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World Religions > Hinduism and Buddhism > Flashcards

Hinduism and Buddhism Flashcards

0
Q

Axial Age: what motivated the transition from archaic to axial?

A

1 Social developments
Metallurgy, alphabets,coinage, all of which lead to urbanization

2 philosophical developments
People begin reflecting bc of the social changes raising questions for people

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1
Q

Axial Age: How does it differ from what came before?

A

Focused on reflection and philosophy

Archaic and Tribal religions are cosmological and fuse the supernatural,natural, and social into one

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2
Q

Aryans

A

1900 (2000 BC) Aryans come into India

Pastorial society

Caste system ( 1 warriors 2 priests 3 herders)

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3
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A

2500-1900 BC

Agricultural society

Religious traits
1 animistic: worship of natural objects
2 emphasis on purity of water
3 focus on fertility and creative male power

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4
Q

Rig Veda

A

1700-1100 BC

Hymns and songs of creation

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5
Q

Sama Veda

A

Sacrifice emphasis

Songs for priests

For religious figures and rituals

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6
Q

Yajur Veda

A

Sacrifice for priests

More ritualistic

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7
Q

Athara Veda

A

Incantations for priests for big events

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8
Q

4 Main Gods of Hinduism

A

Varuna

Agnu

Indra

Soma

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9
Q

Varuna

A

Vault of the sky, cosmic order, sees everything, punishes them who go against them, watchful eye

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10
Q

Agni

A

God of fire, goes between sky and earth,

***God of sacrificial fire

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11
Q

Indra

A

God of storms, warrior/ god of atmosphere

Responsible for thunderstorms

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12
Q

Soma

A

God of ecstasy (excitement)

*Also a drink used during rituals

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13
Q

Brahmanas

A

1000-800 BC

Update for Veda with new rituals

Divisions academic and they overlap

Philosophical

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14
Q

Uphanishads

A

600 BC

Philosophical, theoretical in nature; structure of q/a with teacher

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15
Q

Class Readings from the Rig Veda

A

1 want to know source if creation
Asking the question What god should we adore with our oblation?

*Hirahyagarbha=Braham=everything

2 creation of caste system through sacrifice

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16
Q

dharma

A

Emphasized in later Hinduism (200 BC- 200 CE/AD)

1 order of things: divine blueprint of reality, social and natural order

2 duty

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17
Q

Karma

A

Action; the cause of samsara

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18
Q

Samsara

A

Endless cycle of birth-death-rebirth

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19
Q

Atman

A

Essence (soul)

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20
Q

Brahman

A

Permanent; underlying the cycle, one thing really real

Can escape samsara by becoming unified with Brahman through knowledge and reflection

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21
Q

Moksha

A

Liberation from Samsara, destruction of self

22
Q

The Four Sights of Siddhartha Gautama

A

1 Old Age- morality
2 sick man- shown illness and death
3 dead man- morality
4 poor hermit- only one remotely happy; only possibility for an authentic life

23
Q

Arhat

A

People who have achieved enlightenment

24
Q

Theravada

A

Means path of the elders

Est. in Shirlanka
Wrote down and collected teachings in a body of scriptures (Tipitaka/Tripitaka)

25
Q

Tripitaka/ Tipitaka

A

Means 3 baskets

The collected teachings of Theravada

26
Q

King Ashoka

A

Mamryan empire

2nd founder of Buddihism

Spreads it across India after becoming a follower of Buddha and proclaiming everyone under his rule should be Buddhist

Powerful ruler

27
Q

Mahayana Buddhists

A

Means Greater Vehicle

Bodhisattra: reincarnation of Buddha, everyone can become one

Theravada Hineyana “lesser value”

28
Q

Dharma (Buddist)

A

Ultimate truth about reality

**Hindu notion of dharma is as a universal blueprint

This is the ultimate truth realized by Buddha when he achieves enlightenment

4 Noble Truths epitomize dharma

29
Q

Dependent Co-arising

A

Impermanence

Everything is connected; nothing arises by itself; nothing is independent

30
Q

Nirvana

A

Cessation of any desire that reinforces self

*knowing dharma is to attain nirvana

31
Q

Anntta

A

Not self

Buddihist idea that there is neither atman or Brahman

32
Q

Dukkha

A

Suffering; results from attachments

5 aggregates of attachment/desire

All things are subject to impermanence and change

Not a mental state, nor unhappiness, simply a feature of existence

33
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

1 Dukkha

2 Origin of Dukkha

3 Cessation of Dukkha

4 The Eight Fold Path

34
Q

2 Origin of Dukkha

A

Desire “tanha”: craving/ thirst

Originates in the very construction of an individual

3 types:
1 thirst for sensual pleasure
2 thirst for continued existence
3 thirst for non-existence

35
Q

5 aggregates of attachment/ desire

A

Suffering; results from attachments

5 aggregates of attachment/desire:
1 matter (form)
2 sensations- 1st level of reaction
3 perception- recognition as something
4 mental formations- activities of the will; decide to do something
5 consciousness- everything built together

All things are subject to impermanence and change

Not a mental state, nor unhappiness, simply a feature of existence

36
Q

3 Cessation of Dukkha

A

Nirvana: extinction of desire and self

37
Q

4 Eight fold path

A

The how to guide of how to live life to promote human flourishing

38
Q

Bhakti

A

Worship or devotion

At times in reference to one god or goddess, usually Vishnu, Shiva or Devi but in the underlying truth they were all connected to Brahman

39
Q

Puranas

A

Literature of Bhakti

Themes of creation and destruction, origins of the gods and the sages, eras of the common history, dynastic histories

***purana was bhagavad-purana, furthered the bhagavad

40
Q

Tantras

A

Books of mystical teachings, spells, ritual direction written from around 500 to 800 BC

Acknowledged Vedas but updated the rituals, perfected use of body and mind

Widespread throughout Hinduism but cult of Shakti was devoted to them

41
Q

Shankara ( and his philosophical system Advaita)

A

Taught 1 there was one Brahman and we is all. And Moksha was realizing that atman is Brahman

Advaita was the thought that everything was an illusion even the gods (Maya)

Allowed different levels of truth,

Everything fades with the unity of Brahman only Nirgina Brahman real in ultimate reality

42
Q

Nirgina Brahman

A

Limitless, ultimate reality, world was connected through nirguana Brahman, quasi-transcendental, formless as the wind or atmosphere

Un-conceptualized, no human interpretation can describe

Higher level of thinking, everything is Brahman

43
Q

Saguna Brahman

A

Separate distinction

Creative power, foundation,personal conceptualized by humans

Limiting conditions and multiformity and names

Formed

44
Q

Maya

A

Illusion encompassing reality

Idea that separation of self and Brahman was an illusion

At higher level of thinking everything is Brahman all separation and illusion fade away

Illusion of changing world and people as individuals

45
Q

Asramas

A

Student,householder,forest dweller,renouncer

46
Q

Ramanuja (his dualist conception of Brahman)

A

Lived from 1017-1137 CE

Argued against non dualism

Promoted Bhskti through saying Vishnu was the Ultimate reality and there was a qualitative difference between soul,world, and highest lord

The body and soul were united but different, Lord was the soul of the soul, soul could worship lord soul

47
Q

3 paths to liberation/transformation

A

Path of knowledge

Path of action

Path of devotion

48
Q

Path of knowledge

A

Know self=Brahman, live accordingly to that truth dharma, focuses through discipline and meditation, knowing he universal self atman is eternal and changeless= moksha use of Upanishads, may have been influenced by Buddihism and Jainism

49
Q

Path of action

A

Performing dharma perfectly for the betterment of the universe, followed by most common people because they had not achieved the caste of Brahmin, after many lifetimes if following the path of action, path of knowledge could be used, law code of many was the guidance for the path of action was a universal path of discipline, ritual, and morality

50
Q

Path of devotion

A

Through Bhakti, worship of gods for protection, wealth, art, success, devotees of Vishnu, shiva, and Devi believe incarnations of Brahman are personal and present, transcend all reality and are Brahman, so they worship part of Brahman which achieves them liberation

51
Q

Sangha

A

Parallel so duty of Buddhist followers

Sets up ideal society

Parallels existing society, does not criticize only exists as an example

52
Q

Parinirvana

A

Complete liberation

No more samsara, or desire for existence

53
Q

Such mess

A

Illusionary world “storehouse conciousness”

World Religions (1 decks)

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