HIS101 Spring 22 MidTerm

Question 1

African Slave Trade/Slavery

Answer 1

● Discovered by Portugal
● 1640 on, this trade grew
● Profitable, well-organized segment of economy
● Controlled by Africans until 18th Cent.

Question 2

Middle Passage

Answer 2

Slave ship voyage from Africa to Americas where 20% or less died.

Question 3

Triangular Trade

Answer 3

The slave trade between England, Africa, & N. America in the 17th & 18th cent.

Question 4

Columbian Exchange

Answer 4

Plants, animals, humans, & diseases exchanged across continents after 1492 (Columbus)

Question 5

Mercantilism

Answer 5

Economic theory of early-modern Europe where world’s wealth was fixed and each nation’s chief objective was to secure as much as possible.

Question 6

Dutch Colonies

Answer 6

● New Netherland, 1614 secured temporary monopoly of trade between Delaware & Connecticut rivers.
● Est. Fort Orange (Albany) & New Amsterdam (NYC)
● Fur Trade
● Lucrative Sugar & Slave Trade

Question 7

Colonial Industries

Answer 7

● Agriculture & Mfg.

● Grains, lumber, shipbuilding, textiles, iron,

Question 8

Great Awakening

Answer 8

Religious belief that all people were born sinners, feel their own depravity w/o ministers, and equal in the eyes of God.

Question 9

King Philip’s War

Answer 9

June 1675: Wampanoags, tired of English encroachment of their lands, attacked village of Swansea. Brutal war by both sides. English won w/ Metacom’s head on a stake. Cost of war took decades to rebuild.

Question 10

Mayflower Compact

Answer 10

Plymouth, MA 1620: landed on territory w/ no legal claim & no lawful gov’t. Signed by 41 men, binding them to “civil body politic.”

Question 11

William Penn

Answer 11

Quaker, founder of PA. Charter in 1681 and landed in Philly 1682.

Question 12

Seven Years War (French/Indian War)

Answer 12

1754-1763 Pitted the British colonies against the French, each supported by various tribes, for control over the Ohio River valley.

Question 13

American Revolution (Lex & Conc)

Answer 13

1775-1783: kicked off at Lexington & Concord as the British attempting to quell colonial rebellion, clashed with colonist minutemen while trying to confiscate munitions an capture Sam Adams & John Handcock.

Question 14

Treaty of Paris

Answer 14

1763: Ended French/Indian War
1783: Ended the Revolutionary War

Question 15

Declaration of Independence

Answer 15

1776: Written by Thomas Jefferson and unanimously approved on July 2, laid out the grievances the colonies had with the Crown and declared their independence. Ratified 4 July 1776.

Question 16

Virginia Plan

Answer 16

Plan presented as blueprint for the new Constitution defining a strong central gov’t w/ 3 branches.

Question 17

Articles of Confederation

Answer 17

1777: Drafted by John Dickinson outlining a weak central gov’t w/ no chief executive and a congress w/ one vote from each colony.

Question 18

First Bank of the US

Answer 18

1791: Established to facilitate the payment of taxes, esp in light of Revolutionary War debts. Passed 39-20 and signed by G.W. Chartered for 20yrs and was allowed to expire.

Question 19

Constitution

Answer 19

Written in 1787 by 55 men from 12 states, meeting in Philly for 4 months. Deliberation was in secret for free debate, ratified Sep 17. Built on the blueprint of the Virginia Plan.

Question 20

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 20

1794: Fueled by frustration that the gov’t wasn’t protecting interests, and taxation, settlers became insolent. Washington sent 13K troops to put down the rebellion.

Question 21

Federalist

Answer 21

Advocate or supporter of a close union of states under a common gov’t.

Question 22

XYZ Affair

Answer 22

Relations w/ France strained. Adams sent a mission to France who ref to talk w/o a bribe. Adams turned over info to congress referring to French agents as X,Y, & Z. Congress suspended commercial ties and a quasi-war erupted 1798-1800.

Question 23

Federal Judiciary

Answer 23

1789 Act creating federal court system.

1801 Act increased number of fed judgeships.

Question 24

Lewis & Clark

Answer 24

1803: Exploratory expedition, envisioned by Jefferson & Congress to explore passage to the Pacific and expand competitive trade routes. 45 men, 2yr 4mos expedition.

Question 25

Clovis Era

Answer 25

c.10K-9K BCE. A Paleoindian culture named after nearby Clovis, NM where artifacts were discovered. Oldest recognized culture in N. America.

Question 26

Mexico

Answer 26

● Inhabited as early as 300BC
● Ancient Mayans built cities
● Azetcs (Mexicas) took control of area
● 1521 Conquistadors defeated Aztecs
● 1821 Mexico declared independence from Spain

Question 27

Indigenous Populations of America

Answer 27

● Great Migration by Bering land bridge, into Americas.
● c. 12K BCE
● Archaic Period (8K BCE) large mammals extinct
● Learned to farm
Mesoamerica “Cradle of the Americas” advanced civilizations emerged
● 200CE: Mayans & Aztecs
● 100CE: Small villages in American SW

Question 28

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

Answer 28

1347-1352: Pandemic killing an estimated 25-30M Europeans. Originated in central Asia and taken by trade ships to Europe via Italy, with rat hosts. Turned skin/sores black w/ fever and joint pain, fatal in 72hrs.

Question 29

Encomienda

Answer 29

Spanish labor system which rewarded conquerors w/ the labor of conquered non-Christian inhabitants. Forced labor.

Question 30

Exploration/Explorers

Answer 30

Began as European countries were attempting to increase their wealth and establish other trade route, primarily looking for trade to Asia, circumventing the Moors. As the Americas were discovered, more exploration was chartered causing various expeditions all throughout the Americas. This exploration displaced natives, grew settlements that began to thrive. brought disease, and created strife between old and new populations. It also expanded the wealth of the explorers, colonies, and native countries.

Question 31

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 31

1676: Bacon rebels burned Jamestown after continuing conflict w/ Gov. Berkeley and the native tribes in the surrounding areas. After Bacon died, the revolt was quashed by Berkeley.

Question 32

Stono Rebellion

Answer 32

1739: Bloodiest slave revolt in mainland colonies. South Carolina. 20 slaves stole arms and began killing whites on the way to St. Augustine. Dispersed that evening and many killed on the spot, ringleaders weren’t captured for 3yrs.

Question 33

Albany Congress

Answer 33

1754: Conference held advocating the union of colonies fore security & defense against the French. 7 colonies sent delegates,

Question 34

George Washington

Answer 34

● Born: 22 Feb 1732, VA
● Planter/Farmer, Surveyor
● Sparked the 7 Yrs War & fought w/ British; war hero.
● Named Commander of Continental Army
● Age 57 1st US President
● Died: 14 Dec 1799

Question 35

Boston Massacre

Answer 35

5 Mar 1770: Skirmish b/w red coats & colonists pervious eve. Colonists taunted a guard in front of the Custom House, more soldiers came to his defense. In the scuffle, shots were fired and 5 colonists died.

Question 36

Crispus Attucks

Answer 36

Regarded as 1st killed in Boston Massacre (& Revolution). African/Indian. whaler, sailor, stevedore.

Question 37

1st Continental Congress

Answer 37

1774: All colonies met, except GA. Agreed to continue trade boycotts until intolerable acts were lifted. Each colony to prepare militias. Drafted Declaration of Resolves. Agreed to meet again in 1775 if peace was not possible.

Question 38

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 38

Provided for sales to private individuals who could afford sections of 640 acres or more @ $1/acre. Beyond reach of ordinary citizens, effectively reserved for speculators.

Question 39

3/5ths Compromise

Answer 39

Clause in the Constitution which compromised with the slave states who wanted to count their slaves in order to gain more political power. The compromise limited the count to 3/5ths a person, limiting the power of the South and eventually leading to abolition.

Question 40

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 40

Attempt by debtors to force the gov’t to alleviate their economic distress, primarily by shutting down the courts so the debt couldn’t be collected.

Question 41

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 41

● Born: 13 Apr 1743
● 1st Sec of State under Washington
● 2nd VP under Adams 
● 3rd Pres 1801-9
● Founding Father, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher
● Died: 4 July 1826

Question 42

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 42

1794: Agreement b/w US & Britain; averted a war, resolved disputes left from the Treaty of Paris, largely land/territory boundaries. Done in secret which outraged Dem Repub. Hurt French relations.

Question 43

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 43

1803: Most important SCOTUS case. Est 2 cornerstones of Fed law; (1) Fed laws that conflict w/ Constitution are invalid, (2) Judges determine whether Fed laws are unconstituional.

Question 44

Alien & Sedition Acts

Answer 44

1798: Sign by Adams, 4 laws passed by Federalist Congress in prep for war w/ France & fearing enemy spies;
● Naturalization Act: Increased residency for citizenship from 5 to 14yrs
● Alien Enemies Act: Permitted arrest & deportation of males of enemy nation in event of war
● Alien Friends Act: Permitted deportation of any non-citizen suspected of plotting against gov’t.
● Sedition Act: Directly targeted anyone who spoke against Adams or Federalist gov’t.
Argued violated 1st Amend, but was pushed through.

Question 45

Bank of the United States

Answer 45

1816-1841: 4 yrs after 1st bank charter expiry, nation in economic downturn. NY businessmen pushed for establishment, but was continually rejected. Reluctantly signed by James Madison. Fiscal agent for Fed: holding deposits, making payments, issue debt, issue & redeem bank notes, keep state bank notes in check. 20yr charter, 25 directors, 5 appointed by Pres, confirmed by Senate.

Question 46

Expansion/Louisiana Purchase

Answer 46

1795: Pickeny’s Treaty removed need for immediate action on expansion W of Miss.
1800: Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain. Jefferson worried of French occupation of New Orleans. Sent troops to support rebels, Sent Livingston & Monroe to France to purchase New Orleans & W FL.
1803: After losing 30k troops @ St Domingue, unloaded Lous. Terr. 883K sq mi for $15M (3.5cents/acre)

Question 47

War of 1812

Answer 47

British continued attacking US shipping. Madison req Congress declare war listing “impressment” of seaman into service and instigation of Indian attacks in NW.
US attempted to invade Canada & failed. Britain blockaded coast from New England to New Orleans. 1814: Brit troops invaded DC; burned Capitol, White House, Treasury, & Naval Yard. Brits turned to Fort McHenry at Baltimore. Bombarded the fort, and thus the national anthem was penned. Britain was weary and just offered peace.
24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent.

Question 48

Spanish Colonies

Answer 48

● Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain claim to all W of 46th meridian.
● 1492: Columbus found Hispaniola
● 1506 Est colonial govt in Caribbean
● 1513 Ponce de Leon explores FL
● 1519 Cortes explored Mexico finding Aztecs, smallpox helped destroy them.
● 1541 Coronado explored AZ-KS
● 1610 Onate est capital Santa Fe
● Encomienda system used widely

Question 49

French Colonies

Answer 49

● Sent fishing expeditions to Newfoundland after 1497
● New France colony (St Lawrence River, CA)
● Lucrative beaver trade
● 1534: Cartier expeditions (x3) mostly failures
● Trade important for cash value
● 1673: Marquette & Joliet traveled down Miss river to Ark river
● 1682: Cavelier & La Salle reached mouth, named Louisiana
● 1680-1730: Imported 380K slaves, becoming slave culture
● 1699: Biloxi
● 1718: New Orleans
● Trading posts as far N as Illinois
● Spent resources elsewhere than Louisiana

Question 50

English Colonies

Answer 50

● 1584: Est Roanoke to resupply privateers raiding Caribbean, failed and abandoned yr later
● 1587: 2nd attempt, original 15 attacked by Indians… these too would meet that fate.
● 1607: Est Jamestown, heard survivors of Roanoke settled w/ Chesapeake. Learned that they’d have to grow their own food. Many internal struggles and antagonizing Indians. Half died in 1st yr.
● 1619: First Dutch ship w/ African slaves.
● 1620: Est Plymouth
● 1629: Est Mass Bay
● Pilgrims/Puritans/Calvanists escaping Church of England
● 1630: Boston & 10 towns est
● Generally capitalist, democratic
● Mercantilism