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Hirad Flashcards

To get certified by the court of master sommeliers

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1
Q

What are the sweetness levels of Champagne?

A 
Champagne
Brut Nature/Zero Dosage: 0-3 g/L
Extra Brut: 0-6 g/L
Brut: 0-12 g/L
Extra Sec: 12-17 g/L
Sec: 17-32 g/L
Demi-Sec: 32-50 g/L
Doux: 50+ g/L
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2
Q

What are the sweetness levels of Sauternes and Barsac?

A

Sauternes and Barsac
Min. must weight: 221 g/L
Min. RS: 45 g/L

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3
Q

What are the German Pardikat levels?

A

Sweet to least sweet

Trockenbeerenauslese
Eiswein
Beerenauslese
Auslese
Spatlese
Kabinett
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4
Q

Which appellation in Austria has its own sweetness category and what are they?

A

Wachau Classifications
Steinfeder: min. 15 KMW (also max. 11.5% ABV)
Federspiel: min. 17 KMW (also 11.5-12.5% ABV)
Smaragd: min. 19 KMW (also min. 12.5% ABV)

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5
Q

What are the sweetness levels for Marsala?

A

Marsala
Secco: Max. 40 g/L
Semisecco: 40-100 g/L
Dolce: Min. 100 g/L

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6
Q

What are the aging requirements for Barolo and Barbaresco?

A

Barolo: min. 38 months with 18 in wood
Barolo Riserva: min. 62 months with 18 in wood
Barbaresco: min. 26 months with 9 in wood
Barbaresco Riserva: min. 50 months with 9 in wood

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7
Q

What are the aging requirements for Chianti and Brunello?

A

Chianti Classico: 1 year after harvest (12% ABV)
Chianti Riserva: 24 months with 3 in bottle (12.5% ABV)
Chianti Gran Selezione: 30 months with 3 in bottle (13% ABV)
Brunello: 5 years (min. 2 years in wood and 4 months in bottle)
Brunello Riserva: 6 years (min. 2 years in wood and 6 months in bottle)

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8
Q

What are the aging requirements for Rioja and Ribera Del Duero?

A

Crianza: min. 2 years with at least 1 in oak
Reserva: min. 3 years with at least 1 in oak
Gran Reserva: min. 3 years in bottle (2 years for Rioja) and min. 2 years in oak

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9
Q

What are the aging requirements for sparkling wines?

A 
Cremant: min. 9 months on lees
NV Champagne: min. 15 months after tirage, 12 of which is on lees
Vintage Champagne: min. 36 months after tirage
Franciacorta: min. 18 months
Vintage Franciacorta: min. 30 months
Cava: min. 9 months on lees
Cava Reserva: min. 18 months
Cava Gran Reserva: min. 30 months
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10
Q

What are the aging requirements for Sherry?

A

Jerez DO: min. 2 years in solera prior to release
VOS: 20 years average age
VORS: 30 years average age

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11
Q

What are the aging requirements for Port?

A

LBV Port: 4-6 years age
Reserva Tawny Port: 7+ years age
Colheita Vintage: 7+ years age
10/20/30/40 year Tawny

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12
Q

What are the aging requirements for Madeira?

A

Vinho de Estufagem: bottled 24 months after harvest
Rainwater: min. 3 years old
Seleccionado: min. 3 years old
Vinho de Canteiro: bottled 36 months after final fortification with 2 years in wood
Reserve: 5-10 years
Special Reserve: 10-15 years
Extra Reserve: 15-20 years
20/30/40 year
Colheita: bottled from Oct. 31 of the 5th year following the harvest
Frasqueira: 20 years in wood

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13
Q

Which white wines are typically produced off-dry?

A

Typically only Pinot Gris, Riesling, Gewurztraminer and Chenin Blanc are produced off-dry

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14
Q

Whats the only testable white wine that sees oak?

A

Chardonnay is the only testable white that sees oak

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15
Q

Which white wines typically see lees contact

A

Lees contact is prevalent in Chardonnay, Muscadet and to some extent Albarino

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16
Q

All Alsatian Grand cru’s produce single varietal wines made from one of the noble grapes. True or False?

A

False.
Zoltzenberg the only Alsatian Grand Cru that can grow 100% Sylvaner
Kaepperkopf and Altenberg de Bergheim only Alsation GCs that can use blends

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17
Q

Which appellation in Cote de nuit is the only one to produce rose?

A

In the Cote de Nuits, only Marsannay produces Rose

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18
Q

Which appellation in Cote de Beaune is the only grand cru appellation for red wine?

A

Corton is the Cote de Beaune’s only Grand Cru appellation for red (and is Burgundy’s largest Grand Cru appellation)

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19
Q

Which 2 appellations in Chablis AOP produce wine other than Chardonnay? And what are they?

A

In Chablis AOP, St. Bris makes Sauv Blanc and Irancy makes Pinot Noir

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20
Q

Which appellation in the Northern Rhone is the only one to produce reds from 100% Syrah

A

Cornas makes 100% Syrah in the Northern Rhone

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21
Q

Which First growth Bordeaux is the only one located outside of the Medoc? Where is it located?

A

Chateau Haut-Brion is the only 1855 classified first growth in Bordeaux outside of the Medoc (it’s located in Pessac-Leognan, in Graves)

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22
Q

In Pouilly-Fume, red wines are allowed. True or false?

A

False. Pouilly-Fume only makes whites while Sancerre makes a rouge from Pinot Noir

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23
Q

What is the most famous example of a super tuscan wine?

A

Piero Antinori’s Tignanello

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24
Q

What notes does lees contact in wine typically produce?

A

sourdough, brioche, toast, pastry

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25
Q

What notes does malolactic fermentation produce in wine?

A

creamy mouthfeel, yogurty flavour

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26
Q

Typically, what notes does oak produce in wine?

A

n whites, caramel, toast and nuts; in reds, chocolate, coffee, cocoa, mocha, dill

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27
Q

What notes does carbonic maceration produce in wine?

A

maceration (fermented in the grape in a CO2-rich environment before crushing): lower tannin, fruitier, berries, bubblegum, banana

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28
Q

What is the climate in Bordeaux?

A

Moderate, maritime climate

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29
Q

What 2 rivers flow east and west in Bordeaux? Where do they meet?

A

Garonne River flows to the West, Dordogne River to the East, and the two meet at the Gironde Estuary

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30
Q

Bordeaux is the largest appellation in France by production. True or False

A

False. Largest appellation in France by area, second largest by production (Languedoc is largest by production)

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31
Q

What are the 3 general appellations for Bordeaux?

A

Bordeaux AOP
Dry and off-dry whites; dry reds and roses

Bordeaux Superieur AOP
Sweet whites; dry reds and roses

Cremant de Bordeaux AOP
Traditional method aged for 9 months on lees, also
roses

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32
Q

In the left bank (Medoc) , what is the dominant grape variety used in blends?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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33
Q

From north to south, name the Appellations of the Medoc. If there are first growth wines in an appellation, name those as well

A 
Medoc
Saint-Estephe
Pauillac (Chateau Latour, Chateau Mouton Rothchilds, Chateau Lafite Rotchilds)
Saint-Julien
Haut-Medoc
Listrac-Medoc
Moulis
Margaux (Chateau Margaux)
Haut-Medoc
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34
Q

Name the most important Appellations in Graves from north to south.

A

Pessac-Leognan AOP
Dry reds and whites; contains 1855 first growth Chateau Haut-Brion
Graves AOP
Dry reds and whites
Graves Superieures AOP:
Sweet whites hand harvested in successive tries
Barsac AOP
See Sauternes
Sauternes AOP:
Sweet, botrytis-affected whites hand harvest in successive tries
Min. RS: 45 g/L; Min. must weight: 221 g/L

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35
Q

Name some pairings for the wines of the left bank

A

Haut Medoc Reds and roasted leg of lamb with mint jelly/grilled ribeye with scape butter and chimichurri/roasted pheasant with prunes
Sauternes and foie gras/strong blue cheese/almond tart/crème brulee
Graves Whites and roasted chicken/steamed mussels/grilled seabass (all with greens and herbs)

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36
Q

Name some notable second growth bordeauxs

A

Leoville-Barton (St-Julien), Cos-d’Estournel (St-Estephe), Dufort-Vivens (Margaux)
Right Bank – Libournais (Merlot-based blends)

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37
Q

Name some of the most important Appellations in the Right bank (Libournais)

A

Saint-Emilion AOP

Saint-Emilion Grand Cru AOP

Pomerol AOP
All dry reds only

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38
Q

What is the dominant grape in Right bank Bordeaux blends?

A

Merlot

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39
Q

Name some pairings for Left bank bordeaux blends

A

Libournais Reds and duck confit/braised rosemary lamb shank/prime rib with mushroom pan jus/beef cheek with garlic mash

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40
Q

What is the most important appellation in Entre deux mers?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers AOP

Dry whites

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41
Q

What wines are produced in the Cotes de bordeaux AOP?

A

Cotes de Bordeaux AOP
Dry and sweet whites; dry reds
Liquoreux: min RS: 51 g/L
Communes are allowed to append their name to the appellation name

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42
Q

Name all the appellations of Chablis. Name the grand crus of Chablis AOP.

A

Chablis AOP

Petit Chablis AOP

Chablis Premier Cru AOP
40 vineyards

Chablis Grand Cru AOP
7 climats
Les Clos, Les Preuses, Bougros, Blanchots, Valmur, Vaudesir, Grenouilles
Most vineyards face S/SW
Lees, malo, minerality, sometimes oak

Saint-Bris AOP
Dry whites from Sauvignon Blanc/Sauvignon Gris

Irancy AOP
Dry reds from 90% Pinot Noir

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43
Q

Oak use is prominent in all levels of Chablis wine. True or false?

A

False. Oak use only in upper-tier wines

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44
Q

From north to south, name all the AOP’s of cote de nuit. What colour wines do they produce?

A

Marsannay
Produces white, rose, and red
Only appellation where all 3 colours of wine may be made

Fixin
Produces white and red

Gevery-Chambertin
Only red wines may carry the name Gevery-Chambertin
First of the villages in Cote de Nuits to produce grand cru wines, with 9 individual grand cru AOPs
Chambertin and Clos de beze are burgundys oldest and top climats
Reds tend to be more austere and tannic, age well, and have more dark fruit flavours

Morey st. denis
Produces White and red
Reds here have more red fruit flavor
4 grand crus
Bonne-Mares, Clos des Lambrays, Clos de la Roche, Clos de Tart, Clos St-Denis

Chambolle-Musigny
Produces Reds only
2 grand cru’s Musigny and Bonnes Mares
Musigny however is the only grand cru in cotes de nuit where white wine is permitted

Vougeot
Produces reds and whites
Clos de Vougeot is the largest grand cru in cote de nuits
Clos de Vougeot only produces reds

Vosne-Romanee
Reds only
The pinnacle of pinot noir
Romanee conti is the most expensive red wines in the world upon release

Nuit Saint Georges
Produces both red and white
Is the biggest commune in cote de nuit
Center of commerce for cote de nuit
Only about 3-4% of wines produced here are white
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45
Q

Describe the most important appellations of Cote de beaune

A 
Aloxe-Corton
3 Grand Cru vineyards
Corton: only Pinot Noir GC vineyard in Beaune, also Burgundy’s largest GC vineyard
Charlemagne
Corton-Charlemagne

Puligny-Montrachet
4 Grand Cru vineyards
Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet, Batard-Montrachet, Chevalier-Montrachet, Montrachet

Chassagne-Montrachet
2 Grand Cru vineyards
Criots-Batards-Montrachet, Montrachet

Meursault
Excellent Chardonnay, very little Pinot Noir

Pommard
Rich, structured Pinot Noirs

Volnay
Elegant, finessed Pinot Noirs

St. Aubin
Mostly Chardonnay, some Pinot Noir

Santenay

Beaune
Mostly Pinot Noir, some Chardonnay

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46
Q

Name the 5 appellations of cote chalonnaise.

A
  • Little to no new oak use
    Bouzeron AOP
    Aligote only

Rully AOP
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cremant

Mercurey AOP
Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Givry AOP
Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Montagny AOP
Chardonnay only

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47
Q

Name the appellations of the maconnais

A 
- Little to no new oak use outside Pouilly-Fuisse
Macon AOP
Mainly Chardonnay
Pouilly-Fuisse AOP
Saint-Veran AOP
Chardonnay only, some new oak
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48
Q

Name the 10 Grand cru appellations of Beaujolais

A 
Regnie
Chiroubles
Moulin-a-Vent
St. Amour
Chenas
Julienas
Morgon
Fleurie
Brouilly
Cote de Brouilly
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49
Q

What are the general appellations of the loire?

A

Cremant de Loire AOP

Rose de Loire AOP

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50
Q

What is the most important appellation of Pays Nantais? What grape is it known for?

A

In Pays Nantais, Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine is the most important appellation.
It produces Melon de Bourgogne with Lees contact.
Three important sub-appellations of Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine are La Gorges, La Palette, Les Clisson

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51
Q

What are the main grapes of Anjou-Saumur?

A

Red- Cabernet franc
Whites- Chenin, sweet and dry styles
Saumur is the Loires center for sparkling wine production

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52
Q

Describe the wines of Anjou AOP.

A

Anjou
Reds from Cabernet franc and cabernet sauvignon
“Anjou Gamay”–>100% Gamay
Whites and Sparkling from Chenin Blanc + a bit of Chardonnay/Sauvignon Blanc
45% of Anjou’s production is Rose
Many Saumur wines may be labeled as Anjou but not vice versa

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53
Q

Describe the wines of Savienneres. What is the encompassing region

A

Whites from 100% Chenin
Typically dry but sweeter styles are made

Savienneres is in Anjou Saumur

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54
Q

Where is Coulee de Serrant? What kind of wine does it produce?

A

Anjou Saumur. 100% Chenin blanc (monople owned by Nicolas Joly)
Formerly a sub appellation of Savenniers

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55
Q

Where is Roche Aux Moines? Describe the grape

A

Anjou-Saumur. 100% Chenin blanc

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56
Q

Where is Coteaux de Layon? Describe the wine.

A

Anjou-Saumur
Wines here are harvested later in the season in hopes of getting botrytis affected wines
Sweet wines made from 100% Chenin blanc
Including some Selections de Grains Nobles (SGN) labeled wines
At least 34 grams/ L residual sugar

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57
Q

Where is Bonnezeaux? Describe the wine.

A

Anjou-Saumur
Sweet wines from 100% Chenin Blanc
Min 51 grams/L of residual sugar

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58
Q

Where is Quartz de Chaume? Describe the wine

A

Anjou-Saumur
Sweet wines form 100% Chenin Blanc
Minimum 85 grams/L of residual sugar
As of 2010 “Grand Cru” may be added to the label

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59
Q

Where is Saumur? Describe the wine

A

Anjou-Saumur
Reds, whites and sparkling wines
Whites from 100% Chenin blanc
Reds from Cab Franc, Cab Sauv and Pineau d’Aunis

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60
Q

Where is Saumur-Champigny? Describe the wine.

A

Anjou-Saumur.

Reds from Cab franc, Cab Sauv and Pineau d’Aunis

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61
Q

Name some notable producers in Anjou-Saumur.

A

Nicolas Joly, Clos Rougeard, Domaine des Baumards, Chateau de Chamboureau, Philippe Delesvaux,

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62
Q

What are the food pairings for Anjou-Saumur?

A

Cabernet Franc - Grilled eggplant, Roasted Lamb, Mushroom and asparagus Vol au Vent
Savennieres - Boudin Blanc, Roasted pork with apple sauce, Grilled rainbow trout
Quartz de Chaume/Bonnezeaux - Tarte Tatin, Roquefort

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63
Q

Where is the Touraine AOP. Describe the wines.

A 
Touraine.
Whites, Roses, Reds and Sparkling
Whites from Sauvignon Blanc plus a max. 20% sauvignon gris
Reds combined Cab franc and cot (malbec)
Touraine Gamay → Min. 85% Gamay
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64
Q

Where is Vouvray AOP? Describe the wines.

A

Touraines largest and most important white wine district
Min 95% chenin blanc, and some Orbois though seldom encountered
Made in sec (dry), sec tendre (off-dry), Demi-sec (sweet), moelleux (very sweet), doux (verrryyyy sweet) and liquereaux (verryyyyyyyyyyy sweeeet)
May be still, petillant, or Mousseux. Growers tend to go sparkling on colder vintages as a good strategic move.

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65
Q

Where is Mont-louis-sur-loire? Describe the wines.

A

Touraine
Formerly a part of Vouvray.
Min 95% chenin blanc, and some Orbois though seldom encountered
Made in sec (dry), sec tendre (off-dry), Demi-sec (sweet), moelleux (very sweet), doux (verrryyyy sweet) and liquereaux (verryyyyyyyyyyy sweeeet)
May be still, petillant, or Mousseux. Growers tend to go sparkling on colder vintages as a good strategic move.

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66
Q

Where is Chinon? Describe the wines

A

Touraine.
The benchmark reference for Cabernet Franc
Reds and Roses made from cab franc, plus a max 10% cab sauv
Whites from chenin blanc
Ageworthy, attractive, expressive reds
Brimming with raspberry and green tobacco aromatics, framed by silky tannin

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67
Q

Where is Bourgueil?

A

Touraine.

Reds and Roses made from cab franc, plus a max 10% cab sauv
Whites from chenin blanc
Ageworthy, attractive, expressive reds
Brimming with raspberry and green tobacco aromatics, framed by silky tannin

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68
Q

Where is St. Nicholas de Bourgeuil?

A

Touraine

Reds and Roses made from cab franc, plus a max 10% cab sauv
Whites from chenin blanc
Ageworthy, attractive, expressive reds
Brimming with raspberry and green tobacco aromatics, framed by silky tannin

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69
Q

Name some pairings for wines for the Touraine.

A

Chinon/Bourgeuil and charbonee (pork stew)/matelote d’anguilles (eel stew)/grilled salmon with beurre blanc/morel and asparagus vol-au-vent
Vouvray and pork and apple pie/baked trout with cream sauce (dry vouvray)/sushi (sparkling vouvray)

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70
Q

What are the 2 main appellations of the Central Vineyards?

A

Sancerre, and Pouilly Fume

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71
Q

Red wine production is allowed in Sancerre. True or False

A

True. Reds from pinot noir are permitted

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72
Q

Red wine production is allowed in Pouilly-Fume. True or False?

A

False. Only whites from 100% Sauvignon Blanc

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73
Q

Give a General description of Alsace

A
  • Cool, continental climate with rain shadow from Vosges Mountains to the West (also the Rhein flows to the east)
  • One of the driest regions in France
  • Best vineyards planted E-SE
  • Little to no new oak
  • Neutral casks for fermentation and aging
  • All AOP wines must be bottled in flute d’Alsace bottle
  • High quality, fruit-driven still wine labeled by variety
  • 90% whites
  • Newest AOP region in France (1962)
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74
Q

What are the 4 primary grapes of Alsace?

A

Riesling
Gewurztraminer
Pinot Gris
Muscat

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75
Q

What are the secondary grapes of Alsace

A 
Sylvaner
Pinot Blanc (Klevner)
Auxerrois
Chasselas (Gutedel)
Pinot Noir
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76
Q

What kind of Wines are produces in the Alsace AOP?

A

Whites, reds, roses

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77
Q

Describe the Alsace Grand Cru AOP.

A

51 Grand cru vineyards → white wines, hand harvesting mandatory, 100% single varietal. All 51 Grand crus now classify as their own individual AOPs
Must be made from 1 of the 4 noble white grapes of alsace:
Exceptions are
Zoltzenberg: 100% sylvaner
Altenberg de Bergheim: blends are permitted
Kaefferkopf: Blends are permitted

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78
Q

What are the Minimum Alcohol Requirements for Alsatian Grand Cru wines?

A

Riesling (11%)
Muscat (11%)
Pinot gris (12.5)
Gewurztraminer (12.5)

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79
Q

Describe the Cremant D’alsace appellation

A

White sparkling made from Riesling, pinot blanc, pinot noir, pinot gris, auxerrois and or chardonnay
Rose sparkling 100% pinot noir
Traditional method
Minimum 9 Months on lees (like all cremant)

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80
Q

What does Edelzwicker mean?

A

A blend of one or more grape varieties

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81
Q

What does Gentil mean in Alsace?

A

A superior designations for blends, that requires a minimum 50% noble grapes. The base wine must be vinified separately

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82
Q

What is Vendages Tardives (VT)?

A

Literally “Late Harvest”. Single varietal wines, from bobles grapes that are hand harvested, usually showing some characteristics of Botrytis. Implies sweetness but levels of residual sugar may vary

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83
Q

What is Selection de Graines Nobles (SGN) ?

A

Literally the selection of grapes infected by noble rot or Botrytis. Single varietal wines, from noble grapes that are hand harvested in multiple tries, in practice SGN wines are always dessert-like

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84
Q

Suggest Pairings for the wines of Alsace

A

Riesling: charcroute garnie
Pinot Gris: foie gras torchon
Muscat: steamed asparagus
Gewurztraminer: Alsatian Munster

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85
Q

Describe the Climate of Champagne

A

The region of champagne is located between the 48th and 49th parrarels with average temperatures of about only 50* farenheit (10* celsius).
This means ripening varies year to year and as a result so does quality
This means that the houses must blend vintages to get the desired wine
As a result of cold temperatures, acidity remains high through all vintages
Cool (cold), wet, Atlantic influenced climate
Limestone
Porous, belemite chalk subsoil is pushed to the top and absorbs heat and protects the grapes at and provides excellent drainage

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86
Q

What are the 3 grapes of champagne?

A

Chardonnay brings finesse, backbone, acidity, citrus and apple notes
Pinot Noir brings structure and red berry notes
Meunier brings fruit character

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87
Q

Describe the Methode Champenoise

A

Making the base still wine
Grapes are pressed quickly to avoid colour and oxidation. Base wine is very light in colour, low in alcohol and high in acid. Fermentation occurs either in steel or oak.

Assembling the blend/cuvee
Champagne can be a blend of grapes, vintages (for NV), regions, villages, or vineyards.

Secondary fermentation
The wine is bottled with a mixture of yeast and sugar (liqueur de tirage). The bottle is sealed with a crown cap. Over time, the yeast eats the sugar and creates alcohol and CO2.

Sur lie aging
Autolysis occurs in the bottle and the wine is aged on lees. Champagne must be aged for a minimum of 12 months on lees for a total of 15 months total aging (36 months for vintage Champagne).

Riddling/Remuage: sediment removal part 1
The bottles are turned to gradually move the lees into the neck. This is done in one of two ways:
By hand: a pupitre (A-frame wooden rack) holds 60
bottles. This process takes 8 weeks to complete riddling
By machine: a gyropalette holds 504 bottles at a time
and takes 8 days to complete riddling

Disgorgement/Degorgement: sediment removal part 2
To disgorge sediment, bottle necks are frozen in an ice bath
Dosage

A mixture of wine and sugar (liqueur d’expedition) is added to the bottle. The amount of sugar determines the sweetness level of the Champagne.

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88
Q

Name and Describe the 5 Communes of champagne.

A

Montagne de Reims
Primarily pinot noir
9 Grand Crus Villages → Sillery, Puisieulx, Beaumont-Sur-Vesle, Mailly, Verzenay, Verzy, Louvois, Bouzy, Ambonnay

Vallee De la Marne
A lot of Meunier
2 Grand crus villages → Ay, & Tours-sur-Marne

Cote de Blanc
Primarily Chardonnay Villages → Chouilly, Oiry, Cramant, Avize, Oger, Mesnil-sur-Oger

Cote de Sezane
Primarily Chardonnay
No grand cru villages

Cote des Bars (Aube)
Primarily pinot Noir
No grand crus villages

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89
Q

What is NM?

A 
Negociant Manipulant (NM)
Producer who buys grapes, juice or finished wine and bottles it under their own name.
90
Q

What is RM?

A

Recoltant Manipulant → A grower who makes their own wine. 95% of the grapes must be grown in the growers estate

91
Q

What is CM?

A

Cooperative de Manipulant → A co-op. A growers co-op that produces wine under a single brand

92
Q

What is MA?

A

Marque d’Acheteur → A buyers own brand (Costco champagne)

93
Q

What is SR?

A

Societe des Recoltant → A firm of growers who pool funds to make and sell their wines

94
Q

What is ND?

A

Negociant Distrabuteur→ A middleman company that distributes wine it did not make

95
Q

Name 4 Prestige Cuvee

A

Moet et Chandon - Dom Perignon
Pol Roger - Cuvee Sir Winston Churchill
Louis Roderer - Cristal
Taittinger - Comte De Champagne

96
Q

Describe the Climate of the Northern Rhone

A

The climate in the Northern Rhone is firmly continental, with great seasonal temperature shifts, more rainfall, and fewer sunshine hours than its southern counterpart. The strong Mistral Wind blowing south through the Rhone Valley not only tears vines out of the ground, but also causes most vines to grow leaning in towards the south.

This strong Mistral wind does help quite a lot with preventing mold and mildew.

Heat retaining granite and schistous soil define much of the Northern Rhone

97
Q

Where is Condrieu AOP? Describe its wines.

A

Northern Rhone.
Dry and sweet whites from 100% Viognier
Manually harvested

98
Q

Where is Chateau Grillet AOP? Describe its wines.

A

Norhtern Rhone
Dry whites from 100% Viognier
Monopole owned by Francois Pinault

99
Q

Where is the Hermitage AOP? Describe its wines

A

Northern Rhone
Reds from a min. 85% Syrah plus max. 15% combined Roussanne and Marsanne.
Whites from Roussanne and/or Marsanne
Vin de Paille (grapes raisinated on straw) from white grapes

100
Q

Where is the Crozes-Hermitage AOP? Describe its wines

A 
Northern Rhone
Syrah
15% Marsanne Roussanne may be added
Behind the hill of hermitage
Lower in quality than Hermitage
101
Q

Where is Cote Rotie AOP? Describe its wines.

A

Northern Rhone.
Reds only
Syrah plus max. 20% Viognier
Manually harvested

102
Q

Where is the Cornas AOP? Describe its wines

A

Northern Rhone

Reds only from 100% Syrah

103
Q

Where is St. Joseph AOP? Describe the wines

A

Northern Rhone
Reds from a min. 90% Syrah plus Rousanne and Marsanne
Whites from Roussanne and Marsanne

104
Q

What is the climate of the southern Rhone

A

Warm, Mediterranean. Affected by same harsh mistral winds as northern rhone

105
Q

What is the main grape of the southern rhone

A

Grenache

106
Q

What is the main blend in a chateau-neuf-du-pape?

A

Grenache, syrah, mourvedre

107
Q

What is the minimum alcohol for CNDP?

A

12.5

108
Q

Where is Gigondas? Describe the wine

A

Souther Rhone
Reds from a min. 90% combined Grenache (min. 50%), Syrah and Mourvedre (min. 15% combined), plus others
Roses from a min. 50% Grenache plus Mourvedre and/or Syrah

109
Q

Where is Vaqueyras? Describe the wine

A

Southern Rhone
Dry reds, whites and roses
Reds from a min. 50% Grenache plus Syrah and Mourvedre

110
Q

Where is Lirac? Describe the wine

A

Southern Rhone
Dry reds, whites and roses
Reds from a min. 50% Grenache plus Syrah and Mourvedre

111
Q

Tavel AOP is an AOP in the southern Rhone that specializes in Roses. True or False

A

True

Dry rose based on Grenache plus others

112
Q

Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOP is an AOP in Southern Rhone that produces Vin Doux Natural. True or false?

A

True
Vin Doux Naturel (VDN) – 95% grape spirit is added to the wine to arrest fermentation, increasing alcohol and leaving RS.

113
Q

What grapes are used for Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOP ?

A

Muscat Blanc/Muscat a Petits Grains

114
Q

What are the grapes of The Jura?

A

Reds: Poulsard, Trousea, Pinot Noir
Whites: Chardonnay and Savagnin

115
Q

Languedoc AOP is the largest by production. True or False

A

True

116
Q

Banyuls AOP produces VDN, true or false

A

True

117
Q

What is the Main grape of Barolo DOCG?

A

Nebiollo

118
Q

What are the 5 communes of Barolo DOCG?

A

Barolo, La Morra, Serralunga d’Alba, Castiglione Falletto, Monforte d’Alba

119
Q

What is the main grape of Barbaresco DOCG?

A

Dry reds from 100% Nebbiolo

120
Q

What are the 3 communes of Barbaresco DOCG?

A

Barbaresco, Treiso, Nieve

121
Q

Where is the Asti DOCG and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Piemonte
Sweet, slightly effervescent whites or Spumante from 100% Moscato
Max. 6.5% alcohol for Moscato d’Asti

122
Q

Amarone della Valopolicella DOCG is in the Veneto. True or False?

A

True

123
Q

Describe the wines of Amarone della Valopolicella DOCG

A

Dry(ish) reds from 45-95% Corvina and others

No more than 65% of producer’s total yield may be used for Amarone

124
Q

Describe the wines of Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG

A

Sweet Passito reds and Spumante from 45-95% Corvina and others

125
Q

What is the main grape of Soave Superiore?

A

Gargenega (min 70%)

126
Q

Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG produces tank method sparkling wine from which primary grape?

A

85% Glera

127
Q

What is the minimum amount of Sangiovese required for Chianti DOCG? Name exceptions

A

Dry reds from a min. 70% Sangiovese with a max. 10% white grapes and a max 15% Cab Sauv
Exception 75% for Senesi

128
Q

What is the minimum amount of Sangiovese Required for the Chianti Classico DOCG? Name exceptions

A

Dry reds from a min. 80% Sangiovese with no whites allowed

129
Q

A Chianti Classico must have ________ %abv and must be aged for at least ________ after harvest

A

12% abv

1 year after harvest

130
Q

A Chianti Classico Reserva must have ____%abv and must be aged for at least _________ after harvest with at least ______ in bottle

A

12.5% abv
25 months after harvest
3 months in bottle

131
Q

A Chianti Classico Grand Selezione must have ____%abv and must be aged for at least _________ after harvest with at least ______ in bottle

A

13% avv
30 Months after harvest
3 in bottle

132
Q

Brunello di Montalcino requires ____% of the _____ grape

A

100%

Sangiovese

133
Q

A Brunello must be aged for a total of ___ years with at least ____ years in wood and ____ months in bottle

A

Brunello
5 years total
2 years in wood
4 months in bottle

134
Q

Brunello Riserva must be aged for a total of ____ years with at least _____ years in wood and ______ Months

A

Brunello Riserva
6 years total
2 years in wood
6 Months in bottle

135
Q

True or False..Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG main grape is Montepulciano

A

False, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG main grape is sangiovese (min 70%). The town is called Montelpuciano

136
Q

In Franciacorta DOCG, in Lombardia, producers make sparkling wine using _______ method with at least _______ and or _______ required

A 
Traditional method
Pinot Nero (pinot noir)
Chardonnay (+/- pinot bianco)
137
Q

Valtellina Superiore DOCG makes dry red wines with at least 90% of this grape _____ also known as Nebbiolo

A

Chiavennasca

138
Q

Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG makes wine using the ________ method, like the wines of Amarone, with the _________ grape also known as Nebiollo

A

Passito Method

Chiavennasca

139
Q

In what DOC are you most likely to find Lambrusco?

A

Emilia Romagna

140
Q

What grape are you most likely to find in the Abruzzo DOC?

A

Montelpuciano

141
Q

Name 3 grapes you might find in Campania

A

Aglianico, Fiano, Greco di Tufo

142
Q

Name the 3 subzones of the Rioja DO?

A

Rioja alta, Rioja alavesa, Rioja Oriental (formerly Rioja Baja)

143
Q

What province is Ribera Del Duero DO located in?

A

Castilla y Leon

144
Q

Rioja uses ____ oak and Ribera Del Duero uses ____ oak

A

Rioja: Old oak

Ribera Del Duero: New oak

145
Q

What is the 1 difference in aging requirements between Rioja and Ribera Del Duero?

A

At the Grand Reserva level, Rioja must be aged for a total of 5 years with min 2 in oak and 2 in bottle
Riber Del duero is 5 years total with 2 in oak and min 3 in bottle.

146
Q

Name 2 names used in Ribera Del Duero for Tempranillo

A

Tinto Fino and Tinto del pais

147
Q

What is the main grape of Rueda DO?

A

Verdejo, Fresh like a sauvignon blanc. Develops more minerality because it takes longer to ripen

148
Q

Bierzo DO is the home of _____ grape, it drinks like _______

A

Mencia, Beaujolais.

149
Q

Name 2 DO’s (DOQ) in Catalunya and their grapes

A

Priorat DOQ: Granaxa

Cava DO: Paradella, Macabeo, Xerel-lo

150
Q

What is llicorella and what does it consist of?

A

Soil in priorat, consisting of black slate and quartzite

151
Q

Granaxa in Priorat is low in tannins and has high yields. True or False

A

Garnaxa in Priorat is very high in tannins, almost barolo-esque with extremely low yields

152
Q

The climate of Galicia is cool continental. True or false

A

True

153
Q

Where is Rias Baixas and what white wine is it best known for

A

Rias Baixas is in Galicia, best known for albarino

154
Q

What are the 5 subregions of Rias Baixas

A

Condado de tea, Soutomaior, Ribeira do Ulla, O rosal, Val do salnes

155
Q

In Galicia, Valdeorras DO is known for which Grape

A

Godello

156
Q

What Murcia DO best known for

A

Monastrell and Granacha

157
Q

Name the 3 most important grapes for Andalusia

A

Pedro Ximenez, Moscatel, Palomino

158
Q

Which of the 3 grapes of sherry make up 95% of yields in sherry?

A

Palomino makes up 95% of the yields for sherry. Dry and neutral. Pedro Ximenez and Moscatel are used for sweetening the wine

159
Q

What does VOS and VORS stand for and what are the aging requirements

A

VOS: Very Old Sherry 20 years
VORS: Very Old Rare Sherry 30 years

160
Q

What are the two styles of Sherry.

A
  1. Fino or Manzanilla
    Fortified to 15-15.5%abv allowing for Flor to form on top, not oxidative
  2. Olorroso
    Fortified to 17-18%abv, not allowing for the development of Flor, More oxidative
161
Q

Name the 2 DO’s for Sherry

A

Jerez/Xeres DO

Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO

162
Q

Which DO is responsible for 95% of Cava production?

A

Penedes DO. Even the Cava has it own DO, Cava is a unique DO because it is the only DO in Spain to cover a style and not region

163
Q

What does VDP stand for?

A

Verband Deutcher Pradikatsweinguter

164
Q

VDP standards are modelled after which region in France

A

Burgundy

165
Q

What are the 4 levels of VDP classifications

A

Grosse Lage - Grand Crus (50hl/ha)
Grape Variety, yield, production method, minimum ripeness and harvesting are all controlled by strict inspections
Dry Grosse Lagen are designated as Grosses Gewächs (GG)
Fruity wines with natural sweetness are designated by the traditional Prädikats

Erste Lage - Premier Crus. (60hl/ha)
Similar restrictions to Grosse Lage, but dry wines are simply labeled ‘Trocken’

Ortswein - Village Wine (60hl/ha)
Grape Variety, yield, harvesting and ripeness are still controlled

Gutswein - Regional Wine (75hl/ha)
Grape Variety, Yield, and ripeness are still controlled

166
Q

What is an Einzellage?

A

Single Vinyard

167
Q

What is Gutsabfullung?

A

Estate Bottled

168
Q

What is Edel Faule?

A

Noble Rot

169
Q

What is Deutcher Sekt?

A

Sparkling wine made in Germany

170
Q

In Austria, which region has its own rating system separate from the standards of VDP?

A

Wachau

171
Q

What are the 3 levels of ripeness used in the Wachau?

A

Steinfeder: max. 11.5% abv, 15 KMW (must weight)
Federspiel: 11.5-12.5% abv, 17 KMW (must weight)
Smaragd: min. 12.5% abv, 19 KMW (must weight)

172
Q

What does DAC stand for

A

Districtus Austriae Controllatus?

173
Q

What are the 2 grapes of Kremstal DAC?

A

100% riesling or Gruner vertliner

174
Q

Kremstal classic must be ___%abv with no _____ or ______. Kremstal reserve must be ______%abv and _____ and _____ are allowed

A

Classic
12% abv
no botrytis or wood

Reserve
13 % abv
botrytis and wood ok

175
Q

Xinomavro is most like _______ grape and presents itself best in the ____ PDO

A

Nebiollo

Naoussa

176
Q

Agorgitiko is most like ______ and is best in the ______ PDO

A

Merlot

Mantinia

177
Q

Assyrtik0 is most like _____ and is best in the ______PDO

A

Chablis

Santorini

178
Q

Moschofilero is most like ______ and is best in the______PDO

A

Pinot Gris

Mantinia

179
Q

In Australia, if a geographic designation or grape is listed on a bottle, then that bottle must contain at least 75% of said grape or have at least 75% of the contents of the bottle to be from the specified region. True or False?

A

False, 85%

180
Q

Margaret river in Western Australia produces cool climate cabs and bordeaux blends. True or false

A

True

181
Q

Margaret river is in which Zone?

A

Western Australia

182
Q

Eden Valley is in ______ which is in ______ and is best known for ______ and ________

A

Eden Valley is in Barossa, which is in South Australia and is best known for Riesling and Viogner

183
Q

McLaren Vale, in Fleurieu, in South Australia, makes really good cab and Syrah mainly thanks to its ______ climate

A

Mediterranean

184
Q

Flat, well drained Terra Soils and a cool maritime climate makes for a perfect place to grow Cabernet Sauvignon in this _______

A

Coonawara

185
Q

Clare Valley in the Mounty Lofty ranges in South Australia is best known for which grape

A

Riesling

186
Q

Coonawara is in which Region in South Australia

A

Limestone Coast

187
Q

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay thrive in Geelong, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley in the ______ Region in Victoria

A

Port Philip

188
Q

In Central Victoria, in Victoria, Heathcote provides excellent

A

Shiraz

189
Q

Rutherglen in north east victoria has is known for this _____ Grape

A

Muscat

190
Q

Whats the most important Region in New South Wales

Most important subregion

A

Hunter, most important subregion is Hunter Valley, which provides excellent ageworthy Semillion

191
Q

Tasmania is on the same lateral as New Zealands north Island. True or False

A

True

192
Q

Tasmania produces this type of wine

A

Sparkling

193
Q

Central Otago is the worlds most southern Wine producing region. True or false?

A

True

194
Q

Central Otago is best known for this Burgundian Grape

A

Pinot Noir

195
Q

The vast majority of New Zealand is growing ______ seeing its best rendition in ______

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Marlborough

196
Q

Hawks Bay is in the South Island. True or False

A

False

197
Q

United states labeling requirements

A 
Origin
Country, state or county: 75% (Cali and Oregon 100%)
AVA: 85% (Oregon 90%)
Single vineyard: 95%
Estate bottled: 100%

Vintage
Country (including imports): no vintage
State or county: 85%
AVA: 95%

Variety
Vinifera: 75% (Oregon: 90% for Burgundy grapes)

198
Q

The appellations of Washington

A

Columbia Valley (shared with Oregon)
Yakima Valley
Horse Heaven Hills
Walla Walla Valley (shared with Oregon)

199
Q

The appellations of Oregon

A 
Willamette Valley
Dundee Hills
Eola-Amity Hills
McMinville
Ribbon Ridge
Chehalem Mountains
200
Q

The appellations of Napa

A 
Napa Valley
Chiles Valley
Wild Horse Valley
Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley
Stags Leap District
Spring Mountain District
Diamond Mountain District
Howell Mountain
Mt. Veeder
Atlas Peak
St. Helena
Oakville
Yountville
Coombsville
Carneros
Calistoga
Rutherford
Also Paso Robles in San Luis Obispo County and Lodi in Sacramento/Joaquin Counties
201
Q

What is the main grape used for Port?

A

Touriga-nacional

202
Q

What is beneficio?

A

the fortification of wine with spirit, occurs when approximately one third of the sugar content has been converted to alcohol.

203
Q

what is aguardente?

A

a neutral grape spirit, sits at 77%abv

204
Q

Ruby port is _____ aged, Tawny port is _______ aged

A

Ruby: bottled
Tawny: cask

205
Q

Vintage port must be aged in cask before being bottled by the 30th of july following the second year after harvest. true or false?

A

False. Bottled by the 30th of July following the third year of harvest

206
Q

What is single quinta vintage port?

A

A single quinta Vintage Port is the product of one estate’s harvest

207
Q

What is LBV port

A

Late bottled vintage

208
Q

LBV port is always the product of 1 vintage. True or false

A

True

209
Q

Reserve Tawny is aged for at least ____ years in cask before being bottled

A

Reserve Tawny is aged for at least 7 years in cask before being bottled

210
Q

Tawny with age indication 10yr 20 yr 30yr is actually an approximation. The wine is supposed to taste like its 10yr 20 yr 30yr.
True or False

A

True

211
Q

Colheita Tawny is vintage dated and needs to spend at least 7 years in cask before bottled . True or False

A

True

212
Q

What is the main grape used for Madeira

A

Tinta Negra. 85% of production. Can be sweet or dry.

213
Q

Sercial and Verdelho can are dry and semi dry and fermented closer to the end of fermentation. True or false

A

True

214
Q

Boal and Malvasia are sweet and semi sweet fortified towards the beginning of fermentation. True or false

A

True

215
Q

Ales use a top fermenting strain of yeast that ferments faster developing more flavour and body called_______

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

216
Q

Lagers use a bottom fermenting strain of yeast that ferments slow and prefers lower temperatures leaves a cleaner crisper beer called _______

A

Saccharomyces pastorianus

217
Q

Rolle is the other name of which grape

A

Vermentino

218
Q

name 2 AOP’s within savennieres

A

Roche aux moines, coulee de serrant

219
Q

Gros plant is another name for which grape

A

folle blanche

220
Q

What is the main grape used in Banyuls AOP

A

Grenache

221
Q

What is the main grape used in Bandol AOP

A

Clairette

Certified Sommelier Certification (1 decks)

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