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Clinical Neuroscience > Higher Cortical Function > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Function Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the structure of the cerebral cortex

A

arranged as 6 laters containing cell bodies + dendrites (grey matter)

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2
Q

What are most of the outputs of the cortex from?

A

Axons of pyramidal neurones

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3
Q

Three types of output fibres

A
  • Projection fibres: from cortex to brainstem
  • Commissural fibres: between hemispheres
  • Association fibres: connecting nearby regions of cortex in same hemisphere
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4
Q

Where are most of the inputs to the cortex from

A

Thalamus
Other cortical areas

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5
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary motor control
  • expression of speech (left)
  • behavioural regulation
  • cognition
  • eye movements
  • continence
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6
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A
  • somatosensory perception
  • comprehension of speech (left)
  • body image (right)
  • spatial awareness
  • calculation + writing
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7
Q

Function of temporal lobe

A
  • hearing
  • smell
  • taste
  • memory
  • emotion
  • long term memory
  • comprehension of speech (left)
  • emotion at limbic system
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8
Q

What hemisphere is dominant in most people?

A

Left

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9
Q

What is the left hemisphere dominant for?

A

Language
Mathematical/logical function

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10
Q

What is the right hemisphere dominant for?

A

Body image
Visuospatial awareness
Emotion
Musical ability

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11
Q

Where are the language pathways dominants?

A

Left hemisphere

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12
Q

What is involved in language pathways + their function?

A
  • Broca’s area: production of speech
  • Wernicke’s area: interpretation of language
  • arcuate fasciculus: connects the two
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13
Q

Pathway for repeating a heard word

A

left hemisphere
- auditory cortex in temporal lobe
- signal sent to wernicke’s area
- signal to Broca’s area via arcuate fascicilus
- signal sent to primary motor cortex to elicit speech

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14
Q

Pathway for speaking a written word

A
  • left hemisphere
  • visual cortex in occipital lobe
  • signal sent to wernicke’s area
  • signal to Broca’s area via arcuate fascicilus
  • signal sent to primary motor cortex to elicit speech
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15
Q

Location of Broca’s area

A

Inferior lateral frontal lobe

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16
Q

Location of Wernicke’s area

A

Superior temporal lobe

17
Q

What can damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Expressive aphasia
Staccato speech
Patient will still understand what is being said to them but can’t speak properly

18
Q

What can damage to Wenicke’s area cause?

A

Receptive aphasia
Fluent, nonsensical speech
But patient doesn’t appear to understand what is being said to them

19
Q

What does damage to the arcuate fasciculus cause?

A

Inability to repeat heard words

20
Q

What are the types of memory?
What do they store and where?

A
  • declarative/explicit: factual information in cerebral cortex
  • non-declarative/implicit: motor skills + emotion in subcortical structures e.g. basal ganglia + cerebellum
  • short term memory: in cortical circuits
  • long term memory: in cerebral cortex, cerebellum
21
Q

What does declarative/explicit memory store + where?

A

Factual information
In cerebral cortex

22
Q

What does non-declarative/implicit memory store + where?

A
  • Motor skills + emotion
  • stored in subcortical structures e.g basal ganglia + cerebellum
23
Q

Where is short vs long term memory stored?

A
  • short: in cortical circuits
  • long: in cerebral cortex, cerebellum
24
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Process of converting short term memories into long term memories

25
Q

What factors influence consolidation?

A
  • emotional context
  • rehearsal
  • association
26
Q

Location of hippocampus

A

Deep in temporal lobe

27
Q

Function of hippocampus

A

Facilitates consolidation of memories in cortex via its output pathways

28
Q

Outline the main output pathway of the hippocampus

A

Fornix > mammillary bodies > thalamus > cortex

29
Q

What is the key molecular mechanism of memory consolidation?

A

Long term potentiation

30
Q

Role of long term potentiation in memory consolidation

A
  • Causes changes in glutamate receptors in synapses
  • Leads to synaptic strengthening
31
Q

What is alien hand syndrome?

A

When one hand has a ‘mind of its own own’ and is not controlled properly by the brain

32
Q

What causes alien hand syndrome?

A

Damage in corpus callosum

33
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Acquired disorder of language resulting from brain damage to dominant hemisphere

34
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Form of motor speech disorder which involves the abnormal articulation of sounds affecting speed, strength, timing, range + accuracy of movements

35
Q

What can damage to corpus callosum cause?

A

Alien hand syndrome
Effects on language processing

36
Q

What can cause global aphasia?

A

Middle cerebral artery stroke

37
Q

What do the inferior and superior division of MCA supply?

A

superior - Broca’s area
inferior - Wernicke’s area

Clinical Neuroscience (22 decks)

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