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HIST 110 > HIST 110 MIDTERM > Flashcards

HIST 110 MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

when did homoerectus start using fire?

A

500,000 years ago

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2
Q

what did neanderthals bury their dead with?

A

flowers

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3
Q

how much neanderthal DNA do modern humans outside of Africa have?

A

1-4%

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4
Q

what 2 ice age species still exist in North America today?

A

Bison
Musk Ox

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5
Q

how many years ago did the last ice age end?

A

10,000 years ago

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6
Q

during the neolithic revolution, where was obsidian mined and traded?

A

Çatalhöyük

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7
Q

who proposed that factors of geography and plant and animal genetics were more important than human genetics to explain the rise of civilization in the Middle East.

A

Jared Diamond

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8
Q

When did agriculture develop in the Middle East?

A

over 11,000 years ago

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9
Q

where did the earliest urban civilizations arise?

A

Asia and Africa

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10
Q

where are the oldest known civilizations?

A

Tigris-Euphrates Valley
Mesopotamia

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11
Q

where did people in the area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers grow their wheat and barley?

A

Barley in south
Wheat in North

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12
Q

around 3000 BC which city grew exponentially

A

Uruk (small village to 50,000)

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13
Q

the interactions of people in a city area what? example

A

A synergy

ex. warfare

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14
Q

who excavated ur in 1992?

A

Sir Charles Leonard Woolley

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15
Q

Who unified Mesopotamia into worlds first empire?

A

Sargon of Akkad in 2350 BC

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16
Q

What did Sargon of Akkad use to build his empire?

A

Military force

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17
Q

How long did Mesopotamia last for?

A

200 years

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18
Q

When did Sumer start to decline

A

around 2000 BC

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19
Q

what excavation was the birth of modern archaeology?

A

The royal cemetery in 1922

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20
Q

Where did Hammurabi receive his law code from?

A

From a seated god

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21
Q

What is Hammurabi best known for?

A

Code of laws

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22
Q

what was the capital of Hammurabis Babylonian empire?

A

Babylon

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23
Q

what did scribes write in?

A

Cuneiform

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24
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh (2100 BC) and what it dealt with

A

contains the flood narrative and tells of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, and his friendship with Enkidu, a wild man of the hills.
dealt with mortality, sickness, old age, fame and desire.

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25
Q

what protects Egypt?

A

Geography

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26
Q

what are the black lands and red lands?

A

Black lands - lands irrigated by the nile

red lands - unirrigated desert lands

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27
Q

old kingdom

A

3100-2686 BC
Narmer of upper Egypt conquers lower Egypt and unifies country

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28
Q

Ma’at

A

order, justice, or truth; an eternal now

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29
Q

Horus, Isis and Osiris

A

Horus - living pharaoh
Isis - put Horus back together
Osiris - dead pharaoh

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30
Q

ankh

A

symbol of eternal life

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31
Q

Imhotep

A

designed the first pyramids, had the first known artifact of history (himself)

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32
Q

who built the pyramids of Giza?

A

Pharaoh sneferu’s sons

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33
Q

how long was the great pyramid of Giza the tallest man-made structure?

A

3800 years

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34
Q

what collapsed the old kingdom?

A

series of droughts and low nile river

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35
Q

Middle Kingdom

A

2055-1650 BC
Menuhotep reunifies Egypt and pyramids go out of style, mortuary temples become the new

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36
Q

who was the first documented female ruler of Egypt?

A

Sobekeuferu
“kings daughter”

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37
Q

who introduces Egypt to bronze weapons, heavier swords, compound bows and horse-drawn chariots?

A

Hyksos people

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38
Q

when does the middle kingdom end?

A

When the Hyksos introduce the new way of warfare

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39
Q

New Kingdom

A

1200 BC
under the leadership of Ahmose, Egyptians learn how to use chariot and drive out the Hyksos

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40
Q

which female pharaoh had a fake beard?

A

Hatshepsut

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41
Q

Battle of Megiddo

A

April 16, 1469 BC
client kings in North Palestine were in revolt against Egyptian rule

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42
Q

how did tutmosis achieve victory at battle of Megiddo?

A

took narrow pass that generals advised against, but surprised the opposing army and wins

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43
Q

who restored the old gods in Egypt?

A

Tutankhamen (king-tut)

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44
Q

why was the battle of kadesh important?

A

both Egyptians and Hittites thought they won, resulted in one of the first peace treaties 15 years later

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45
Q

who used iron weapons in warfare during the new kingdom era?

A

Hittites

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46
Q

What does the Ululburan shipwreck from the new kingdom suggest about the Bronze Age?

A

a time of prosperity, had many different types of trade goods from around the world

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47
Q

Bronze Age collapse

A

1200 BC
Egypt and hittites conquered by the “sea peoples”
Egypt falls to Ethiopians eventually

Indo-European conquerers

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48
Q

what did the collapse of the Bronze Age lead to?

A

A dark age worse than the fall of the Western Roman Empire

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49
Q

what group of new people start to emerge after the collapse of the Bronze Age?

A

Hebrews, Philistines, Iranians, and Phoenicians

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50
Q

which religions all acknowledge Abraham as their founder?

A

Judaism, christianity, and islam

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51
Q

story of David

A

shepherd boy who fights Goliath, the philistine giant, with a sling and stone, David wins

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52
Q

who built the temple in Jerusalem to house the ark of the covenant?

A

Solomon

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53
Q

what happened after Solomos death?

A

Civil war split Israel into 2 states:
Israel North (10 tribes)
Judah south (2 tribes)

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54
Q

who did Israel become conquered by?

A

assyrians

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55
Q

who did Judah become conquered by?

A

neo-babylonian empire where they became deemed jews

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56
Q

Carthage

A

new empire in the western mediterranean sea established by the Phoenicians

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57
Q

what was a famous source of timber in ancient times?

A

Cedars of Lebanon

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58
Q

what was the symbol of royalty in the ancient times?

A

Color purple

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59
Q

How did the assyrians become such good fighter and conquerers

A

Lived in a very unprotected area, had to learn to fight to keep their empire

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60
Q

What did assyrians develop?

A

military engineers, use of iron weapons

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61
Q

who helped the Neo-babylonians fight the assyrians?

A

Persians and medes

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62
Q

Who was Babylon conquered and captured by?

A

Cyrus the Great

leader of the Medes and Persians

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63
Q

What made Cyrus the great a good person?

A

respected other ethnic groups and religions, allowed jews to return to Jerusalem to restore their holy site,

also developed a coinage system called a daric

64
Q

what was the Persian empire divided into?

A

Provinces called satrapies, the richest in the local regions of divisions became rulers

65
Q

The “immortals” and why they were called this

A

infantry of 10,000 men in the Persian army

called this because you were easily replaced if killed, a very prestigious and high demand army to be in

66
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

official religion of the Persian empire, but not imposed upon the people

67
Q

what type of climate was Greece?

A

continental climate

68
Q

Minoan crete

A

2000-1375 BC
Bronze Age culture centered in crete

69
Q

what was central to Minoan life?

A

Ships and trade

70
Q

how did Minoan civilization fall?

A

island of Thera had massive eruption that triggered an earthquake and tsunami

could have made civilization prone to attack by Mycenaean civilization

71
Q

Mycenaean age

A

1600-1200 BC
Greek civilization on mainland Greece before the Bronze Age Collapse

72
Q

The Iliad

A

story of 10 year war by Mycenaean greek warriors to capture Troy on the Black Sea

73
Q

The odyssey

A

ten-year return of one of the Greek chieftains, Odysseus, to his home in Ithaca

74
Q

what kind of culture was Mycenaean culture? what did it depend on?

A

warrior culture

depended on chariot warfare

75
Q

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890)

A

German amateur archaeologist, uncovered Mycenaean civilization in the AD 1870s in his quest to find the warriors who attacked Troy in Homer’s Iliad.

proved that Troy had existed and made archaeology popular in the mind of the public.

76
Q

What good was brought about in the greek dark ages of 1200-900 BC?

A

the blind poet homer made 2 of the most well known scriptures in history (the Iliad and the odyssey)

77
Q

The Archaic Age

A

800-500 BC
period when Greece recovered from the Dark Ages and before it made contact with Persia.

developed a trade in luxury goods, ideas, and iron.

population of Greece recovered

78
Q

The “polis”

A

concept of the citizen of a city and its surrounding area

79
Q

What 2 greek cities stood out the most in history?

A

Sparta and Athens

80
Q

what did spartan warrior call themselves?

A

The equals

81
Q

Helots

A

enslaved citizens of messenia by the spartans

82
Q

ephors

A

annually elected magistrates

inspected newborn children and got rid of weak ones

83
Q

did spartan or athenian women have more rights?

A

Spartan

84
Q

who decided wealth, rather than aristocratic birth as the basis of office holding in Athens?

A

Solon

85
Q

who could vote in Athens?

A

adult male citizens who has completed military training

86
Q

who was the minority of the population in Athens?

A

The citizen, everyone participated in government and/or war

87
Q

which athenian citizens could serve in the phalanx and the navy?

A

Free male citizens

88
Q

what did Aspasia develop in Athens?

A

a bordello

89
Q

what types of food did not exist on the greek table?

A

tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, or sugar

90
Q

The Persian playwright (472 BC)

A

Aeschylus; playwright

attributes the Persian defeat not to Athenian prowess but rather to Persian arrogance, or as the Ancient Greeks called it: hubris

gods, who send defeat or nemesis to the Persians, punish this hubris

91
Q

Sophocles

A

playwright

wrote tragedies in which religion and the gods play less of a role.

Human beings make their own decisions, influenced by their past, and their weaknesses, but their own free decisions

wrote Antigone

92
Q

Euripides

A

Playwright (485 BC)

His plays has plot twists and violent outbursts of passion

wrote Medea

93
Q

Aristophanes

A

comic playwright

used wit, imagination, and vulgarity to mock and ridicule statesmen, philosophers, other playwrights and even the gods.

wrote Lysistrata

94
Q

Parthenon

A

the temple to Athena built by money taken from the Delian League by Pericles and decorated by Phidias

is a balance of proportion and illusion

95
Q

Herodotus

A

foreigner in Athens, travelled the eastern Mediterranean and wrote about many peoples and their customs

96
Q

what was Herodotus’ main goal?

A

write an account of the Persian wars

97
Q

what did Herodotus see the Persian wars as?

A

conflict between freedom and despotism

98
Q

who is the first known historian of the world?

A

Herodotus

99
Q

Thucydides

A

one of the ten elected Athenian generals early in the Peloponnesian War

wrote a history of the war

contains no gods or supernatural interventions

showed how unrestrained political self-interest led to destruction for Athens

100
Q

what were the rich expected to spend money on in Ancient Greece?

A

Festivals, plays or warships; not themselves

101
Q

Term for Greece by the greeks

A

“Hellenes” or “hellas”

102
Q

What did the greek poet Hesiod do?

A

explained the origins of the Greek gods and divided human history into the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Heroic Age and the Iron Age

103
Q

where were schools established in Ancient Greece?

A

in gymnasiums

104
Q

who wrote poetry about female beauty and relationships?

A

Sappho of lesbos

105
Q

What did Thales believe?

A

original substance of the universe was water

106
Q

what did Anaximander believe?

A

basic law of the universe was reciprocity or exchange (ex, heat and cold, wet and dry, etc.)

Earth was at the center of a spherical universe

107
Q

what did the greeks neglect in that could’ve made them advance into an Industrial or scientific Revolution?

A

Practical research and observation

108
Q

where was the greek analogue computer found?

A

shipwreck off the Island of Antikythera

109
Q

Socrates

A

left no writing of his own
fought in several battles
questioned authority and made people look like idiots

110
Q

what was socrates accused for? what was the result

A

corrupting Athenian youth with his teaching

sentenced to death

111
Q

Plato

A

429-347 BC

the greatest philosopher of Western civilization

thought that there was a higher world of ideas or ideal forms and that the reality that we experience is like the sun casting shadows inside a cave

112
Q

Plato divided the ideal state in to what 3 groups?

A

Philosphers
warriors
producers

113
Q

which greek philosopher believed women could become rulers?

A

plato

114
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC

student at Plato’s Academy in Athens for twenty years

became a tutor to Alexander the Great

father of modern science

set up the first system of biological classifications

115
Q

what were the 3 good forms of government Aristotle thought of?

A

monarchy
aristocracy
constitutional democracy

116
Q

Monarchy

A

rule by one

117
Q

Aristocracy

A

rule by high born

118
Q

Oligarchy

A

rule by rich

119
Q

Democracy

A

rule by the people

120
Q

In Ancient Greece, what % of the population was involved in farming?

A

80%

121
Q

when did classic phalanx war develop in Greece?

A

800-500 BC

122
Q

hoplon

A

bronze-coated plywood shield

123
Q

how long did phalanx battles last?

A

less than an hour

124
Q

who came up with a theory of a western way of war

A

Victor Davis Hansen

125
Q

the 8 customs and beliefs of hellenic tradition

A

-Advanced Technology
-Superior discipline
-Ingenuity in response
-The creation of a broad, shared military observance among the majority of the free population
-Choice of decisive engagement
-Dominance of infantry
-A systematic application of capital to war-making
-A moral opposition to militarism

126
Q

The Three Principles of the Western Way of War

A

Moral
Intellectual
Technical

127
Q

when did the Persian empire encounter the Greeks?

A

490 BC

128
Q

battle of marathon

A

490 BC

outnumbered about two to one the Athenians defeated a Persian punitive expeditionary force of about 20,000

129
Q

the great Persian invasion of 480 BC is slowed down by what?

A

300 spartans at thermopylae

300 spartans and 7,000 other greeks hold of a half a million army of personas for 3 days

130
Q

what were “the wooden walls” that would save Greece?

A

the athenian trireme(boat)

131
Q

battle of plates

A

A smaller Persia army of 100,000 is beaten by an even smaller Greek army.

132
Q

battle of leuctra

A

371 BC
epaminondas , theban hegemon, reinforce left flank of the theban phalanx and refused the right flank to crush the spartans, 11,000 strong with allies

Spartan loses 2,000 men and down 800 citizens;
Theban casualties were nil

133
Q

battle of cunaxa

A

401-400 BC
Greek phalanx drove 100,000 man persian army from field at cost of one wounded hoplite

Persians invite senior greek officers to banquet and execute them

134
Q

What was Phillip II’s goal?

A

avenge the Persian occupation of Macedon by invading and conquering Persia

135
Q

who lengthened the phalanx spear?

A

Phillip II

136
Q

Who was Alexander the Great educated and trained by?

A

Educated by Aristotle
Trained for military leadership by his father Phillip II

137
Q

what place was considered the rural backwater of Greece?

A

macedonia

138
Q

where does Alexander encounter the main Persian army under Darius?

A

at issus

139
Q

what was alexanders greatest battle?

A

battle of gaugamela in 331 BC

140
Q

what was alexanders highest casualty battle?

A

battle of hydaspes in India

141
Q

what happened to alexanders empire after he passed away in 323 BC?

A

Generals and quarrels fought each other, empire fell apart

142
Q

Aristarchos of samos (310-230 BC)

A

thought all of the planets revolved around the sun at great distances; also thought the stars were like the sun only large distances away

143
Q

Hero of alexandria

A

invented simple steam turbine

143
Q

Euclid of Alexandria (300 BC)

A

wrote book on geometry used into the 19th century

144
Q

Eratosthenes (275-194 BC)

A

accurately calculated circumference of the earth

145
Q

Archimedes (287-212 BC)

A

worked with spheres and cylinders, devised “Pi”, hydrostatics and pumps

146
Q

what did archimedes invent?

A

war machines for syracuse in sicily to fight the romans

147
Q

Hippocrates

A

develops the Hippocratic oath

temporary of socrates

148
Q

Cynics

A

thought material goods and family made people slaves; to be truly free someone must be liberated of these things

149
Q

Epicureans

A

goal was to reduce desires to those that were simple and attainable.

pleasure was pursued rationally

“revels in the pleasure of the body – on a diet of bread and water.”

150
Q

Stoics

A

Believed because the universe was orderly, that it must be a product of a wise design

believed in universal brotherhood of humanity

Every person had role of value

151
Q

who was a famous stoic philosopher?

A

Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180)

152
Q

Maccabean revolt

A

164 BC

a revolt of the jews against the greeks when the greeks attempted to seize temple revenues, set up gymnasium, and desecrate the temple altar with a pig sacrifice

153
Q

What does Hanukah celebrate?

A

festival of lights

commemorates this revolt in jewish history

154
Q

Sadducees

A

jewish group that tolerated hellenistic pleasures

155
Q

What parts of the greeks did the jewish actually like?

A

Stoic arguments against polytheism and idolatry

their argument for the existence of God.

156
Q

what year were Hebrew Scriptures translated into greek?

A

250 BC

HIST 110 (1 decks)

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