Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Neuroscience > Higher Cortical Funtion > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Funtion Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebral cortex is 6 layers thick and most outputs are axons of pyramidal neurones

List 3 type of fibres that are outputs from the cerebral cortex

A
  • Projection fibres
  • Association fibres
  • Commissural fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are most inputs to the cerebral cortex from?

A

Thalamus and other cortical areas

An important set of inputs is that from the Reticular Formation, which maintains cortical activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 6 functions of the Frontal Lobe

A
  • Motor
  • Expression of Speech (usually left hemisphere)
  • Behavioural regulation/ judgment
  • Cognition
  • Eye movements
  • Continence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Motor function of the Frontal Lobe

How can damage present?

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex found here

- Damage can-> Contralateral weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the Expression of Speech function of the Frontal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Broca’s Area is here

- Damage can-> Expressive dysphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the Behavioural regulation/ judgment function of the Frontal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex is here

- Damage can lead to impulsive behaviour (aggression, sexual inappropriateness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the Cognition function of the Frontal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex

- Difficulty with tasks such as complex problem solving, including calculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the Eye movements function of the Frontal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Contain frontal eye fields

- Problems with conjugate gaze and other disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does Diplopia WITHOUT other cortical features suggest Frontal lobe or brainstem/ cranial nerve problems?

A

Brainstem/ cranial nerve problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the Continence function of the Frontal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Cortical areas responsible for maintaining continence

- Urinary incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List 5 functions of the Parietal Lobe

Not including the visual pathway running through

A
  • Sensory
  • Comprehension of speech (Usually left hemisphere)
  • Body image (Usually right)
  • Awareness of external environment
  • Calculation of writing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the Sensory function of the Parietal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Primary sensory cortex

- Contralateral anaesthesia (all modalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the Comprehension of Speech function of the Parietal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Contains part of Wernicke’s Area

- Receptive dysphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the Body Image + Awareness of External Environment function of the Parietal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Acknowledgement that things exist

- Neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the Calculation and Writing function of the Parietal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Works with frontal lobe

- Can affect calculation ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Damage to which 2 lobes can affect calculation ability?

A

Parietal and Frontal (work together)

17
Q

List 4 functions of the Temporal lobe

Not including the visual pathway running through

A
  • Hearing
  • Olfaction
  • Memory
  • Emotion
18
Q

Describe the Hearing function of the Temporal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Primary Auditory Cortex on superior surface, near Wernicke’s Area
  • Various effects on hearing, such as auditory hallucinations
19
Q

Describe the Olfaction function of the Temporal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Primary Olfactory Cortex on inferno-medial aspect

- Various effects on smell, such as Olfactory hallucinations

20
Q

Describe the Memory function of the Temporal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Hippocampus crucial for consolidating declarative/ explicit memories
  • Amnesia
  • Can trigger memories-> Deja vu (temporal lobe epilepsy may cause)
21
Q

How many Hippocampi are there?

A

2 (1 in each temporal lobe)

22
Q

Describe the Emotion function of the Temporal Lobe

What can damage lead to?

A
  • Contain Limbic System structures such as Hippocampus and Amygdala
  • Possible relation to pathogenesis of some psychiatric disorders
23
Q

What does Cerebral Dominance mean?

A

The idea that some functions are represented more prominently in 1 hemisphere

24
Q

In 95% of people which hemisphere is dominant for Language and mathematical/ logical functions?

Sequential processing (processes in steps)

A

Left

25
Q

In 95% of people which hemisphere is dominant for Body image, emotion, music, visuospatial awareness

Whole picture processing (processes all at once)

A

Right

26
Q

What syndrome can corpus callosum destruction cause?

A

Alien hand syndrome (acts independently of mind)

Also effects on language processing

27
Q

For Broca’s Area, describe the;

  • Location
  • Function it is responsible for
  • Effect of damage
A
  • Inferolateral Frontal lobe, near mouth/ pharynx region of motor cortex
  • Production of speech
  • Can cause Staccato Speech/ Broca’s/ Expressive dysphasia (Patient does understand what is being said)
28
Q

For Wernicke’s Area, describe the;

  • Location
  • Function it is responsible for
  • Effect of damage
A
  • Parietotemporal junction, near Auditory cortex
  • Responsible for comprehension of speech
  • Can cause fluent, nonsensical speech/ Wernicke’s/ Receptive dysphasia (Patient does not understand what is being said)
29
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

What can damage to this structure cause?

A
  • Connected by Arcuate Fasciculus

- Damage can cause the inability to repeat heard words

30
Q

Describe the pathway of the process of repeating a heard word

A
  • Auditory information sent to Primary Auditory Cortex then to Wernicke’s Area (From visual cortex if speaking a written word)
  • Sent to Broca’s Area via Arcuate Fasciculus
  • Impulse sent from B’s area to Primary Motor Cortex to innervate the muscles associated with speech
31
Q

What effect on speech can be caused by large Middle Cerebral Artery infarcts?

A

Global aphasia, where both B+W Areas are destroyed, leading to virtually no verbal language function

32
Q

Compare the 2 categories of memory, including where they are stored

A

Declarative/ explicit;

  • Factual information
  • Usually stored in cerebral cortex

Nondeclarative/ implicit;

  • Motor skills or Emotions
  • Usually stored in cerebellum and subcortical structures
33
Q

Compare the storage of Short and Long term memory

A

Short;
- Stored for seconds to mins as an ‘echo’ in Cortical circuits

Long;
- Stored for long periods in Cerebral cortex, Cerebellum etc. following consolidation

34
Q

What is Consolidation?

Suggest 3 factors that influence it

A

Conversion of Short-> Long term memories

  • Emotional context
  • Rehearsal
  • Association (easier to remember if associated with something known)
35
Q

Describe the location and role of the Hippocampus (seahorse shaped) in consolidating Declarative memories

A
  • Sits deep in temporal lobe
  • Has inputs from many brain systems (visual, auditory, limbic, somatosensory etc)
  • Has a role as an ‘Oscillator’, able to induce Long Term Potentiation within the synapses of the cortex via its circuit with the cortex
36
Q

What is the key molecular mechanism of memory consolidation?

A

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

37
Q

Describe LTP in consolidating memories

A
  • Changes in glutamate receptors in synapses lead to synaptic strengthening
  • New physical connections can also form (more pre-synaptic terminals acting on the post-synaptic terminal)

Clinical Neuroscience (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions