higher order cortex.

Question 1

wernikes- area 22

Answer 1

located in the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus.

Question 2

Broca’s area 44 and 45

Answer 2

inferior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus,

Question 3

Broca’s and wernikes communicate

Answer 3

arcuate fasiculus.

Question 4

angular gyrus

Answer 4

It is important for reading written language as it connects the visual cortex and the language centers.

Question 5

Brocas

Answer 5

understands.
decreased fluency
unable to repeat.
unable to understand complex grammer.

Question 6

Transcortical motor aphasia.

Answer 6

Understand.
decreased fluency
able to repeat.
difficulty with naming,

water shed infarcts

Question 7

Wernikes.

Answer 7

no understanding.
normal fluency
unable to repeat.
Paraphasic errors are common

Question 8

Transcortical sensory

Answer 8

No understanding
Normal fluency
Able to repeat.
watershed infracts,

Question 9

Conduction aphasia

Answer 9

understands.
fluent
unable to repeat.
Lesion of the arcuate fasciculus

Question 10

Anomic aphasia.

Answer 10

able to understand, repeat and fluent.

Question 11

Global aphasia

Answer 11

impaired comprehension.
Impaired fluency.
Impaired repetition.

Question 12

Disconnection syndromes

Answer 12

agraphia without alexia is seen in dominant inferior parietal lobule part of gretsman syndrome.

Question 13

Alexia without agraphia

Answer 13

Lesion of the occipital cortex and medial surface from PCA stroke.
Lesion of the left side causes inability to read the right hemifield due to visual field deficit and material in the right hemifield is unable to be read as it cant cross to the left dominant language center because of damage to the corpus callousom.

they can say words that are spelled out loud and have difficulty in naming colors.

Question 14

alexia and agraphia

Answer 14

lesion of the dominant inferior parietal lobule in the area of angular gyrus,

Question 15

apraxia

Answer 15

inability to carry on the correct sequence of motor movements.
Aphasia is commonly associated with apraxia especially of oro-lingual.

Question 16

aphemia

Answer 16

severe apraxia of speech is caused by dominant frontal operculum lesion.

Question 17

cortical deafness

Answer 17

bilateral auditory cortical lesion. Patients can hear voices and sounds but are unable to interpret them

Question 18

Pure word deafness

Answer 18

They have impaired ability to understand verbal language, these patients can read and write.

It is caused by lesion of the dominant auditory cortex causing disconnect syndrome.

Question 19

disconnection syndrome.

Answer 19

conduction aphasia.
Pure word deafness.
Alexia without agraphia.

Question 20

Spatial attention

Answer 20

The right parietal association cortex is important for attention.

Question 21

Hemispatial neglect

Answer 21

Non dominant parietal or frontal cortex.
Thalamus.
Reticular formation of the brain.
Cingulate gyri

Types of neglect: 
sensory 
motor 
sensory motor 
conceptual

Question 22

allesthesia

Allokensia

tactile response test

testing motor neglect in isolation

Answer 22

stimulus applied to the left is reported to be on the right.

patient moves the normal limb when is asked to move the neglected limb.

asking patient to move limbs in response to touch. it is c good for both motor and sensory neglect.

crossed response test: patient moves the opposite limb being touched.

Question 23

Capgras

fergoli syndrome.

reduplicative paramensia

Answer 23

right hemisphere lesion where patient is convinced family members are replaced by imposers.

Two people are present in two identical copies.

Question 24

Frontal lobe

Answer 24

medial frontal lobe contains the micturition inhibitory center.

Question 25

Visual association cortex.

Answer 25

cortical blindness: 
loss of OKN. 
Loss of blink to threat. 
Loss of visual confrontation.
Patient is unaware of deficit- anosognosia.

Question 26

Disorders of the ventral pathway.

Answer 26

prosopagnosia is inability to identify people.
Lesion is located in the bilateral occipitoparietal lobe.
Fusiform gyrus.
It is an association agnosia RATHER than perceptual agnosia.

They are able to identify people by voices, or clothes.

They also have achromtopsia and alexia.
Achromtopsia is difficulty in color perception.
They are unable to name, point or associate colors but can identify colors by object describtion.

Question 27

Primary visual association cortex.

Answer 27

Color agnosia.
Inability to name and point to colors but there is an intact ability to match colors.
They have intact color perception unlike achromtospia where there is no intact color perception.

Lesion location: primary visual cortex on the dominant hemisphere or the medial occipitotemporal cortex. They can have an associated alexia or hemianopia.

Visual static agnosia: able to recognize objects that are moving only.

Question 28

Metamorphopsia

Answer 28

Visual distortion gives alice in wonderland.

Question 29

visual re-orientation.

Palinospia

Answer 29

The environment appears tilted or inverted.
It is associated with lateral medullary syndrome.

Objects reappear in the visual field. It is caused by visual association cortex.
can also be seen with medications such as trazodone.

Question 30

Syndromes of dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex

Answer 30

bilateral lesion of the dorsolateral parieto-occipital lobe causes balint’s syndrome.
It is simulatgnosia - patient is unable to see a complex visual scene as a whole. It is the core feature of balint’s syndrome.
Optic ataxia: inability to look at objects with visual guidance.
Optic Apraxia: difficulty in directing the gaze voluntarly to see an objects through saccades. Patient may need to move the head.

Other associated deficits are hemineglect, visual field defects and aphasia.

Question 31

Auditory hallucination

Answer 31

Tinnitus- peripheral causes.
whooshing sound or self auditory bruit is usually caused by turbulent flow in AVM, dissection, high ICP.

PARACUSES: sound heard once re-appears repeatedly.

Involvement of the auditory association cortex can cause complex auditory hallucination in seizures.