Hinduism

Question 1

elephant headed deity regarded as the son of Siva and Parvati, eliminator of obstacles, lord of beginnings, he has a round belly and enjoys sweets, and he paradoxically is said to ride on a mouse. Ganesha is frequently invoked by Hindus at the beginning of new ventures and at various types of thresholds.

Answer 1

ganesha

Question 2

is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, art, wisdom, and learning. She is a part of the trinity (Tridevi) of ……., Lakshmi, and Parvati. All the three forms help the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva to create, maintain, and regenerate the Universe, respectively. Translates to she who is filled with juice, vedic river goddess later associated with vac and creative energy

Answer 2

Sarasvati

Question 3

a loosely defined term used to designate the broad array of beliefs and practices of the majority of the people of South Asia, particularly those of India and Nepal. Practitioners of Hinduism are known as Hindus

Answer 3

the term, ‘Hinduism’

Question 4

In art history, literature and cultural studies, orientalist is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world. These depictions are usually done by writers, designers and artists from the west.

Answer 4

orientalism

Question 5

2500 BCE a vast civilization flourished in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, it developed on the floodplains of the Indus river valley. The first British recounts of the civilization are from a British adventurer who in the 1920’s who came across the Harappa, one of the largest city in the Indus valley, it is still unclear as to what extent, if any, modern Hinduism is related to this region

Answer 5

Indus Valley Civilization

Question 6

The …. means “knowledge” are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.

Answer 6

The Vedas

Question 7

The last segment of Vedic literature consisting of poetic verses concerning spiritual and philosophical matters, There are as many as eighteen principal Upaniṣads, The expression Vedānta is often used when referring to the Upaniṣads and their teachings, since they form “the end or concluding sections (anta) of revealed Vedic literature, the term “upaniṣad” is said to derive from the classic image of a student sitting (ṣad) down (ni) beside (upa) a spiritual mentor

Answer 7

the upanishads

Question 8

is a Sanskrit word meaning fire, and connotes the Vedic fire god of Hinduism. He is also the guardian deity of the southeast direction, and is typically found in southeast corners of Hindu temples.

Answer 8

agni

Question 9

its meaning may vary from duty, righteousness and legal prescriptions, to social responsibility and obligation, and even to the specific religious teachings of a particular sect … developed into a notion of individual human and social actions in relationship with the overarching cosmic order. …. action is in accord with ṛta; undharmic action

Answer 9

dharma

Question 10

Concept of causality in moral action in which good deeds are meritorious (puṇya), while evil or sinful deeds (pāpa) produce painful effects, developed into the idea of a moral principle of causality,

Answer 10

karma

Question 11

the world is created by and out of a Yajna or sacrifice of the … . All forms of existence are held to be grounded in this primordial yajna. In the seventeenth verse, the concept of Yajna itself is held to have arisen out of this original sacrifice.

Answer 11

Purusha sukta

Question 12

can represent the underlying essence of the material world, it is mostly unseen, hidden to the senses, and even to rational thought. The Upaniṣads depict … as supreme, … is consistently identified as intrinsically connected to the innermost being of all things in existence, including our “selves”. Thus the Self (ātman) is often used as a synonym for …. , with which it is identified.

Answer 12

brahman

Question 13

Hindu orthodoxy prescribes that the whole of life be lived in an orderly manner, in which one passes through sequential stages in accord with one’s varna and gender, each stage is marked with an appropriate life cycle ritual, or …. . The term literally means ‘constructed’, … as a rite of passage, construct a person until their final return so the source of existence.

Answer 13

samskara

Question 14

reflects its concern with interpretation of the latter (anta) portions of the Vedas. … focuses of the study and understanding of the Upanishads, it is a school of speculative philosophy, with its philosophy grounded in concerned with speculative philosophy , unlike its counterpart, Purva Mimamsa, which has an intrinsically theological agenda

Answer 14

Vedanta

Question 15

warrior god, produced from kunti and the thunder god, Indra, … took part in a great war described in the Mahabharata , he is taught three paths to self- realization (Jnana Marga, Karma Marga and Bhakti Marga )

Answer 15

Arjuna

Question 16

Sanskrit …, one of the most widely revered and most popular of all Indian divinities, worshipped as the eighth incarnation (avatar, or avatara) of the Hindu god Vishnu and also as a supreme god in his own right, an avatar of vishnu, he is depicted playing the flute with dark skin.

Answer 16

krishna

Question 17

Incarnations, a concept in Hinduism that means “descent”, is the material appearance or incarnation of a deity on earth. The relative verb to “alight, to make one’s appearance” is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being.

Answer 17

Avatara

Question 18

the path of … (action) meant the performance of deeds that maintained the cosmic order, … yoga involves action without attachment. The Gita also sets … yoga in relationship with devotion, insisting that devotional acts should be performed in the spirit of non- attachment to their results.

Answer 18

karma yoga

Question 19

path of transcendental knowledge, ultimate means through which ignorance is removed and liberation attained, held in especially high regard by followers of radical non- dualistic Vedanta philosophy , refers not only to mundane, intellectual knowledge, but to a transcendental ‘knowing’ of the absolute .

Answer 19

jnana yoga

Question 20

path of loving devotion, devotional worship, typically of a personal god through action, explained in the Gita, … dramatically democratizes access to worship and moksa;

Answer 20

bhakti yoga

Question 21

in Indian philosophy and religion, particularly in Hinduism, the beholding of a deity (especially in image form), revered person, or sacred object. The experience is considered to be reciprocal and results in the human viewer’s receiving a blessing.

Answer 21

darshana

Question 22

Meaning is unity in linear plurality; royal power and order; continuity; dharma, Known as the preserver, … is one of three supreme Hindu deities, along with Brahma and Shiva. … role is to protect humans and to restore order to the world. His presence is found in every object and force in creation, and some Hindus recognize him as the divine being from which all things come.

Answer 22

vishnu

Question 23

regarded as the yogi par excellence, and is often worshipped in the form of an erect phallus (liṅga). His animal mount is the bull, and he is also called Paśupati (Lord of Animals). Opposites held together; paradox; transgression and transcendence, … is known as “The Destroyer” within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu, serpent around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the third eye on his forehead, the trishula or trident, as his weapon, and the damaru drum.

Answer 23

Shiva

Question 24

Black, stone phallic emblem, a votary object that symbolizes the god Shiva and is revered as an emblem of generative power. The lingam appears in Shaivite temples and in private shrines throughout India.

Answer 24

linga

Question 25

also known as …, wife of Shiva, … is the incarnation of Sati, name means she of the mountain. Daksa, ….’s father does not like Shiva, she commits suicide and reincarnates as parvati. Parvati is beautiful and dark- skinned

Answer 25

Shakti

Question 26

bright red powder, this is applied to symbolize someone’s status, can be allied to the part of the hair to symbolizes a married status, forehead … is the mark of a woman with a living husband

Answer 26

Tilaka

Question 27

means to be rendered immaculate, or blessed, God’s grace, it is a offering that devotees offer to a deity, deity then partakes in and returns the offering, thus consecrating it, when the devotees then consume it, they are ingesting a pure or blessed substance, thus elevating themselves in the process to a state that is closer to divinity.

Answer 27

prasada

Question 28

vowed, ascetic observance voluntarily chosen in order to enhance one’s personal spiritual power, or sakti, particularly common assortment of practices performed by both men and women, but particularly by Hindu women, one commits to a particular observance for a fixed period of time.

Answer 28

vrata

Question 29

social structure that extend beyond the four classes, it consists of thousands of smaller groups that are called jatis, which means birth groups, Hindus often identity themselves in accordance to family lineage, their village of origin. … systems become most obvious in scenarios like village gatherings in which members of various jatis must interact and perhaps eat together .

Answer 29

caste

Question 30

…, also known as “Untouchables,” are members of the lowest social group in the Hindu caste system. The word “…,” meaning “oppressed” or “broken,” is the name members of this group gave themselves in the 1930s, historically they have strove for greater rights, ghandi famously referred to them as people of God , untouchability is abolished by the Indian government.

Answer 30

Dalits

Question 31

synonymous with favourable, … and … are weighty categories in many spheres of Hindu belief , astrological consideration play an important role in determining the appropriate periods in the year for weddings and times of the day that are ideal for rituals.

Answer 31

auspiciousness

Question 32

prominent Indian untouchable leader from the early 20th century influenced hundreds of thousands of untouchables to convert to Buddhism - the Dravidian movement, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables, while also supporting the rights of women and labour.

Answer 32

Ambedkar

Question 33

ritualized form of devotional worship, origins are unclear, it is personal and interactive , there are three main components; invocation of the deity, devotional worship of the deity, and dismissal of the deity.

Answer 33

Puja