Highway Railroad in Engineering (Lesson 1 - Lesson 3) Flashcards
is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.
Transportation
is moving whatever comes out of one location to the next location. That might mean
transporting something from a manufacturer to a distributor, or from a distributor to
a customer
Transportation
The term is derived from the Latin word trans and portare
(“across”) & (“to carry”)
Three Components of Transportation
Transportation modes
Fuels
Technology
3 types of Fuels
Human Power
Renewable Fuels
Fossil Fuels
are the means supporting the mobility of passengers
Transportation modes
crucial element that propels the transportation system
Fuels
refers to what the vehicle uses to move
Technology
refers to the energy produced by the human body
Human Power
are from solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and biomass energy.
Renewable Fuels
refers to what the vehicle uses to move.
Fossil Fuels
Importance of Transportation
Economic development
Social development
Political development
Three Basic modes of transportation
Land transport
Marititme transport
Air transport
Four Major modes of Transportation
Roadways or Highways
Railways
Waterways
Airways
is the transport or movement of people, animals, or goods from one location to
another location on land.
Land transport
is the transfer of passenger and cargos via sea routes or by water.
Maritime transport
is the carriage of passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail by air.
Air transport
can be classified as transporting either goods and materials or
transporting people from one place to other on roads.
Road transportation
is the most common means of transportation on land.
Roadway
it consists of the modern highway as well as city streets, feeder roads and
village roads, catering for a big range of vehicles and the pedestrians
Roadway
is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled
vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks.
Railways
One of the most cost-effective modes of commuting and goods carriage.
Railways
most organized among all the modes of transport as it has fixed routes and schedules.
Railways
This mode of transportation uses oceans, rivers, canals, and lakes for the movement of
boats and ships.
Waterways
It is the slowest among the four modes.
Waterways
Transportation by this system is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along
the rivers or canals where inland transportation facilities are available
Waterways
is one of the fastest modes of transportation
Airways
It enables effective transportation of people and goods across national and international
borders
Airways
More costly compared to all other modes of transportation.
Airways
Refers to transportation that involves two or more mode of transportation
Multimodal Transportation
is that even though it includes various
modes for transportation, it still falls under one single bill of lading.
Multimodal Transportation
That means the carrier is fully liable for the entire carriage even though it is performed
by different modes of transport such as Air, Railroad or Sea.
Multimodal Transportation
Other modes of Transportation
Pipelines
Cable and Rope ways
Unmanned Aircraft
Space Flight Transport
It is the mode of transportation that involves the use of hollow pipes in the
transportation of water, crude oil, petroleum, biofuels, and gas.
Pipelines
This is a type of aerial transit that transport passengers and goods in a suspended cabin
pulled by cables or ropes
Cable and Rope ways
These are aircrafts without an onboard pilot. They operate by either being remotely
controlled by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers.
Unmanned Aircraft
This refers to the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer
space.
Space Flight Transport
- This mode of transportation is safer and cheaper than using tankers or trailers in the
transportation of liquid or gaseous products.
Pipelines
- This mode of transport is commonly used in mountainous areas or in places with large
differences in elevation.
Cable and Rope ways
- They are used to improve worker safety and to reduce wasted resources.
Unmanned Aircraft
- This can be considered as the least used mode of transportation as it requires extensive
study and computations before flights, and it costs a lot of money.
Space Flight Transport
Road transport requires a relatively _________ for the government. Construction and
maintenance of roads are _________ than that of railway tracks, docks, harbors, and airports
small investment
cheaper
Road transport completely offers a _________ to road users to transfer the vehicles from one lane
to another according to the need and convenience
freedom
______ are used for various types of road vehicles, like passenger cars, buses, trucks, two and
three wheeled automobiles
Roads
For a _________ travel, road transport saves time
short distance
Speed of movement is directly related with severity of _______. The road safety decreases
with increase dispersion in speed. Road Transport is subjected to high degree of accidents due
to flexibility of movements offered to the user
accident
Road transport is the only means of transport that offers itself to the _______________.
whole community
is a prerequisite for any engineering activity or project; this is particularly true for the
development of a highway network or system in a country.
Planning
involves the estimation of current and future traffic volumes on a road network. The
Highway planning is also a basic need for the Highway development.
Highway planning
This data is beneficial for the best utilized type of road (MDR, NH, SH) to be created on the path.
This includes traffic volume survey, origin destination survey, vehicles damage surveys etc.
TRAFFIC DATA
Traffic surveys aim to capture data that accurately reflects the real-world traffic situation in
the area.
Traffic data
old-school solutions include human counters, pressure hoses, piezo-electric
sensors, radars or custom HW image analysis appliances.
Traditional
It is advantageous to use the systems based
on artificial intelligence by combining existing camera equipment, multi-modal counting
capabilities, complex traffic patterns monitoring and constantly high accuracy.
Artificial Intelligence for Traffic Data Collection
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDER IN SELECTING THE RIGHT METHOD FOR TRAFFIC COLLECTION
Accuracy
Expenses
Purpose of the Survey
a person is subject to stress, fatigue, and his biological needs. These
factors affect data quality. In the manual method, attention span of a counter decreases with
the length of the survey, and thus the error rate is increasing.
Accuracy
In the case of extensive surveys on multiple locations at one time, it is necessary to
consider the financial difficulty of purchasing of technical devices that is worthwhile only if
repeating such surveys.
Expenses
With most traditional methods it is necessary to determine what data
we need to measure and what it will be used for. Manual counters are not able to capture
complicated traffic patterns or advanced data like travel time.
Purpose of the Survey
While constructing a highway, many shops and houses got affected or damaged. Thus, a social
survey is done along roadside, town villages and shops. The surveyors collect data about villagers
and have discussions about the project and ask for cooperation during the years for construction.
SOCIAL DATA
A report regarding affecting number of trees, flora and fauna near construction sites, pollutants
increased during construction in air and water must be prepared and submitted to environment
ministry to get the green signal for development.
Environment Data
Type of Data
Traffic data
Social data
Environment data
Classification based on the following criterion:
- According to Traffic Volume
- According to Transport Tonnage
- According to Importance
- According to Location and Function
- According to Material Used
- According to Rigidity
- According to Traffic Types
- According to Topography
- According to Speed and Accessibility
- According to Economy
- According to Usage
- According to Carriageway
international and national roads / expressways and national highways.
Class I Roads
region to region or neighboring parts / major district roads.
Class II Roads
National highways are the main roads that connect all major cities to the capital of the
country.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS (NH)
They run throughout the length and breadth of the country. A minimum two-lane road
is provided for national highways.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS (NH)
The Road width varies from 7 m to 15 m for the National highways in India.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS (NH)
The highways linking up with the national highways of adjacent states, district
headquarters and important cities with the states are known as
STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
The geometric design specifications and design speed for NH and SH are same. These
highways serve as arterial routes of traffic from district road within the state.
STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
The length of state highway roads varies from 7 m to 10 m
STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
are laid with soil
EARTHEN ROADS
This type of roads is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas.
EARTHEN ROADS
They are cheaper than all types of roads
EARTHEN ROADS
A compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as pavement material in this case.
GRAVEL ROADS
Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they are better when compared within
earthen roads.
GRAVEL ROADS
Murrum is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering
agencies.
MURRUM ROADS
is an impure form of limestone.
KANKAR ROADS
are provided where lime is available in a reasonable quantity.
KANKAR ROADS
Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in its base
course.
WBM ROADS
The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after sprinkling water.
WBM ROADS
are prevalent roads around the world.
BITUMINOUS ROADS
They are the most used roads in the world.
BITUMINOUS ROADS
Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of
CONCRETE ROADS
These are very popular and costlier than all other types of roads.
CONCRETE ROADS
built for pedestrians exclusively, and no vehicles are permitted to pass
Pedestrian ways
built for cyclists which are provided on both sides of pavement so
they can travel safely
Cycle Tracks / Bicycle Tracks
________ also known as ______. Only few vehicles are allowed to use these roads such
as vehicles that accelerate at high speeds. It makes travelling quicker and provides comfort for
high-speed vehicles.
Motorways
expressways
are also called as access-controlled highways.
Freeways
are one of the superior types of access-controlled roadways where the
entry and exit of the expressway are fully controlled by ramps.
Expressways
