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BRB Final > Higher brain functions > Flashcards

Higher brain functions Flashcards

1
Q

Neglect

A
  • usually left neglect, right hemisphere lesion of parietal lobe
  • motor neglect - don’t use limb contralaertal to lesion
  • other lesions: striatum, thalamus, frontoparietal, cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex

Cause: stroke, stroke, post-ictal

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2
Q

Aprosodia

A

-doesn’t understand intonation, or speak with emotions

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3
Q

Alien Hand

A

-left hand - usually after corpus callosum surgery

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4
Q

Hallucinations

A

-vivid in Dementia with Lewy bodies

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5
Q

Semantic Dementia

A

-Language: lose meaning of words and objects
fluent, repeition ok
-Visual recog defecits
-Lesion: bilateral temporal lobe and inferolateral cortex

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6
Q

Paraphasias

A

-language issue
Semantic - use wrong words
Phonemic - use sound substitution - words sound alike

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7
Q

Examining language

A
  1. spontaneous speech
  2. auditory comprehension
  3. naming
  4. repeition
  5. writing
  6. reading
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8
Q

Wht are non-fluent aphasias

A

broca’s
globl
transcortical motor
mixed

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9
Q

what are fluent aphasias

A

wenicke’s
conduction
anomic
transcortical sensory

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10
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

-poor repetition, poor naming
-good: fluency, comphrension
lesion; arcuate fasciculus

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11
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • poor comprehension, repetition, naming
  • good: fluency

lesion: superior temporal lobe

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12
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • poor: non-fluent, repetition, naming
  • good: comprehension

lesion: inferior frontal lobe

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13
Q

Global aphasia

A
  • poor: non-fluent, comprehension, repetition, naming

lesion: frontal, tempral, parietal, broca’s Wernicke’s

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14
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

-poor: comprehension, naming

good fluency, repetitin

lesion: posterior temporo-parieto-occipial
spare Wernicke’s

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15
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A
  • poor: non-fluency, poor naming
  • good: comprehsion, repeition

lesion: frontal but spare Broca’s

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16
Q

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

A
  • Poor: nonfluency, poor comp, naming
    good: repetition

lesion asscoation cortex, spare perisylcian language region

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17
Q

Anomic Aphasia

A

-poor naming only

lesion temporal, temporo-parietal

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18
Q

Alexia without agraphia

A
  • can’t read but can write

- lesion at midline affecting info from going to Left angular guys = NO reading

19
Q

Frontal lobe defecits

A

issues with initiation, attention, set shift, pull to perceptul features, abstraction, plnning, selfmonitoring, selfawareness, personality changes, theory of mind

20
Q

Fluency tests

A
  • name animals/minute

- fluency F

21
Q

Attention tests

A
  • serial 7s, 3s, months backward

- stroop: word, colour saying sheet

22
Q

Shift set tests

A
  • drawing loops
  • Wisconsin card sorting test
  • teach and do…change process - they will fixate on old instrauctions
23
Q

Pull to perceptual features

A
  • clock drawing

- misperception of visual stimuli

24
Q

Reduplicative paramnesia

A

-delusion that person/place is duplicated

25
Capgras syndrome
-family are imposters
26
Theory of mind
- orbitofrontal lesion | - not aware of content in other's minds, cn't understand aother's perspective
27
Ideomotor apraxia
- know what to do but can't do - can't flip coin, wave, kick ball, use scissors - top cause: non-fluent primary progressive aphasia/coricobasal syndrome - Alz D, dementia, stroke, PD
28
Limb apraxia
-can do but clumsy, slow, awkward
29
Apraxia
- lack of motor prorams to do things - can't perform movements to commands - due to loss of dominant association areas - NOT aphasia, hemipresis, hemisensory, cerebellar issues
30
Gerstmann's syndrome
- left parietal lesion > hemineglect - idetional apraxia FADA: - alcalculi - agraphia without alexia - finger agnosia (can't name, dont knwo which) - impaired L/Rt discriminiation
31
Ideational apraxia
- can't sequence events | - ok with single step commands
32
Aphasia
language issues | -fluency, comprehension, repetition, naming
33
Memory testing
- 10 items - 2 words - 3 words - read story - draw image
34
Dementia
progressive deterioration of cognitive fnc impacting daily life -Ask about: attn, memory, language, visuospatial, executive fns, social, personlity, mood, praxis, adls -must rule out: metabolic, infections, tumours, alcohol, benzos, sleep apnea, psych, vascular, epilepsy
35
Dementia with Lewy bodies
- vivid hallucinations - motor signs - orthostatic htn
36
Dx of MCI
- memory complaint, impairment - not demented, fnc intact, activities ok -prodrome for dementia
37
Alzheimer's Disease
-memory impairment + 1: aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, executive fnc issus -fnc impaired -most common dengen dementia Risk factors: genetic (amyloid gene - APoE), age, cvd, htm, dm, obesity, smoking - oxidative stress > toxic to cells > cell death due to deposis of tau tangles and amyloid plaques - temporal lobe atrophy
38
Tx for AD
Cholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine Memantine: NMDA glutamate antag to prevent glutamate mediated cell death. preserve NMDA receptors
39
Long term potentiation
- glutamate bind membrane > Mg removed from NMDA receptors > Ca2+ influx 1. phosphorylation of NMDA receptors to open longer 2. recruit more NMDA receptors 3. transcription to form more synapses by sprouting more dendrites
40
Addiction pathway
- maladaptive plasticity - disinhibit the prefrontal cortex signal to block nucleus accumbens > prolonged reward pathway - stimulus > venral tegmental area > DOPAMINE > nucleus accumbens...wants more - depress the signal from VTA to PFC to suppress NAc
41
TMS use
- high f use to activate - low f use to depress - used in depression, migraines
42
Memory
Stores: sensory, short, long Systems: working, episodic (personal), semantic, procedural Processes: - medial-temporal: hippocampus - lay down, consolidate, and associate - frontal: L - encoding; Rt - retrieval -decreses gray matter with time
43
Hm and KC, memory
HM: surgery to remove bilatearl temporal lobe for epilepsy -lost episodic memory but has working and procedural KC: accident and damage bilateral hippocampus: no episodic but have semantic

BRB Final (8 decks)

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