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Ethics > Hinduism > Flashcards

Hinduism Flashcards

0
Q

ascetic

A

one who renounces physical pleasures & worldly attachments for the sake of spiritual advancement;
common in Hinduism & many other religious traditions, most notably Jainism

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1
Q

artha

A

material success & social prestige;

1/4 goals of life

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2
Q

Atman

A

the eternal Self, which the Upanishads identify w/ the Brahman;
often lowercase, the eternal self or soul of an individual that is reincarnated from one body to the next & is ultimately identified w/ Atman

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3
Q

avatar

A

an incarnation, or living embodiment, of a diety, usually of Vishnu, who is sent to earth to accomplish a divine purpose; Krishna & Rama are the most popular avatars

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4
Q

Bhagavad-Gita

A

a short section of the epic poem Mahabharata in which the god Krishna teaches the great warrior Arjuna about bhakti marga & other ways to God;
Hinduism’s most popular sacred text

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5
Q

bhakti marga

A

th most popular of the 3 Hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing loving devotion to one’s chosen god or goddess

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6
Q

Brahman

A

the eternal essence of reality & the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception & thought

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7
Q

brahmin

A

the highest of the 4 classes of the caste system, made up of priests

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8
Q

caste system

A 
traditional division of Hindu society into various categories; 
4 main varnas (classes): brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, & shudra; each class contains numerous subgroups, resulting in more than 3,000 categories
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9
Q

dharma

A

ethical duty based on the divine order of reality; 1/4 goals in life

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10
Q

jnana marga

A

1/3 Hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing knowing the true nature of reality through learning & meditation

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11
Q

kama

A

pleasure, especially of sensual love; 1/4 goals of life

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12
Q

karma

A

the moral law of cause & effect of actions; determines the nature of one’s reincarnation

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13
Q

karma marga

A

1/3 Hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing performing right actions according to dharma

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14
Q

kshatriya

A

the 2/4 classes of the caste system, made up of warriors & administrators

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15
Q

maya

A

cosmic illusion brought about by divine creative power

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16
Q

moksha

A

liberation or release of the individual self, atman, from the bondage of samsara; salvation; 1/4 goals of life

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17
Q

monism

A

the doctrine that reality is ultimately made up of only one essence

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18
Q

Rig Veda

A

a collection of 1,017 Sanskirt hymns composed about 1500 B.C. r earlier; Hinduism’s oldest sacred text

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19
Q

samadhi

A

a trancelike state in which self-consciousness is lost, & the mind is absorbed into the ultimate reality; the culmination of the 8 steps of Yoga

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20
Q

samsara

A

the wheel of rebirth or reincarnation; the this-worldly realm in which rebirth occurs

21
Q

Sankhya

A

a system of Hindu philosophy & one approach within jnana marga, “the path of knowledge,” asserting that reality comprises 2 distinct categories: matter & eternal selves

22
Q

sannyasin

A

a wandering ascetic who has advanced to the 4th & highest stage of life

23
Q

sati

A

the traditional practice of burning a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre; outlawed in 1829, though it still occurs rarely

24
Q

shudra

A

the lowest of the 4 classes of the caste system, made up of servants & laborers

25
Q

Upanishads

A

a collection of over 200 texts composed btwn 900 & 200 B.C. that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas

26
Q

vaishya

A

the 3/4 classes of the caste system, made up of producers such as farmers, merchants, & artisans

27
Q

Vedanta

A

a system of Hindu philosophy & 1 approach within jnana marga, “the path of knowledge,” holding that al reality is essentially Brahman; most notable advocate is the medieval Hindu philosopher Shankara

28
Q

Yoga

A

a system of Hindu philosophy & 1 approach within jnana marga, “the path of knowledge,” seeking to free the eternal self from the bondage of personhood, culminating in the experience of samhadi;
lowercase: physical & psychological techniques for spiritual advancement

29
Q
  1. Explain the meaning of the term moksha.
A

Liberation (moksha) = the ultimate goal for Hindus

- Moksha = characterized by infinite being, awareness, & bliss

30
Q
  1. What doctrine says all reality is ultimately one? Give an analogy that describes it.
A

monism = the doctrine that all reality is one

31
Q
  1. Define Brahman & Atmans. How are the 2 related?
A 
Brahman = the essence of reality (the universe)
Atman = the ultimate reality within human beings; the eternal self (humans)
32
Q
  1. Give a brief explanation of the doctrine of samsara.
A

?

33
Q
  1. What is the name of Hinduism’s most popular sacred text?
A

?

34
Q
  1. According to Hinduism, what are the 2 principles that connect the divine to this world? Briefly explain each.
A

?

35
Q
  1. What is the general function of Hinduism’s many deities?
A

?

36
Q
  1. Name the 4 classes of the caste system & describe the people who belong to each.
A
  • Brahmin = priests
  • Kshatriya = the warriors, administrators
  • Vaishya = merchants, farmers, artisans, peasants, producers
  • Shudra = servants, laborers
37
Q
  1. In the Bhagavad-Gita, why does Krishna encourage Arjuna to engage in war?
A

?

38
Q
  1. Identify & briefly explain the 4 stages of life.
A
  • Student
  • Householder
  • -
39
Q
  1. Name & describe the 4 goals of life.
A

?

40
Q
  1. Identify the 3 paths to liberation. Which type of person is best suited for each path?
A
  • active life, karma marga, the path of works
  • philosophical ones, jnana marga, the path of knowledge,
    • found amongst the brahmans
  • emotional attachment, bhakti marga, the path of devotion,
41
Q
  1. What are the 3 most important schools of Hindu philosophy? What is the basic task that concerns all 3?
A

?

42
Q
  1. Identify 3 important gods or goddesses of Hinduism.
A

?

43
Q
  1. What is an avatar? Name 2 important Hindu figures identified as avatars.
A

?

44
Q
  1. What Hindu text is most closely associated with the bhakti marga?
A

?

45
Q
  1. Identify 3 aspects of Hindu devotional life.
A

?

46
Q
  1. How did Mahatma Gandhi influence Hinduism?
A

?

47
Q
  1. What significant changes in the caste system took place in the 20th century?
A

discrimination against outcastes = now officially forbidden

48
Q
  1. What is sati? What is its status today?
A

?

49
Q
  1. What significant development occured in relations btwn Hindus & Muslims in 1947?
A

?

Ethics (2 decks)

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