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Hist 108 > Hist 108 - 1st Mini Exam > Flashcards

Hist 108 - 1st Mini Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the Columbian Exchange important?

A

It was important for Europe + Americas because it helped initiate contact with the new world.

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2
Q

When, How and Why did Europeans engage in Maritime expansion?/ What were the main results of their exploration?

A

When: Mid 1400’s to mid 1500’s (First contact made by C.C -1492)
How: the innovation of traveling tools such as the caravel, gunpowder, weapons, compass + astrolabe, map
Why: To accumulate wealth and gain power over their rivals

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3
Q

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

Def: A massive transfer of animals, and diseases across the Atlantic.
-Crops like potatoes fed European farmers
-European livestock decimated American Ecologies
-Rats transmitted diseases

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4
Q

Who was Vasco Da Gama?

A

1460-1524; First to reach India by circumventing Africa

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5
Q

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

the marking of the splitting between the Portuguese and the spaniards

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6
Q

Who was Christopher Columbus?

A

Explorer for the Portuguese; touched the Americas in 1492; spread christian faith and wanted wealth

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7
Q

What was the Encomienda System?

A

1503 - A system set up by the Spanish government to assuage the abuse going on in the colonies. The Spanish would be the heads who exchanged their protection for the labor and goods of the indigenous.

Importance: highlights the motive of profit + christian conversion behind Spanish colonization

Purpose: control violent + exploitative behavior of Spanish in America

Reform attempt 1540’s; failed

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8
Q

Who was Hernan Cortes?

A

Spanish/ Portuguese explorer who won over Mexico

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9
Q

Who were the Mapuche?

A

People in southern Chile who managed to ward off the Europeans; Found success because of militant culture, location, and adoption of European military tech + food, horse + weapons

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10
Q

What were the results of the European Maritime Expansion?

A
  1. columbian exchange
  2. creation of Atlantic World
  3. Colonialism
  4. Massive Death in America due to Disease
  5. Beginning of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
  6. Wealth for Spanish + Portuguese colonizers
  7. Global Population growth: 1400’s - 360 mil; 1600
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11
Q

What are some beliefs that can be derived the European expansion?

A
  1. natural world is a source of wealth. Explorers sold idea: more mastery of land/acquisition - more wealth
  2. Human equality: Expansion brought contact between new people + Euro’s : European superiority/ difference
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12
Q

What did the Europeans believe about the indigenous population in the America’s?

A

They were a source of labor + inferior to them

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13
Q

What were some of the motives for European exploration?

A

Gain power, wealth, spread christianity, gain access to the source: spices, gold, slaves

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14
Q

Why did Portugal want to dominate trade?

A

there was a dwindling amount of goods they could offer, and there was alot of pull from its opponents to explore abroad

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15
Q

What was the middle passage?

A

The markets for the slave emerged in the 1500’s; The voyage to the Indies that trafficked slaves

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16
Q

What were the genies?

A

prominent belief of western African religions that certain objects, lands, natural locations, are sacred

Humans should respect these spirits

These beliefs got mixed up with Christian + islamic practices to create Africanized practices in the Atlantic world.

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17
Q

What is the importance of Angola?

A

It was a Portuguese colony that gave them an access point for slaves to take back to the new world.

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18
Q

Where is Benin?

A

it is a kingdom in South Africa that gives us an example of what you’d see prior to European involvement

19
Q

What is Songhai?

A

A city in Africa that was an interior empire/ the last empire on the interior , that was raided in 1591. Once again, tells us about the situation before explorers came in.

20
Q

Nzinga Mbemba

A

A king of the Congo that ruled by the name Alfonso I. he borrowed things from the Europeans that helped strengthen his empire.

His conversion to Christianity destabilizes his empire.

Allows the Portuguese to come in and out of the his territory.

The Portuguese overtake.

21
Q

Who were the Pygmies?

A

An indigenous group that adapted to the threat of the encroaching European powers; as they moved farther inland, their resiliency with diseases as well as ability to make the most of the dense forest allowed them to survive and continue as an indigenous group

22
Q

What were the main driving forces?

A
  1. European desire for profit and need for labor
  2. African desire for items supplied by Europeans, good relations with a powerful ally, access to European shipping to export their products
  3. External conflict in Africa
  4. Portuguese colony in Angola
  5. interior climate
23
Q

Effects of the expansion on West African peoples + cultures

A
  1. Redirected trade to coast and disrupted traditional trade routes
  2. increased conflict
  3. African kingdoms (on the coast in particular) could be strengthened
  4. subject to new racist beliefs
  5. Christianity spread to new areas
24
Q

What was the #1 item traded for slaves?

A

Cloth (cotton) from India

25
Q

Who was Olaudah Equiano?

A

A proponent for the abolition of slavery, who was himself, sold into the slave trade. Writes his autobiography in English.

26
Q

When are racist ideas most intense?

A

In the 1780’s

27
Q

Who was the Dutch West India company?

A

A private company with support from the Dutch government that was mostly active in the Atlantic world - 1621.

Main ones doing the trading from 1600’s to 1700’s.

Wanted the slave trade to continue.

28
Q

What was the Middle Passage?

A

The crossing of the slaves from the east to the west during the 1500’s - 1850’s. It was important because it showed the horrible things that racist ideas can achieve.

29
Q

Who was Queen Njinga?

A

Living from 1583-1663

She actively and successfully rejected European control, engaged in slavery, managed the situation and kept control of those she traded with. Njinga was an important because she was a women that was powerful and able to thrive in a Man-Dominated world.

30
Q

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?/ What were its motivators?

A

Lasting from 1441-1880’s
Europeans + Africans were an important part of the process who they traded cloth for.

Motivators: sugar was needed

Columbus’s arrival in 1492 started Globalization

the main focus was the product

31
Q

How did the Atlantic slave trade work?

A

Europeans traded captives at locations on African coast
Africans enslaved other Africans through warfare and through intentional trading
Slaves were then transported across the Atlantic.

32
Q

How was the slave trade facilitated?

A

-European demand for labor on the New world sugar drove trade for slaves
-Increased demand led to increased competition for slaves
-At first state-subsidized companies were made to monopolize trade, but then they broke off into smaller companies (after 1725)

33
Q

What two things led to horrible conditions on slave ships?

A

The drive to maximize profit coupled with racist ideas that dehumanized those captured, led to horrible conditions aboard slave ships.

34
Q

What factors supported the thriving Indian Ocean trade in the period 1450 - 1750?

A
  1. Monsoon winds
  2. Large populations in India, china, and southwest Asia provided a market
  3. Consumer demand for luxury products such as spices, cotton fabric, silk, gold, ivory, porcelain, and exotic woods
  4. desire to travel to muslim, hindu, and bhuddist pilgrimage sites
  5. ship technology (able to carry more cargo and move more swiftly)
  6. Empires such as vijayanagara , mútala, and Mughal helped provide products from interior to the coast and trading port cities such as Kilwa provided base for the trade to happen
  7. Gold from Africa and later silver from the Americas provided material for coins that supported trading.
35
Q

How did Europeans insert themselves into the Indian Ocean trading network?

A
  1. 1500’s - Portuguese led the way (motivated by desire to monopolize spice trade)
  2. They used violence (+ship innovations)(- not as advantages on land tho)
  3. Established coastal forts in strategic locations
  4. They paid for items with silver from America’s + Gold from Africa
36
Q

Who was Nur Jahan?

A

Ruling in the 1600’s or around 1620 - she was a Persian-iranian woman who took over her husband’s kingdom after he experienced a mental + physical decline.

  1. coins struck in her name
  2. developed the economy
  3. arranged for niece to be wife of next emperor

Importance: depicting a woman in South Asia holding political power (she was the exception to a male dominated society)

Last woman to hold power up until 1970’s

37
Q

Kilwa

A

A coastal port in EAST AFRICA; others of its like (it included) were vital parts of a much larger trading network in the Indian Ocean; part of a hybrid culture on the East African coast that blended Asian + African elements.

38
Q

Mutapa

A

Importance: part of Indian Ocean trading network; CONNECTING AFRICAN INTERIOR TO THE COAST; SHOWS POWERFUL KINGDOM EXISTED IN SOUTH AFRICA

39
Q

Vijayanagara

A

like mutapa (except on the Indian coast); connecting Indian interior to coastal trade; shows powerful asian kingdoms existed w/in the interior during this period.

40
Q

Akbar

A

Established administration + cultural basis for the Mughal empire (power military + allowing hindu princes into positions of power); cultural effect: Islamic + hindu influences

41
Q

Q: How did Europeans insert themselves into the Indian Ocean trading network? Pt. 2

A

Trading ports:

Mombasa (1505)
Mozambique (1507)
Hormuz (1515)
Goa (1510)
Melaka (1511)

42
Q

Q: How did Europeans insert themselves into the Indian Ocean trading network? Pt. 3

A

The dutch, English, French forced out the Portuguese from the Indian Ocean trade and competed with each other for control

43
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

founded in 1602 (early 1600’s). Declines in 1700’s under increased completion from French +English trading companies.

Importance: represent an early phase of European Imperialism that achieved direct control of the land and people in the interiors of Africa + Asia.

Hist 108 (3 decks)

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