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fisio > Higher_Order_Physiology_Flashcards > Flashcards

Higher_Order_Physiology_Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle of homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes.

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2
Q

Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Walter Cannon.

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3
Q

How does negative feedback work in homeostasis?

A

It detects deviations from a set point and triggers responses to return to that point.

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4
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback system in the body?

A

Childbirth contractions (labor).

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5
Q

What is the main function of body fluids?

A

Transport of nutrients, waste removal, and maintaining cellular environment.

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6
Q

What percentage of body weight is total body water (TBW) in an average person?

A

About 60%.

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7
Q

What is the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

ICF is within cells, ECF is outside cells.

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8
Q

What are the primary components of extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

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9
Q

How does osmotic pressure influence fluid movement between compartments?

A

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration across a membrane.

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10
Q

What is the role of capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

It pushes water out of capillaries into the interstitial space.

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11
Q

How is intracellular fluid volume calculated?

A

It is 40% of total body weight.

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12
Q

What is the normal range of blood plasma volume in the human body?

A

4-5 liters.

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13
Q

How does albumin maintain blood volume?

A

By generating oncotic pressure to pull water into capillaries.

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14
Q

What is edema and how does it occur?

A

Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to imbalance in fluid movement, often from low plasma oncotic pressure.

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15
Q

What is the primary effect of hypertonic extracellular fluid on cells?

A

It causes cells to shrink as water moves out.

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16
Q

What is the significance of sodium in plasma osmolarity?

A

It regulates the osmolarity and water balance in the extracellular fluid.

17
Q

Why are electrolytes crucial for homeostasis?

A

They regulate fluid balance, pH, and electrical conductivity in cells.

18
Q

What condition occurs with low potassium levels (hypokalemia)?

A

Muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.

19
Q

What is the effect of hypervolemia during pregnancy?

A

Increased blood volume due to the demands of the fetus and placenta.

20
Q

How does water move between intracellular and extracellular compartments?

A

Through osmosis driven by solute concentration gradients.

21
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.

22
Q

What is the clinical use of mannitol?

A

To reduce intracranial pressure by drawing water out of the brain via osmosis.

23
Q

What happens when extracellular fluid becomes hypotonic?

A

Water enters cells, causing them to swell.

24
Q

What is the key distinction between interstitial fluid and blood plasma?

A

Blood plasma contains more protein anions.

25
Q

How does the body regulate blood pH?

A

Through buffers, respiration, and renal function.

26
Q

What is the physiological role of chloride in the body?

A

It helps maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.

27
Q

What is hypovolemia and what can cause it?

A

Decreased blood volume, often due to dehydration or hemorrhage.

28
Q

Why is capillary permeability important in fluid exchange?

A

It allows selective movement of substances between blood and tissues.

29
Q

What are transcellular fluids?

A

Fluids in special compartments such as synovial and cerebrospinal fluid.

30
Q

What is the effect of osmosis on the equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A

It maintains equal osmotic pressure across cell membranes.

fisio (10 decks)

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