greece?
continental climate
Minoan crete
2000-1375 BC
Bronze Age culture centered in crete
what was central to Minoan life?
Ships and trade
how did Minoan civilization fall?
island of Thera had massive eruption that triggered an earthquake and tsunami
could have made civilization prone to attack by Mycenaean civilization
Mycenaean age
1600-1200 BC
Greek civilization on mainland Greece before the Bronze Age Collapse
The Iliad
story of 10 year war by Mycenaean greek warriors to capture Troy on the Black Sea
The odyssey
ten-year return of one of the Greek chieftains, Odysseus, to his home in Ithaca
what kind of culture was Mycenaean culture? what did it depend on?
warrior culture
depended on chariot warfare
Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890)
German amateur archaeologist, uncovered Mycenaean civilization in the AD 1870s in his quest to find the warriors who attacked Troy in Homer’s Iliad.
proved that Troy had existed and made archaeology popular in the mind of the public.
What good was brought about in the greek dark ages of 1200-900 BC?
the blind poet homer made 2 of the most well known scriptures in history (the Iliad and the odyssey)
The Archaic Age
800-500 BC
period when Greece recovered from the Dark Ages and before it made contact with Persia.
developed a trade in luxury goods, ideas, and iron.
population of Greece recovered
The “polis”
concept of the citizen of a city and its surrounding area
What 2 greek cities stood out the most in history?
Sparta and Athens
what did spartan warrior call themselves?
The equals
Helots
enslaved citizens of messenia by the spartans
ephors
annually elected magistrates
inspected newborn children and got rid of weak ones
did spartan or athenian women have more rights?
Spartan
who decided wealth, rather than aristocratic birth as the basis of office holding in Athens?
Solon
who could vote in Athens?
adult male citizens who has completed military training
who was the minority of the population in Athens?
The citizen, everyone participated in government and/or war
which athenian citizens could serve in the phalanx and the navy?
Free male citizens
what did Aspasia develop in Athens?
a bordello
what types of food did not exist on the greek table?
tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, or sugar
The Persian playwright (472 BC)
Aeschylus; playwright
attributes the Persian defeat not to Athenian prowess but rather to Persian arrogance, or as the Ancient Greeks called it: hubris
gods, who send defeat or nemesis to the Persians, punish this hubris
Sophocles
playwright
wrote tragedies in which religion and the gods play less of a role.
Human beings make their own decisions, influenced by their past, and their weaknesses, but their own free decisions
wrote Antigone
Euripides
Playwright (485 BC)
His plays has plot twists and violent outbursts of passion
wrote Medea
Aristophanes
comic playwright
used wit, imagination, and vulgarity to mock and ridicule statesmen, philosophers, other playwrights and even the gods.
wrote Lysistrata
Parthenon
the temple to Athena built by money taken from the Delian League by Pericles and decorated by Phidias
is a balance of proportion and illusion
Herodotus
foreigner in Athens, travelled the eastern Mediterranean and wrote about many peoples and their customs
what was Herodotus’ main goal?
write an account of the Persian wars
what did Herodotus see the Persian wars as?
conflict between freedom and despotism
who is the first known historian of the world?
Herodotus
Thucydides
one of the ten elected Athenian generals early in the Peloponnesian War
wrote a history of the war
contains no gods or supernatural interventions
showed how unrestrained political self-interest led to destruction for Athens
what were the rich expected to spend money on in Ancient Greece?
Festivals, plays or warships; not themselves
Term for Greece by the greeks
“Hellenes” or “hellas”
What did the greek poet Hesiod do?
explained the origins of the Greek gods and divided human history into the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Heroic Age and the Iron Age
where were schools established in Ancient Greece?
in gymnasiums
who wrote poetry about female beauty and relationships?
Sappho of lesbos
What did Thales believe?
original substance of the universe was water
what did Anaximander believe?
basic law of the universe was reciprocity or exchange (ex, heat and cold, wet and dry, etc.)
Earth was at the center of a spherical universe
what did the greeks neglect in that could’ve made them advance into an Industrial or scientific Revolution?
Practical research and observation
where was the greek analogue computer found?
shipwreck off the Island of Antikythera
Socrates
left no writing of his own
fought in several battles
questioned authority and made people look like idiots
what was socrates accused for? what was the result
corrupting Athenian youth with his teaching
sentenced to death
Plato
429-347 BC
the greatest philosopher of Western civilization
thought that there was a higher world of ideas or ideal forms and that the reality that we experience is like the sun casting shadows inside a cave
Plato divided the ideal state in to what 3 groups?
Philosphers
warriors
producers
which greek philosopher believed women could become rulers?
plato
Aristotle
384-322 BC
student at Plato’s Academy in Athens for twenty years
became a tutor to Alexander the Great
father of modern science
set up the first system of biological classifications
what were the 3 good forms of government Aristotle thought of?
monarchy
aristocracy
constitutional democracy
Monarchy
rule by one
Aristocracy
rule by high born
Oligarchy
rule by rich
Democracy
rule by the people
In Ancient Greece, what % of the population was involved in farming?
80%
when did classic phalanx war develop in Greece?
800-500 BC
hoplon
bronze-coated plywood shield
how long did phalanx battles last?
less than an hour
who came up with a theory of a western way of war
Victor Davis Hansen
the 8 customs and beliefs of hellenic tradition
-Advanced Technology
-Superior discipline
-Ingenuity in response
-The creation of a broad, shared military observance among the majority of the free population
-Choice of decisive engagement
-Dominance of infantry
-A systematic application of capital to war-making
-A moral opposition to militarism
The Three Principles of the Western Way of War
Moral
Intellectual
Technical
when did the Persian empire encounter the Greeks?
490 BC
battle of marathon
490 BC
outnumbered about two to one the Athenians defeated a Persian punitive expeditionary force of about 20,000
the great Persian invasion of 480 BC is slowed down by what?
300 spartans at thermopylae
300 spartans and 7,000 other greeks hold of a half a million army of personas for 3 days
what were “the wooden walls” that would save Greece?
the athenian trireme(boat)
battle of plates
A smaller Persia army of 100,000 is beaten by an even smaller Greek army.
battle of leuctra
371 BC
epaminondas , theban hegemon, reinforce left flank of the theban phalanx and refused the right flank to crush the spartans, 11,000 strong with allies
Spartan loses 2,000 men and down 800 citizens;
Theban casualties were nil
battle of cunaxa
401-400 BC
Greek phalanx drove 100,000 man persian army from field at cost of one wounded hoplite
Persians invite senior greek officers to banquet and execute them
What was Phillip II’s goal?
avenge the Persian occupation of Macedon by invading and conquering Persia
who lengthened the phalanx spear?
Phillip II
Who was Alexander the Great educated and trained by?
Educated by Aristotle
Trained for military leadership by his father Phillip II
what place was considered the rural backwater of Greece?
macedonia
where does Alexander encounter the main Persian army under Darius?
at issus
what was alexanders greatest battle?
battle of gaugamela in 331 BC
what was alexanders highest casualty battle?
battle of hydaspes in India
what happened to alexanders empire after he passed away in 323 BC?
Generals and quarrels fought each other, empire fell apart
Aristarchos of samos (310-230 BC)
thought all of the planets revolved around the sun at great distances; also thought the stars were like the sun only large distances away
Hero of alexandria
invented simple steam turbine
Euclid of Alexandria (300 BC)
wrote book on geometry used into the 19th century
Eratosthenes (275-194 BC)
accurately calculated circumference of the earth
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
worked with spheres and cylinders, devised “Pi”, hydrostatics and pumps
what did archimedes invent?
war machines for syracuse in sicily to fight the romans
Hippocrates
develops the Hippocratic oath
temporary of socrates
Cynics
thought material goods and family made people slaves; to be truly free someone must be liberated of these things
Epicureans
goal was to reduce desires to those that were simple and attainable.
pleasure was pursued rationally
“revels in the pleasure of the body – on a diet of bread and water.”
Stoics
Believed because the universe was orderly, that it must be a product of a wise design
believed in universal brotherhood of humanity
Every person had role of value
who was a famous stoic philosopher?
Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180)
Maccabean revolt
164 BC
a revolt of the jews against the greeks when the greeks attempted to seize temple revenues, set up gymnasium, and desecrate the temple altar with a pig sacrifice
What does Hanukah celebrate?
festival of lights
commemorates this revolt in jewish history
Sadducees
jewish group that tolerated hellenistic pleasures
What parts of the greeks did the jewish actually like?
Stoic arguments against polytheism and idolatry
their argument for the existence of God.
what year were Hebrew Scriptures translated into greek?
250 BC
