HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING Flashcards by Ann Aiah Mondia

It is the relationship between land and transportation planning. It is also a continuous loop where changes in how people use land and move around influences the planning and development of transportation systems for much efficient urban environment

Land Transportation Cycle

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Refers to the uncontrolled and often unplanned outward expansion of a city into surrounding suburban or rural areas

Traffic Congestion and Urban Sprawl

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Urban development that is centered on public transportation and avoids over-reliance on Automobiles. Thus, it offers a variety of transportation options around transit nodes

Transit-oriented Development

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What is the concept of Transit-oriented Development (TOD)?

• All kinds of residential and commercial spaces around a bus/rail transit station

• Safe streets design and encourage walking (less vehicles/parking lot, more infrastructure)

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One in which the various attractive features of the city are aggregated (compacted) in multiple areas that are connected (networked) by various modes of transportation, with a focus on highly convenient public transportation.

Not concentrated on a single point, but rather efficient aggregation over multiple hubs

Network Type Compact City

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Allows co-existence of residential, commercial, leisure and industrial activities in the same area.

Promotes shorter travel distances and encourages walking, cycling, and transit use

Mixed-use Zoning

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These are dedicated lanes and bike-sharing programs, influences land use by encouraging the development of bike-friendly society and reducing the need for extensive parking facilities

Bicycle Infrastructures

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Location of employment centers influences commuting patterns

Employment Hubs and Commuting Patterns

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Influencing the integration of land use and transport.

Use real-time data to manage traffic flow, optimize public transportation routes, and provide information to travelers

Smart Cities and Intellegent Transportation Systems

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The design of roads must be adapted to the limitations of the _____________.

Human Capacity

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“Safe System Approach” suggests?

• Self-explaining Roads
• Designing Roads that encourages safe speeds
• Forgiving Roadsides

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World Bank’s Sustainable Safe Road Design Manual discussed?

• Functionality
• Predictability
• Homogeinity

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What are the controls in optimizing or improving the design of the various highway and street functional classes?

• Human Factors and Driver Performance
• Vehicles
• Traffic Characteristics

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Driver tasks include?

• vehicle control
• guidance
• navigation

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What are the factors under human factors and driver Performance?

• Driver tasks
- vehicle control
- guidance
- navigation
• Use of the facility by older drivers and older pedestrians
• Errors due to drivers deficiencies and situational demand
• speed

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It is a program developed by the department of transportation. Adopting a vision of zero road traffic death, with an intern target to reduce road death rate by 20% by 2022.

It is organized according to the action plan of the decade of action for road safety.

Philippine Road Safety Action Plan

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What is the focus of the Action Plan of the Decade of Action for Road Safety?

• Road Safety Management
• Safe Roads and Mobility
• Safer Road Users
• Post-crash response

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What are the general classes of design vehicles?

• Passenger Cars
• Buses
• Trucks
• Recreational Vehicles

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Traffic volume obtained from field studies (hourly and daily traffic volumes, type and weight of vehicles and traffic trends)

Geometric design features (lane numbers, widths, alignment and grade)

Traffic Characteristics

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What are the things to consider when planning highways?

• Various aspects of traffic
• How many vehicles
• Types of vehicles
• Money
• Quality of the ground
• Materials
• Land Needed

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A road should be designed to handle, or easily change to handle, the number of vehicles expected to use it by the end of its life. Also called “Design Volume”.

Anticipated Traffic Volume

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What are the assumptions when figuring out the design volume?

• Flexible Roads
- 10-15 years life span
• Rigid Roads
- 20 years life span

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All roads must be designed to make it safe and easy for trucks, buses, cars, carts, bicycles, and people to use.

It is also important to understand the weight, size, and how easily the vehicles and people can move

Character of traffic

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It is the maximum safe speed determined for a highway, considering its physical features

Design Speed

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Roadway conditions influence the capacity of a road and can affect performance measures such as speed

Highway Capacity

What are the different roadway factors

• Number of Lanes • Type of facility and its development environment • Lane Widths • Shoulder Width and Lateral Clearances • Design Speed • Horizontal and vertical alignment • Axle Roads • Availability of exclusive turn lanes at intersections

It is a part of the roadway designated for use of a single line vehicle

Lane

What are the importance of lane design

• Affecting traffic flow • Safety • Efficiency

What are the factors affecting the number of lanes

• Traffic • Road

What are the types of highway Capacity?

• Basic Capacity • Possible Capacity • Practical Capacity

It is the ideal roadway and traffic

Basic Capacity

It is the prevailing roadway and traffic

Possible Capacity

It is the maximum capacity without causing unreasonable delay or hazard

Practical Capacity

Numbered from the centerline outwards wherein hard shoulders are not typically counted as a lane

Lane Numbering

These are emergency stopping lanes on the outer side of a road. A space for emergency stops, recovery zone, structural support, drainage, and passage for bicyclists. It is usually narrower than a full traffic lane and provides additional space for evasive action and reduces risks of hydroplaning

Road Shoulders

Created when soil or rock is deposited to raise the level of ground for roadway

Fill Slope

Slope resulting from the removal of soil or rock for the construction of a roadway

Cut Slope

What are the different road types?

• Local Streets • Collectors • Arterials • Freeways

This type of road is typically narrower with slower speed limits, frequent intersections, and direct access to properties It serves the local neighborhood and allows residents to reach their destinations conveniently

Local Streets

This type of road is wider than local streets and has moderate traffic flow, connects the neighborhood, distributes traffic and facilitates movement within a city. It connects local streets to arterials

Collectors

This type of road is wide, associated with higher speed limits, and fewer intersections. Has limited direct access to properties, often divided into multiple lanes. Moves traffic efficiently across regions, connects major destinations, and handles higher volumes of traffic.

Arterials

This type of road has controlled access, grade-separated interchanges, no direct property access, and has multiple lanes It facilitates long distance travels, bypassing urban areas, and handling significant traffic volumes

Freeways

It is the maximum number of vehicles that can reasonably pass over a given section of a lane or roadway in one hour under prevailing road and traffic conditions

Road Capacity

This concept is used to assess road Capacity

Degree of Saturation

What are the factors affecting Road Capacity?

• Number of Lanes • Lane and Shoulder Width • Terrain and Road Gradients • Traffic Composition • Side Friction Intersection Capacity

What are the classification of highways based on movements and components?

• Freeways • Freeway Ramps • Arterials • Collector Roads • Local Access Roads

In this type of highway, the main movement is interrupted

Freeway

This type of highway acts as transition roadways

Freeway Ramps

This type of highway is a moderate speed distributor facility

Arterials

This type of highway penetrates neighborhood

Collector Roads

This type of highway penetrates individual residences

Local Access Roads

What are the highway classifications based on functions?

• Access Road • Two Lanes • Collector Roads • Principal Arteries • Expressways • Freeways/Motorways

This is a single lane, provided where there is a small probability of vehicles meeting, and very few maneuvers are passing

Access Road

It is provided for higher traffic flows, safe overtaking insured, and provides access to rural and agriculture and cities

Two Lanes

It links access to road arteries, for medium volume of traffic. Having a width of 5-5.5m (less heavy vehicles) and 5.5-6m (heavy vehicles are > 40%)

Collector Roads

High traffic flows are observable (>1000 Vehicles/day). Its minimum width required is 6.5m and the width of vehicle passing is 2.5m. Heavy vehicles can pass safely without moving laterally or slowing down

Principal Arteries

Divided arterial highways designed for thorough traffic. - full or partial control of access - allowing access connections only to selected public roads and prohibiting direct private driving connections or cross sections at grade - more flexibility, permitting access connections with selected public roads, and there may be some crossings at grade and private driving connections

Expressways

Expressways with full control of access. High-volume, high-speed highways. At least 4 lanes (3.5m) divided. Physical separators between confronting streams of traffic (median, concrete walls). Has grade separated intersections (interchange/fly over). Fencing, underpasses for pedestrians/cattle passes

Freeways/Motorways

What republic act indicates motorists to drive at a safe speed determined by the driver based on the road and environment conditions?

Republic Act No. 4136: Land Transportation and Traffic Code

This is where speed management practice depends. This should be erected on the left and right sided of a new speed zone

Speed Restriction Signs

It is the length of the road surface which a particular driver can see with an acceptable level of clarity. It plays an important role in geometrical highway design

Sight Distances

What are the types of Sight Distances?

Stopping Sight Distances Passing Sight Distances

It is the viewable distance required for a driver to see so that he or she can make a complete stop in the event of an unforeseen hazard

Stopping Sight Distances

What are the two components of stopping sight distance (SSD)?

• Braking Distance • Perception - reflection time

It is the minimum sight distance that is required on a highway, generally a two-lane, two-directional one, that will allow a driver to pass another vehicle without colliding with a vehicle in the opposing lane Allows the driver to abort the passing maneuver if desired.

Passing Sight Distance

Based on AASHTO, what are the components of Passing Sight Distance (PSD)?

• Distance traveled during Perception-reaction time and acceleration into opposing lanes • Distance required to pass in the opposing lane • Distance necessary to clear the slower vehicle

It is the legal right of passage over another person's ground

Right-of-way or Easement

What are the different traffic conflicts?

• Merging Conflicts • Diverging Conflicts • Weaving Conflicts • Crossing Conflicts

This type of conflict occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream

Merging Conflict

This type of conflict occurs when vehicles leave a traffic stream

Diverging Conflict

This type of traffic occurs when vehicles cross paths by first merging and then diverging

Weaving Conflict

This type of conflict occurs when vehicles cross paths directly

Crossing Conflict

What are the ways to resolve traffic conflicts?

• Time- sharing solution • Space-sharing solution • Grade separation solution

It is a method of aligning a junction of two or more surface transport axes at different heights

Railroad-Highway Separation

The vehicle is considered to be in equilibrium when it is negotiating a curve at a speed where the product of its weight and radial acceleration is perpendicular to the rails

Equilibrium speed

Vehicles have a tendency to travel in a straight direction, which is tangential to the curve, even when it moves on a circular curve. The vehicle is subjected to a constant radial acceleration.

Centrifugal Force on a Curved Track

What are the different types of lane markings?

• Solid white shoulder lines • Broken or Dotted white lines • Solid white center lines • Solid yellow double center line • Mixed center line/solid yellow with broken yellow or white line • Directional Arrow • Broken Blue lane divider • Rumble Strips • Solid White Horizontal Lines • Zebra Crossing

This type of lane markings signifies pedestrian crossing zone

Zebra crossing

This type of lane markings indicated where you must stop at a stoplight

Solid Horizontal White Lines

This type of lane markings indicates hazards ahead such as dangerous curved or merging traffic

Rumble Strips

This type of lane markings indicates the motorbike lane along major thoroughfaces

Broken Blue Lane Divider

This type of lane markings indicates which directions you are allowed to go within the lane

Directional Arrow

This type of lane markings indicates that only one side can overtake which is the side with broken line

Mixed Center Line/ Solid Yellow With Broken Yellow or White

This type of lane markings forbid overtaking over this line, but you can make left turns over it provided the way is clear

Solid Yellow Double Center Line

This type of lane markings is often used to divide traffic on a two-way multi-lane road. Since it is a solid line, drivers are discouraged from overtaking over it unless the lane is absolutely clear

Solid White Center Lines

This type of lane markings used to show the center lines between lanes. Reminder to stay in your lane. As the line is broken, however, this means it is legal to cross it when overtaking or changing lanes

Broken or Dotted White Lines

This type of lane markings are lanes of traffic going in the same direction or they show the location of the shoulder of the road

Solid White Shoulder Lines

What are the types of lanes?

• Traffic Lanes • Auxiliary Lanes • Through Lanes • Turn Lanes • Passing Lanes • Climbing Lanes • Express Lanes • Dedicated Lanes

Specific Route that a courier consistently services for a shipper

Dedicated Lanes

Specially designated highway lanes that offer a new and faster commute option for highway drivers

Express Lanes

Extra lanes used for short distances in certain areas to improve safety, ease congestion and prevent delays. Help facilitate the passing of trucks and slow moving vehicles

Through Lanes

Extra lanes used for short distances in certain areas to improve safety, ease congestion and prevent delays. Help facilitate the passing of trucks and slow moving vehicles

Climbing Lanes

Part of the road or highways that drivers use to pass other vehicles

Passing Lane

Use primarily to separate turning traffic from through traffic

Turn Lanes

Ramp-to-ramp connections on the highway that reduce congestion by giving drivers more space and time to merge safely

Auxillary Lane

Lane for the movement of vehicles travelling from one destination to another, not including shoulders

Traffic Lanes or Travel Lanes

It is the strip of land or barrier separating the lanes of traffic traveling in opposite directions on a divided highway or expressway

Highway Median

What are the purposes of highway median?

• Safety • Traffic Control • Pedestrian Access • Landscaping and Aesthetics • Drainage

What are the general types of median?

• Traversable • Non-traversable

Does not physically discourage or prevent vehicles from entering upon or crossing over it. Includes painted medians and continuous two-way left-turn lanes

Traversable

Physical barrier in the roadway that separates traffic traveling in opposite directions, such as a concrete barrier or landscaped island

Non-traversable

What are other types of Highway Median?

• Raised Median • Flush Median • Depressed Median

Is a curbed section that typically occupies the center of a roadway. Separates opposing streams of traffic and restrict turning movements Design Speed: should only be used where the design speed is less than 50mph

Raised Median

Are white diagonal lines, painted down the center of some urban and semi-urban roads, marking an area about one-car-width wide

Flush Median

A median that runs down the center of a street acts as a separator for traffic lanes. Adds the function of a collector for storm water. The roadway drainage enters the median through curb openings to flume and then flows to catch basins in the median

Depressed Median

Types of Road Median Openings

• No Media Opening • Median Crossover Without Left Turn Bay • Median Crossover With Left Turn Bay • Median Crossover Directional Left Turn Bays • Two-way Left Turn

In this method, sections are drawn at equal intervals through the project

Cross-Section Method

In this method, the average cut or fill depths are determined for each cell in the grid

Grid Method