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ESA 5 - Nervous System > Higher Cortical Function > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most inputs to the cortex come from?

A

The thalamus and other cortical areas

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2
Q

Where do the outputs of the cortex come from?

A

The pyramidal cells

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3
Q

What happens to information between the cortical inputs and outputs?

A

It is processed complex synaptic networks

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4
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobes?

A
  • Motor functions
  • Expression of speech
  • Behavioural regulation/judgement
  • Cognition
  • Eye movements
  • Continence
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5
Q

What area provides the motor function of the frontal lobes?

A

The pre-central gyrus and associated motor areas

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6
Q

What might result from frontal lobe lesions in terms of behaviour?

A

May display inappropriatebehaviour and don’t care what other thinks

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7
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobes?

A
  • Sensory
  • Comprehension of speech
  • Body image
  • Awareness of external environment
  • Calculation and writing
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8
Q

Which area provides the sensory function of the parietal lobes?

A

The post-central gyrus

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9
Q

What area provides the comprehension of speech function of the parietal lobe?

A
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10
Q

What might a parietal lobe lesion lead to, in terms of awareness of the external environment?

A

A phenomenon called neglet, which is where you don’t acknowledge the opposite half of the world exists, despite normal visual fields

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11
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobes?

A
  • Hearing
  • Olfaction
  • Memory
  • Emotion
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12
Q

What might temporal lobe epilepsy lead to?

A

Being able to smell things that aren’t there, e.g oranges or burnt toast

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13
Q

What runs through the white matter of the temporal and parietal lobes?

A

The visual pathways

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14
Q

Clinically, what gives us clues about ‘global’ cortical function?

A

Widespread lesions such as Alzheimers

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15
Q

What kind of functions is the left hemisphere more important for?

A
  • Language
  • Mathematics
  • Logic
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16
Q

What kind of functions is the right hemisphere more important for?

A
  • Body image
  • Visuospatial awareness
  • Emotion
  • Music
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17
Q

In what % of people is the left hemisphere dominant?

A

95%

18
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A huge bundle of white matter connecting two hemispheres

19
Q

What showed the result of cutting the corpus callosum?

A

An early surgical treatment for epilepsy was to cut the corpus callosum, to prevent seizure activity from propagating through the whole brain, which had neuropsychological consequences for the patients

20
Q

What is the effect of cutting the corpus callosum?

A

Means that the left and right hemisphere act independantly, for example you can interview the left and right hemisphere separatly

21
Q

Where are the language pathways found?

A

Primary in the dominant hemisphere

22
Q

What are the constituents of the language pathways?

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, connected to each other by the arcuate fasciculus

23
Q

Where is Brocas area found?

A

In the inferior lateral frontal lobe

24
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

Production of speech

25
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

The superior temporal lobe

26
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

Interpretation of language

27
Q

What pathway is taken when repeating a heard word?

A

Sound is sent through the primary auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area, where patterns of vibrations are decoded into words. The words are then sent to Brocas area, which sends them to motor cortex, making the muscles of speech move

28
Q

What pathway is taken when speaking a written word?

A

Image travels from visual cortex to Wernicke’s area, and then through the arcuate fasciculus to Brocas area

29
Q

What pathway is taken when speaking a thought?

A

Inputs from lots of area feed into Wernicke’s area, and then Broca’s area

30
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Fluent aphasia, where the patient can speak fluently but there is no comprehension

31
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Patients speech is incomprehensible, but they understand what you’re telling them

32
Q

What are the classifications of memory?

A
  • Declerative
  • Non-declarative
33
Q

What kind of information is stored in declerative memory?

A
  • Explicit information
  • Facts
34
Q

What kind of information is stored in nondeclerative memory?

A
  • Implicit
  • Motor skills
  • Emotions
35
Q

Where are memories stored?

A

In a relatively ‘distributed’ fashion throughout large areas of the brain

36
Q

Where are declerative memories stored?

A

In the cerebral cortex

37
Q

Where are non-declerative memories stored?

A

Cerebellum

38
Q

How are short term memories converted into long term memories?

A

Consolidation

39
Q

What does consolidation of memories depend on?

A
  • Emotional context
  • Rehearsal
  • Association
40
Q

What structure is crucial for consolidating declearative memories?

A

The hippocampus

41
Q

What are the input sources to the hippocampus?

A
  • Visual system
  • Auditory system
  • Somatosensory system
  • Limbic system

ESA 5 - Nervous System (18 decks)

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