Hisory of France 1774 - 1814 Flashcards

Question

**** Responses to Louis XVI actions **** The Great Fear, the August Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of man

Answer 1

Many third estate members feared that the nobles and clergy would stop the reforms and attack the third estate – this was called The Great Fear Third estate members burned chateaus and destroyed records of taxes and dues In small areas all over Paris traditional authority was overthrown 4th August 1789 in Paris, the public voted to reduce feudal dues 26th August, the Declaration of the Rights of man and citizens were published The king could do little else but observe the changes

Answer 2

The August Decrees were nineteen decrees made on 4–11 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution. There were 18 decrees or articles adopted concerning the abolition of feudalism, other privileges of the nobility, and seigneurial rights. The Decrees were nineteen decrees in all, with a revised list published on 11 August.

Answer 3

Article One: The Assembly declared the feudal system abolished thereafter. Within the "existing rights and dues, both feudal and censuel (this refers to the cens, a perpetual due similar to the payments made by English copyholders), all those originating in or representing real or personal serfdom shall be abolished without indemnification".[11] All other dues were redeemable, but the terms and mode of redemption was to be fixed by the Assembly. Those dues that were not removed by this decree were to be collected as usual until indemnification took place.

Answer 4

Article Two: The exclusive right of fuies [allowing birds to graze] and dovecotes is abolished. The pigeons will be locked up during times determined by the communities. During these periods, they will be considered prey, and anyone will be allowed to kill them on their properties.

Answer 5

Article Three: The exclusive rights of keeping unenclosed warrens were abolished as well. Every landowner shall have the rights to destroy all kinds of game in their own land. However, public safety regulations must be maintained by them. All hunting spaces, including the royal forest, and all hunting rights were similarly abolished as well. There were provisions made for the king's hunting, however, for his personal pleasure in it. The president of the Assembly was commissioned to ask of the king the release of those people who were sent to prison or exiled for the violation of the previously existing hunting rights.

Answer 6

Article Four: All the Manorial Courts were suppressed, but the judges and other officials of justice were allowed to continue with their duties until further instructions from the Assembly.

Answer 7

Article Five: Any kind of tithes, as well as any substitution for them were abolished. Whosoever possessed them,“…secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons, and those substituted for the portion congrue (this expression refers to the minimum remuneration fixed for the priests), are abolished, on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, for the assistance of the poor, for repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for the maintenance of all institutions, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, and organizations to which the present funds are devoted". Until these provisions were made, the Assembly allowed the priests to collect the tithes. All the other tithes, which were not abolished under this law, were to be collected as usual.

Answer 8

Article Six: All sorts of ground rents were redeemable at a price the Assembly fixed. No dues were to be created in the future that were irredeemable.

Answer 9

Article Seven: The sale of judicial and municipal offices was abolished. Justice should be dispensed freely. However, all such magistrates were to do their duty until further instructions from the Assembly.

Answer 10

Article Eight: As soon as the portion congrue was increased, the fees of all parish priests and curates were abolished.

Answer 11

Article Nine: Fiscal privileges in the payment of taxes were abolished forever. Taxes were to be collected from all the citizens, in exactly the same manner, and plans were to be considered to set up a new method of tax collection.

Answer 12

Article Ten: All particular privileges given to certain provinces, district, cities, cantons and communes, financial or otherwise, were abolished because under the new rules, every part of France was equal.

Answer 13

Article Eleven: All citizens, no matter what class or birth he might be, were eligible for any office in civil and military service.

Answer 14

Article Twelve: No allowances were to be made for “…annates or for any other purpose to the court of Rome, the vice legation at Avignon, or to the nunciature at Lucerne". The clergy should apply to their bishops for financial donations and benefits, which shall be given free to any church of France.

Answer 15

Article Thirteen: Various ecclesiastical dues were thereby abolished by the Assembly.

Answer 16

Article Fourteen: The revenue limited to the clergies were restricted to the sum of three thousand livres. Any individual could not enjoy the benefits of several pensions at the same time, if the pensions that he already enjoyed was more than three thousand livres.

Answer 17

Article Fifteen: The King and the Assembly would together consider all the reports that were to be presented with regards to pensions, favors and salaries, and would have a right to suppress or reduce that which was undeserved.

Answer 18

Article Sixteen: A medal was to be struck in the memory of the important deliberations for the welfare of France, and “…a Te Deum shall be chanted in gratitude in all the parishes and the churches of France".

Answer 19

Article Seventeen: King Louis XVI was proclaimed the Restorer of French Liberty.

Answer 20

Article Eighteen: The Assembly was to present itself as a body before the king and submit this important set of decrees, and Te Deum was to be sung in the chapel of the king.

Answer 21

Article Nineteen: As soon as possible, the Assembly was to give grave consideration to the drawing up of the laws that would help carry out these decrees.

Answer 22

Written by Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson and Mirabeau (was a noble who had been involved in scandal)

Answer 23

Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good. Article II – The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression. Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law. Article V – The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order. Article VI – The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.

Answer 24

By October Louis XVI was having second thoughts about supporting the revolution, summoned troops from Flanders regiment (personally loyal to him) to the palace of Versailles, where they trampled over the tricolore March of Women occurred due to protests about the price of bread. Demonstration held, where the women marched to Versailles, followed by the national guard and Lafayette (leader of the national guard) and once there they killed the royal guards and invaded the palace This was on 5th October 1789 Events of the March of Women, forced Louis XVI where he was hiding and move to the Tuiliers palace National assembly changed its name to the Constituent assembly, showing that they were independent and not part of the Royal government any longer

Answer 25

This was on 5th October 1789

Answer 26

Finance Tensions in society Enlightenment

Answer 27

``` Foreign policy Finance Failure of reform Political crisis 1787 – 1788 Economic crisis ```

Answer 28

- Drawing up of cahiers - Estates general - Crown Reaction - Storming of the Bastille - Provincial revolt - Great Fear - August Decrees - Declaration of the Rights of Man - Nationalization of Church land - October Days

Answer 29

- Revolutionary and Counter revolutionary Groups, views and aims - Changes in government 1790 – 1795 - Economic Problems - Foreign threat and the impact of the war on france - After 1790 it became difficult to keep France stable - This is because radical and conservative groups started to appear in the governments - New constitutions were in 1791 - War in 1792 also had an effect (war was declared on Austria and Prussia) - King Louis XVI was overthrown, and power was passed to the radical revolutionaries - Radicals were overthrown in 1794 by a conservative government called The Directory - The Directory ruled until 1799, threatened by both royalists and radicals, they relied on military power

Answer 30

Since 1789 France moved from an Absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy New political clubs formed in government as well as anti-revolutionary groups forming France became divided and political arguments broke into extremism and violence Relaxation of censorship by the government led to expansion of political activity in France

Answer 31

Two radical groups emerged Political clubs of the Cordeliers: middle class radical group. Founded in 1790. Founded orignally under the name of Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Members encouraged working class membership, leaders were Georges Jacques Danton and Camile Demoulins. They wanted to extend the revolution to end the monarchy. Jacobins: Originated as a meeting of deputies from Brittany. Discussion club in the former convent of St Jaques. Initially moderate, but in July 1791 they split forming into the Jacobin and the Feuillants. The Feulliants were moderate and believed in a constitutional monarchy while the Jacobins were a very radical organization, that wanted to get rid of the monarchy and reform France. Their leader was Maximillian Robespierre, and they had a paper called ‘The Friends of the People’ organized by Jaen Paul Marat.

Answer 32

More moderate groups Girondins came from the Gironde region of France. Less radical and supported a constitutional monarchy. Initially supported journalists and intellectuals such as Rosseau and included political leaders like Jean Rolande. Enrages – The Angry ones. They called for a popular democracy and wanted to destroy the old privileged classes and the role of the king. They wanted to redistribute wealth amongst the poor.

Answer 33

August 1792

Answer 34

The king was tried and executed in January 1793 by revolutionaries

Answer 35

Radical developments were feared by Royalists, many of them had fled the country and established themselves in other European countries The royalists wanted an end to the revolution and Louis XVI to be put back in power

Answer 36

They were also unhappy as they had been changed from being independent to being workers of the state – the church was put under state control This led to a rise of counter revolutionary ideas, especially in the religious areas of France This caused a series of small civil wars to occur In Brittany a force known as a the Chouans, opposed the revolution In La Viende there was resistance and revolutionary armies fought against the opposition

Answer 37

In Brittany a force known as a the Chouans, opposed the revolution

Answer 38

Jacobins had executed all the Girondins leaders and their radical rivals, this was known as ‘The Terror’ and Robespierre brought about the deaths of his friends, Danton and Desmoulins Brissot and the Rolands. Yet, this was not the only form of political murder

Answer 39

The Jacobin Louis Saint-Just wanted to support the ideas of: - Revolutionizing Education - Redistributing wealth - Having a trued democracy - 1792 when war broke out he supported, total war with a citizen army - Full political democracy for men and political equality for women

Answer 40

Feminist revolutionaries included: - Marquis de Condorcet - Olympe de Gouges - Theroigne de Mericourt These feminist ideas won little popularity with the population and were seen as political extremism

Answer 41

17th June 1790 the estates general renamed itself the National Assembly

Answer 42

9th July it became the national constituent assembly (main function was to give France a new constitution – after this, they legislated that former directors were not allowed to sit on the new legislative assembly – meant that political experience was lost) - Organised local government - Ended nobility - Passed important measures freeing trade and ending guild restriction - Brought an end to feudalism - Uniform laws across the country

Answer 43

July 1791 the king tried to flee the country which gave everyone the idea that a constitutional monarchy would not work. He seemed like a traitor to the revolution, The king also opposed church reformations and declared war in 1792.

Answer 44

1791 finally produced written constitution

Answer 45

1791 – 1792 legislative assembly put in place who were elected

Answer 46

1792 August the King was suspended and France became a republic

Answer 47

This new republic was faced by the strains of war, it was also plagued by political infighting. More radical leaders rose who believed in ideas seen by many as abstract.

Answer 48

1792 September the new national convention is established

Answer 49

1793-4 ‘A Terror’ happened where political rivals challenged each other and sent them to execution When Maximillion Robespierre looked like he was extending the Terror too far in Frace he was overthrown by a group of his former revolutionary allies. 1795 The Terror ended with a new government of directors

Answer 50

In 1795 a new constitution was attempted to be put in place in the form of the directory.

Answer 51

1799 this was all ended by the Military Coup of Napolean Bonaparte

Answer 52

The events of 1789 had by a large degree been influenced by bad harvests and high food prices. Long term economic problems sprouting from Frances indulgence in war had also had a hand in forcing change.

Answer 53

The rise of unemployment was actually a result of the revolution itself, as many aristocrats which included businessmen and landowners had fled the country in fear of the revolution. With the departure of aristocrats many industries fell in demand, consumer goods which until then had existed mostly for the crown and nobility were unnecessary thus the workers became unemployed.

Answer 54

The constitutional monarchy of 1790-92 was helped by good harvests at first, but in 1791 there were bad harvests and in January and February of 1972 there were food riots in Paris, as well as this the rate of unemployment rose.

Answer 55

France was also damaged by a slave revolt in the colony of St. Dominique which exported coffee and sugar to France, removing a source of business for France.

Answer 56

All of Frances economic problems were worsened by the decision to go to war with Austria, Britain, and Prussia in 1792 which stirred up fear among the people.

Answer 57

The state of revolutionary France’s economy was made worse by the issuing of paper money called “Assignats”, these were essentially IOU’s that sourced from wealth the state had taken over from church lands. The value of Assignats were unstable resulting in high inflation, but at the same time there was a shortage of it as people were weary to try it which dampened business and foreign trade. The value of assignats fell by 50%

Answer 58

Grain supply was low. On the 1st of April 1795 there were bread riots and an attempt to take over the convention. After the Coup of Thermidor price controls were reduced and eventually ended, this brough about a rise of bread prices and fall of wages similar to in 1789. Food import from the countryside was reduced as peasants refused paper money as payment

Answer 59

In September 1793 “The Law of the General Maximum” was passed by the radical Jacobin government. This law controlled prices as well as wages, this meant putting the war above the needs of the urban workers. In March 1794 there was another attempt by the government to control wages.

Answer 60

At this point the people turned on the Jacobins and their leader Robespierre in The Coup of Thermidor on 17th of July 1794. Thermidorian Convention - The Thermidorian Reaction (French: Réaction thermidorienne or Convention thermidorienne, "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre on (9 Thermidor, Year II, of the republican calendar) 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the French Directory on 1 November 1795.

Answer 61

By now the discontent of Paris had dismantled a monarchy, transformed it into a constitutional monarchy, replaced that with a radical regime and a revolutionary terror. Weapon production was reduced On the 1st of April 1795 there were bread riots and an attempt to take over the convention. This revolt was suppressed but on 20th of May another revolt took place called The Revolt of Prairial Here the people surrounded the convention and demanded lower prices and actions against the rich. The people eventually dispersed, but authorities took soldiers and surrounded the main working-class districts. The revolution had risen hopes for economic change which it had become unable to deliver.

Answer 62

France had intervened with the Netherlands in 1788 to try and establish itself there. France declared war on Austria in April 1792, and then Prussia in June 1792

Answer 63

King Louis supported the war, but he did this for the same reasons that the Jacobins opposed it. If France lost a war against the other European powers Louis may be put back in place as absolute ruler of France.

Answer 64

Revolutionary enthusiasm was not enough to carry on the war as the French were pushed back from an invasion of the Netherlands, now facing an invasion themselves. In July the Prussian commander put forwards the Brunswick Manifesto which claimed if the King or his family was harmed in any way, Paris would be destroyed. People took this threat seriously after the Prussians took the legendary fortress of Verdun.

Answer 65

The Paris Crowds invaded the palace of Tuilleries on the 20th of June 1792, here they forced the king to wear “The Red Cap of Liberty” which was a type of hat which had come to symbolize the revolution and its ideals.

Answer 66

The Paris Crowds invaded the palace of Tuilleries on the 20th of June, here they forced the king to wear “The Red Cap of Liberty” which was a type of hat which had come to symbolize the revolution and its ideals. However, this did not quell fears as Louis has opposed measures against Emigres, people who fled France in hopes of bringing an army back to stop the revolution, as well as denying the motion to bring in more troops to Paris. This culminated on the 10th of August where where mobs attacked Tuilliers and massacred the royal guards They then imprisoned the king and suspended the monarchy.

Answer 67

The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The action took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris Invasion threats were stopped after the revolutionaries won the Battle of Valmy. But at this point the monarchy could not be saved and a republic was declared. Suspected traitors were slaughtered in The Paris prisons and in January 1793 the king an his family were executed.

Answer 68

Due to this extreme radical action civil war broke out in the North and South of France, and in disgust the British joined the Coalition of Prussia and Austria and declared war against France. This isolated France in Europe However, betrayal struck France when the Winners of the battle of Valmy as well as national hero Lafayette and Dumouriez deserted France and joined Austria.

Answer 69

The Girondin government was faced by a second revolution that removed the Moderate Girondins and brought forth the more extreme Jacobins into power from 31st of May to the 2nd of June 1793.

Answer 70

Robespierre put forward the policy of total war. Where conscription was introduced, all national resources were taken for the war, new arms workshops were set up, suspected opponents of Robespierre were arrested, and controls were put in place on wages and prices. From this policy “Defeatists” or inadequate generals were executed. This government made use of violence a lot. In provinces across Paris there were mass killings in the name of the revolution and in Paris public executions took place Via Guillotine. Marie Antoinette was victim to these public executions in October of 1792 The executions were justified as being part of the war effort, despite it mostly being used to kill political opponents and to kill nobles in a class war.

Answer 71

July 1794 Robespierre and his government fell, he was executed by Guillotine as many of his own opponents were.

Answer 72

Thermidorians is the name for those who overthrow Robespierre in 1794 Wanted to distance the government from the radical ideas of Robespierre

Answer 73

The constitutional directory was instituted in 1795 – committee of 5 people The executive branch of government rules for 5 years and were chosen by the council of elders – 250 members over the age of 40 The council of 500 nominated the executive branch, they had to be at least 30 years Men over 21 elected the council of 500, they needed to pay direct taxes 5.5 million of Frances 30 million population were represented in this system Only 30,000 men were eligible for the general election

Answer 74

The directory came at a time when the radicals had been dealt with and the threat from external invasion had passed. However, there are still major problems: White terror – fear of retaliation from royalists (could use extreme violence) Sans-culottes were still active Ongoing economic problems – causing instability France was still enemies with top European powers, including Britain New regime still depended on military victory – always the danger of a military coup

Answer 75

Directory had no inspirational figure or leader Had a weak reputation Constitution did not allow for firm government Number of attempts to overthrow it from Royalists and Neo-Jacobins Corrupt Financially inefficient Over reliant on censor ship and repression Regime existence depended on plunder from military campaigns Regime was weakened by internal scandal in 1799

Answer 76

October 1795 used Napolean to disburse Royalist protesters (25,000 of them) The challenges facing it were vast Faced threats from the Radical left: Francois Noel Babeuf conspiracy was revealed and he was executed 1797

Answer 77

The directory did not appeal to the public Reliance on force and intrigue

Answer 78

Elections of 1797 threatened a Royalist takeover – in the Coup of Fructidor the directors arrested 2 right wing directors and 27 deputies. Mass conscription continued The directory, through the law of hostages, had massive power to arrest, hold and execute political rivals

Answer 79

Financial corruption was rife but the directory tried to reform. Dominique Vincent Ramel de Nogaret passed impressive reforms about land tax and helped to end inflation. Restructured debts to make them more manageable to pay back.

Answer 80

The coup of Prairial 1799 conservative directors plotted against the neo-jacobins and then Sieyes led a purge of directors Emmanual Joseph Sieyes also known as abbé Sieyès brought about an end to the director in 1799 The directory did well to maintain itself in power for so long The directory depended on military strength – the war of the first co-alition ended in victory and plunder, but 1798 another European coalition was formed against them and they had less success as Napolean was away in Egypt at the time. The coup abolished the Directory and replaced it with the French Consulate led by Bonaparte.

Answer 81

1799 France had a range of problems Falling prices and economic downturn Less money coming in from less military success Growing opposition to the directory Revival of Jacobinism (radicalism) Directory was divided and some members were plotting a military coup

Answer 82

Drove English port of Toulon in 1793 Showed military talent and success, and bravery Named commander of the Italian Campaign, became a ‘peoples’ commander He fought on the front line with his soldiers He was a self-promoter: hard work, revolutionary ideals and boosting morale. Inspiration and won loyalty Tactics of speed and stealth to attack the weak points of the Austrians in Italy Peace in Italy 1797 at Campo Formio. He negotiated the treaty himself and moved towards French control of Northern Italy Plundered and this gave him a reputation as a state builder, and he set up the new government in Milan He published bulletins to show his own genius

Answer 83

Invaded Egypt to cut off British trade roots to India – occupied by the Ottomans Dominate the Eastern Mediterranee Took scientists with him Developed light artillery and developed tactics to be used against Egypt – the Mamluks Plans were stopped short when Nelson attacked the French fleet in Aboukir Bay, the Nile. This cut off the French forces from France He was still winning victories on land – dominated Egypt and invaded Syria, eventually suffered from plague and massacre of prisoners The French received him back as a hero, even after having to sneak past British ships to get there.

Answer 84

He said the army were weak and inexperienced, but in fact they were very experienced and 41,000 strong Reputations was based on small French forces taking out massive enemies. In fact, in Italy, the Piedmonts and Austrians were small separate forces that he engaged separately Victory against the Piedmonts was because the government withdrew forces – not military win for Napoleon Took him 8 months to take the city of Mantua The Italian campaign was against forces who were limited and had little technology – so his victories were less impressive After his exile on St Helena, he rewrote history to include speeches that he didn’t make at the time

Answer 85

He did have military successes in Italy (such as the battle of Lodi) but they were small and insignificant (Austrians were already retreating) Battle of Rivoli was a military success but was not as great as Napoleon made it out to be He did eventually take the city of Mantua He was forward thinking – taking on the Piedmont armies before the Austrians He was flexible He made himself the peoples general which inspired loyalty and popularity Personal reputation was boosted, especially when he visited plague victims at Jaffa He was a hero amongst the French

Answer 86

He saw himself as a politician (as well as a commander) Aligned himself with the Jacobins, had the support of Robespierre's brother Escaped execution and during Italian and Egyptian campaign he set up revolutionary states Prepared to take power but preparing heroic bulletins about himself Self-promotion He knew he had to deal with the politicians of the directory in order to gain power – he had planned to take power all along Avid reader of revolutionary ideas Wanted France to become a great European power again

Answer 87

Directors were replaced by 3 consuls – Ducos, Sieyes and Napolean 1802 Napolean is made consul for life Not a dictatorship yet as they were meant to only reign for 10 year Lower house had two bodies, Tribunate with 100 members all over 25 years and Legislature with 300 members over 30 years Upper house consisted of the senate with 60 members all over 40 years Consuls appointed the senate Senate appointed the Tribunate and legislature

Answer 88

Retained some democratic elements Democratic part of the government came from the formation of a list from which members would be appointed from. Population (6 million men) chose the communal list (600,000 men) who then chose the department list (60,000) and then they chose the national list (6000). Senate chose the members of the lower houses from the national list New laws proposed by the consul had to be approved by the senate, discussed by the Tribunate and voted on by the legislature Was least democratic of the revolutionary governments as it gave the elected assemblies the least power

Answer 89

1804 Napolean declared himself Emperor of the New Republic

Answer 90

Coup succeeded in strengthening the government, because loyalty to the consuls meant any laws suggested would pass

Answer 91

Immediate aim was to maintain his authority Defeat internal opponents and that the state could support itself against foreign invaders 1802 Consul for life, presented to the people for approval Results were rigged – only token opposition was shown by the government

Answer 92

Exerted control over local government by nominating mayors and appointing town council members Allowed a uniform administration system and appointments from merit not privilege

Answer 93

Uniform legal code for the whole of France discussed in 1789 Napolean 1804 introduced a civil code 1807 introduced a criminal and commercial code

Answer 94

1802 initiated 45 state academies, provided scholarships for 6000 boys, most of which were the sons of high standing military officers 1805, 300 new secondary schools for children of a younger age Introduced an organized and tight national curriculum that was uniform throughout France Education focused on skill acquirements rather than critical thought Used to promote a sense of national unity and obedience

Answer 95

Religion always a divisional force Napolean hoped to end this and 1800 started negotiating with Pope Pious VII Agreement was reached 1801 and published in 1802 – called concordat Recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority Church had a special position, but it was still state controlled Clergy was paid by the state and Bishops appointed by First Consul New structure with 10 Archbishops, 60 Bishops, 3000 Parishes State still had control over registering births, deaths and marriages

Answer 96

1801-1804 introduced registers to record liability for direct land tax Lessened the corruption of direct and indirect tax collection 1800 introduced the bank of France – secure issuing of paper money and made lending to the state more secure New national currency called the Franc de germinal – based on gold and silver coins

Answer 97

The Significance of Domestic Reforms Amount of changes put in place made this a very dynamic period for change in the whole of the 19th century The changes allowed napoleon to be the heir to the enlightenment and revolution Others see him as deeply flawed and within an authoritarian regime 1804 December, regime was changed as Napolean declared himself Emperor

Answer 98

New aristocracy was started New imperials robes and symbols Brothers given grand titles Used pre-Bourbon symbolism (Childeric I Bee) Elevated members of his family to kingship Brother became King of Holland, brother King of Naples and then King of Spain Brother Jerome King of Westphalia (in Germany) General Murat became King of Naples Legion of Honor extended to 25000 who received grants of land and cash Gave out posts and honour to officers, administrators and supporters

Answer 99

Consulate was a monarchy in all but name Napolean enjoyed more power than Louis XVI had done, He used this to reform the country which during the revolution had proved impossible He even stopped the annual bread riots This relied heavily on napoleons personality rather than the government Many saw at the time, if Napoleon died, France would fall into instability and revolution Napoleon believed in his destiny to rule and that his descendants should be rewarded for their family name Saw that the consular system would fall with him, but as a monarch, his name and heirs would prevail

Answer 100

Napoleon believed in his destiny to rule and that his descendants should be rewarded for their family name Saw that the consular system would fall with him, but as a monarch, his name and heirs would prevail The council of state, tribunate and the senate were all in favour of a monarchy As consul, Napoleon feared a royalist revolt – he ordered the kidnap and execution of the Bourbon the Duc d’enghein in 1804 (most controversial act and shocking to some) Was supported by the military and many suggested he make himself a hereditary ruler – Josephine opposed this suggesting he would make himself another Louis XVI May 1804 backed by everybody, he held a ceremony in Notre dame with the Pope present and declared himself emperor

Answer 101

Napoleonic elites became known as masses of granite upon which the empire was built

Answer 102

Throughout this, Napolean tried to keep the image of a simple soldier – when out of campaign he shared his men's hardships and dressed simply

Answer 103

Divorced Josephine and married Marie-Louise of Parma to secure his dynasty in 1810 – produced Duke of Reichstadt

Answer 104

Napoleons biggest opposition was from Britain

Answer 105

The civil code from 1804 and 1807 set out uniform laws for the entirety of France Principles that law was made by the state and not by local tradition Code had major effects on French life: Property could be inherited easier and no primogeniture Feudal rights were ended Privileges of the church were ended Those who gained land from the church due to the revolution were legalized

Answer 106

Code was beneficial for many, but had some less liberal points Permitted the reintroduction of slavery in French colonies Husband and father's authority over women was restated Wives could not own property Wives who survived their husbands did not automatically inherit Husbands were favored in dispute over custody of children Divorce requirements were stricter for women than men Women could only gain divorce if husband had been unfaithful, any infidelity on the. women's part was grounds for divorce Fathers' rights over their children was reinforced, as was the employer's rights over their workers

Answer 107

Secondary education was only for boys Little to no provision for primary education or for girl's education 1806 university was decreed to bring together the 26 institutions to provide unified state higher education

Answer 108

Social Changes Toleration of an official policy of religion Reduced hostility towards a godless revolutionary government Securing of property ownership widened the gap between rich and poor Lower and middle class lost any political influence Workmen became controlled by liverets – which was an employment/behavior record Heavy spending on war, heavy spending on building programs and public works provided employment but mainly benefited the notables Upward social mobility was almost impossible

Answer 109

Consulate provided a stable currency and a new national bank\ Little to no inflation Empire was promoting industry Revolution moved France into free trade Overthrow of Robespierre ended restrictions on wages and prices Napoleon gave domestic industry tariff protections Multiple military conquests gave France a wider European market and wider source of raw good Built road and canals to help business and communications Constant war that Napolean waged strained the economy Wars disrupted trade with Britain Britain was capturing and taking French imports

Answer 110

Broers and Sybalis (Historians) state it was a police state because Special tribunals for crimes against the state From 1810 state prisons for political offences Round up of suspected traitors Police force of Gendarme went from 10,000 to 15,000 in the first year alone Control of the press was key so that victories could be reported in their entirety Cult was built up around Napoleon, around tangible artefacts like medallions

Answer 111

No Studies suggest it was not in the same degree of police states of the 20th century In Rouen the police were overwhelmed by their responsibilities, therefore they could not act like a police state in that area

Answer 112

Saw control of media as very important ‘four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets’ Journals and newspapers were the mainstay of revolutionary ideas, however Napoleon completely censored these Government also released own version of a newspaper called ‘La Monitor’ - gave an edited version of events that backed Napoleons view Publishers, writers, playwrights and artists all had to receive government approval before something could be released Heavy punishment on those who didn’t submit their work for review Censorship was only part of a tighter police system that Napolean put into place

Answer 113

He relied heavily on repression and police force Joseph Fouche, member of the Terror of the early revolution, now the minister of police and sent daily reports to Napoleon on matters of security Food prices, chasing deserters and spying/surveillance of citizens all fell under police jurisdiction Clearly shown as separate to the normal maintenance of law and order as it was at the hands of the Gendarme State also had oversight of the judicial system so they could silence what they needed Ministry of the interior, every area of France was under surveillance, including inside and outside the government

Answer 114

Few benefitted from Napoleons rule Many took pride in France returning to its place as a European power Many saw it as a military dictatorship and a betrayal of the revolution