HIS Final

Question 1

term popularized in the 1930s to describe American bankers and arms makers whose support for the Allied cause, some historians charged, drew the US into WWI

Answer 1

merchants of death

Question 2

policy of making concessions to an aggressor nation, as long as its demands appear reasonable, in order to avoid war

Answer 2

appeasement

Question 3

belief that the US should avoid foreign entanglements, alliances, and involvement, in foreign wars

Answer 3

isolationism

Question 4

splitting of nucleus of an atom into at least two other nuclei, accompanied by the release of energy. The splitting of the nucleus of the uranium isotope U-235 or its artificial cousin, plutonium, powered the atomic bomc

Answer 4

fission

Question 5

native-born Japanese who had moved to the US

Answer 5

Issei

Question 6

American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry

Answer 6

Nisei

Question 7

an organization founded in 1942 that believe African Americans should use nonviolent civil disobedience to challenge segregation

Answer 7

CORE (“Congress on Racial Equality”)

Question 8

hatred, prejudice, oppression, or discrimination against Jews or Judaism

Answer 8

anti-Semitism

Question 9

an individual who after WWII believed the US should avoid foreign entangements

Answer 9

neo-isolationist

Question 10

prevention of an action by fear of the consequences; during the cold war, especially among nuclear powers

Answer 10

deterrence

Question 11

declaration issued by the president or by a governor possessing the force of law

Answer 11

executive order

Question 12

point of view generally shared by a group, institution, or even a culture

Answer 12

consensus

Question 13

corporation whose various branches or subsidiaries are either directly or indirectly spread among a variety of industries, usually unrelated to one another

Answer 13

conglomerate

Question 14

forms of communication designed to reach a vast audience, generally a nation-state or larger, without personal contact between the senders and receivers

Answer 14

mass media

Question 15

policy of using the threat of nuclear war in order to persuade an opponent to back down

Answer 15

brinkmanship

Question 16

combination of the US armed forces, arms manufacturers, and associated political and commercial interests, which grew rapidly during the cold war era

Answer 16

military-industrial complex

Question 17

national defense strategy in which a nuclear attack by one side would inevitably trigger an equal response leading to the destruction of both the attacker and the defender

Answer 17

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Question 18

tactic used by protesters, workers, and consumers to pressure business organizations through a mass refusal to purchase their products or otherwise do business with them

Answer 18

boycott

Question 19

form of direct action in which protesters nonviolently occupy and refuse to leave an area

Answer 19

sit-in

Question 20

spatial and social separation of populations brought about by social behavior rather than by laws or legal mechanisms

Answer 20

de facto segregation

Question 21

programs designed to identify and organize local leaders to take steps to alleviate poverty and crime in their neighborhoods

Answer 21

community action

Question 22

constitutional concept, embodied in the fifth and fourteenth amendments, that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards such as being present at a hearing, having an opportunity to be heard in court, having the opportunity to confront hostile witnesses, and being able to present evidence

Answer 22

due process

Question 23

advocate of a minimalist approach to governing, in which the freedom of private individual to do as they please ranks paramount

Answer 23

libertarian

Question 24

movement encouraging unity among religions, especially among Christian denominations and between Christians and Jews

Answer 24

ecumenism

Question 25

characterized by or generating shifts in perception and altered states of awareness, often hallucinatory, and usually brought on by drugs such as LSD, mescaline, or psilocybin

Answer 25

psychedelic

Question 26

process of steady intensification, rather than a sudden or marked increase, applied to the increasing American military presence in Vietnam

Answer 26

escalation

Question 27

nicknames for the two opposing positions in the American policy during the war in Vietnam

Answer 27

Hawks and Doves

Question 28

supported the escalation of the war and a “peace with honor”

Answer 28

hawks

Question 29

argued that the US had wrongly intervened in a civil war and should withdraw its troops from Vietnam

Answer 29

doves

Question 30

phrase coined by President Richard Nixon in a 1969 speech, referring to the large number of Americans who supported his policies but did not express their views publicly

Answer 30

silent majority

Question 31

relaxation of strained relations between nations, especially among the US, the Soviet Union, and China in the 1970s and late 1980s

Answer 31

detente

Question 32

idea that identity cannot be reduced to a single shared essence. The philosophy contrasts with the belief, in American politics, that citizens should assimilate into a uniform cultural identity of shared values

Answer 32

pluralism

Question 33

practice of actively seeking to increase the number of racial and ethnic minorities, women, persons in a protected age category, persons with disabilities, and disabled veterans in a workplace or school

Answer 33

affirmative action

Question 34

theory that emphasizes tax cuts and business incentives to encourage economic growth rather than deficit spending to promote demand

Answer 34

supply-side economics

Question 35

group of western cattlemen, loggers, miners, developers, and others who argued that federal ownership of huge tracts of land and natural resources violated the principle of states’ rights

Answer 35

sagebrush rebels

Question 36

the contracting of goods or services from outside a company or organization in order to maintain flexibility in the size of the organization’s workforce

Answer 36

outsourcing

Question 37

the act of returning people to their nation of origin. the term often refers to the act of returning soldiers or refugees to their birth country

Answer 37

repatriation

Question 38

government financed construction projects, such as highways and bridges, for use by the public

Answer 38

public works