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High Yield Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first line medications for focal seizures?

A

Carbamazepine

Lamotrigine

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2
Q

What are the first line medications for tonic-clonic seizures?

A

Sodium valproate

Lamotrigine

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3
Q

What are the first line medications for myoclonic seizures?

A

Sodium valproate

Levetiracetam

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4
Q

What are the first line medications for absence seizures?

A

Ethosuximide

Sodium valproate

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5
Q

Pyloric stenosis ABG results

A

Hypochloraemic hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

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6
Q

Define ADHD

A

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
Present before age 12 and in two or more settings

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7
Q

Treatment actinic keratosis

A

Suncream
5FU
Top diclofenac/imiquimod
Cryo

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8
Q

Jaundice <24 hours causes

A

Haemolysis eg. Rhesus, ABO, G6PD, spherocytosis

Sepsis

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9
Q

Features of life threatening asthma

A 
PEFR <33%
Oxygen <92%
Hypotension
Cyanosis 
Silent chest
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10
Q

Development smiling

A

6 weeks

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11
Q

Sit without support

A

6-8 months

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12
Q

Start to crawl

A

9 months

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13
Q

3 block tower

A

18 months

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14
Q

Painful 3rd nerve palsy ..

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

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15
Q

Bacteria associated with GBS

A

Campylobacter

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16
Q

DDH tests

A

Ortolani - relocates

Barlow - dislocates

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17
Q

Laryngeal cancer is commonest is which region?

A

Glottic

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18
Q

Average age diagnosis retinoblastoma

A

18 months

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19
Q

Features of foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Microcephalic
Flat philtrum
Reduced IQ
Thin upper lip

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20
Q

Migraine triggers

A 
Chocolate
Hangovers
Orgasms
Cheese/caffeine
Oral contraceptives
Lie ins
Alcohol 
Travel 
Exercise
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21
Q

Contents of cryoprecipitate

A

Factor VIII
Fibrinogen
VWF
Factor XIII

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22
Q

DOAC in renal impairment

A

Apixaban

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23
Q

Management Ménière’s disease

A

Acute - buccal/IM prochlorperazine

Prevent - betahistine

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24
Q

WHO performance status

A 
0 = fully active
1 = restricted in strenuous activity
2 = ambulatory incapable of all self-care, up and about more than 50% of waking hours
3 = limited self-care, confined to bed or chair for more than 50%
4 = completely disabled, totally confined to bed and chair
5 = dead
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25
MenB vaccine
2 months 4 months 1 year
26
Brief ALL mx
Multi drug chemo 2-3 years
27
Classic AML blood film finding
Auer Rods
28
Polycythaemia Vera mutation
JAK 2
29
Oncogene of CML
BCR-Abl t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome
30
Treatment cml
Imatinib - TK inhibitor
31
Blood film finding CLL
Smudge/smear cells
32
Reed-Sternberg cells diagnostic for
Hodgkin
33
Hodgkin management
ABVD chemo | Doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
34
Non-Hodgkin treatment
``` R-CHOP Rituximab Cyclophosphamide Hydroxydaunorubicin Vincristine Prednisolone ```
35
Bench jones protein?
Light chains in urine | Myeloma
36
Diagnostic criteria myeloma
Paraproteinaemia - serum or urine Radiological evidence of bone lesions Increased plasma on BM biopsy
37
DVLA restriction 1st seizure
6 months
38
Established epilepsy DVLA restriction
12 months seizure free | On meds = 5 years
39
Withdrawing epilepsy medication DVLA
6 months after last dose
40
Single, explained syncope DVLA
4 weeks off
41
Single, unexplained syncope DVLA
6 months off
42
Stroke/TIA DVLA
1 month off
43
Multiple TIAs over short period DVLA
3 months
44
Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad
Urinary incontinence Gait abnormality Dementia
45
Thrombolysis and thrombectomy windows
Lysis - 4.5 hours of sx onset | Surgery - 6 hours
46
Total anterior stroke classification
Unilateral hemiparesis/sensory loss Homonymous hemianopia Higher cognitive dysfunction
47
Action of 5FU
Inhibits thymidylate synthesis | Decreases DNA synthesis
48
Doxorubicin MoA
Inhibits topoisomerase function
49
Ondansetron moa
5HT3 antagonist
50
Prokinetic antiemetic
Metoclopramide | Domperidone
51
Cyclizine MoA
Antihistamine
52
Late radiotherapy SEs
``` Skin pigmentation Bone necrosis Lung fibrosis Cardiomyopathy Infertility Early menopause ```
53
Early RT SEs
``` Hair loss Fatigue N+V+D Lymphoedema Mucositis Erythema ```
54
CRAB for myeloma
Calcium raised Renal insufficiency Anaemia Bone lesions
55
Immediate management acute glaucoma
IV carbonic anhydrase inhibitor eg. Mannitol
56
Autism questionnaire
GARS-2
57
ADHD questionnaire
Conners
58
Crawling date
9 months
59
Following moving objects date
6 weeks
60
NEC x-day findings
Distended loops of bowel Intramural gas Thickened wall
61
What type of bilirubin can be deposited in the brain?
Unconjugated
62
Define astigmatism
Abnormal curvature of the cornea
63
US sign intussusception
Doughnut/target
64
Organism bronchiolitis
RSV
65
Organism whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
66
Organism croup
Parainfluenza virus
67
Calories in 1 ounce breast milk
20
68
Suckling development
34-35 weeks
69
Coca Cola urine indicates
Post-strep glomerulonephritis
70
Cluster headache preventive meds
Calcium channel blockers
71
VSD murmur
Pan systolic left sternal edge
72
High risk prostate Ca
PSA >20 Gleason 8-10 T stage 2c+
73
Max dose codeine
60mg QDS
74
Codeine to morphine ratio
Codeine:morphine 10:1
75
Bowel obstruction anti emetics
Cyclizine | Dexamethasone
76
5 main sx of dying
``` Pain N+V SoB Restlessness Resp secretions ```
77
Superficial bladder Ca mx
TURBT
78
Invasive bladder Ca mx
TURBT or Radical cystectomy or radical RT
79
Mammogram views
Craniocaudal | Mediolateral oblique
80
Haemolysis screen
``` FBC, blood film, reticulocytes Direct Coombs Haptoglobins Bilirubin LDH ```
81
Factors in Bloom Richardson
Degree of tubule formation Extent of nuclear variation Number of mitoses
82
Cervical screening
25-49 every 3 years | 50-64 every 5 years
83
Side effects of LHRH agonists
``` Hot flushes Decreased libido Impotence Weight gain Osteoporosis Gynaecomastia ```
84
Commonest hormonal therapy CaP
LHRH agonist
85
Risk factors colorectal Ca
``` Red meat High calorie diet Alcohol Smoking Obesity Sedentary lifestyle FAP/lynch ```
86
Lung cancer occurring in peripheries
Adenocarcinoma | Large cell
87
Li Fraumeni cancers
Breast Lung Colon
88
Central scotoma cause
Optic neuritis
89
Arcuate scotoma cause
Chronic glaucoma
90
Wernicke’s triad
Mental confusion Ataxia Ophthlamoplegia
91
Non-MS causes optic neuritis
``` NMO Infections Post-vaccine GBS Sarcoidosis ```
92
Argyll Robertson pupil
Bilateral, small, irregular Absence of light reflex Prompt accommodation
93
Glaucoma drugs
Prostaglandin analogues Beta blockers Alpha agonists Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
94
Commonest cause of blindness
Age related macular degeneration
95
Scabies mx
Permethrin cream
96
Melanoma risk factors
``` Type 1 skin Sunburn Multiple moles Hx of melanoma Family hx Tanning beds ```
97
H+N cancer risk factors
Tobacco Alcohol HPV
98
Triad normal pressure hydrocephalus
Urinary incontience Gait disturbance Dementia
99
OCT
Optical coherence tomography | Cross section of the retina
100
Define SGA
<10th centile
101
Causes conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Biliary atresia Prolonged TPN Hepatitis
102
Fluid depletion calculation
Weight kg x %fluid depleted x 10
103
Causes nephritic syndrome
Post-strep glomerulonephritis HSP IgA nephropathy Goodpastures
104
Complex febrile convulsions features
>15 mins Recurs in same illness Focal
105
Inheritance of haemophilia
X linked recessive
106
Cause of slapped cheek
Parvovirus
107
Cause of hand, foot and mouth
Coxsackie virus
108
Drug causes ototoxic
``` Loop diuretics Aminoglycosides Vancomycin Cisplatin Quinine ```
109
Acute, painless red eye causes
Episcleritis Subconjunctival haemorrhage Conjunctivitis
110
Acute, painful, red eye causes
``` Acute glaucoma Anterior uveitis Corneal abrasion/trauma Keratitis/ulcer Scleritis Orbital cellulitis ```
111
Risk factors acute glaucoma
Hypermetropia Family hx Female 50-60s
112
Acute, painful loss of vision
``` Acute glaucoma Anterior uveitis/iritis GCA Optic neuritis Keratitis/corneal ulcer ```
113
Acute painless loss of vision
Central retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion Retinal detachment Vitreous haemorrhage
114
Define grades HTN retinopathy
1 - tortuous arterioles, silver and copper wiring 2 - AV nipping 3 - cotton wool spots, dot and flame haemorrhages 4 - papilloedema
115
Psoriatic nails
Pitting Ringing Onycholysis
116
Steroid ladder
Hydrocortisone Eumovate Betnovate Dermovate
117
Acne mx
Advice Topical abx/retinoids and benzoyl peroxide Oral abx Oral isotretinoin Special - laser resurfacing and chemical peels
118
Melanoma margins
Stage 1 - 1cm 2 - 2cm 3 - 2cm +/- LN 4 - 2cm + immuno/chemo
119
SCC margin
2-4 mm
120
Bcc margin
3-5 mm
121
Weber’s syndrome
Ipsilateral CN3 palsy Contralateral weakness (PCA branch)
122
Wallenberg syndrome
Ipsilateral facial pain and temp loss Contralateral limb pain and temp loss Ataxia, nystagmus (Post, inf cerebellar)
123
VG sodium channel blockers
Carbamazepine Phenytoin Lamotrigine
124
GABA agonist
Benzos | Sodium valproate
125
Cataracts risk factors
``` Increase age UV exposure Diabetes Steroids Smoking/alcohol ```
126
Test for metamorphopsia
Amsler Grid
127
Mx acute glaucoma
IV acetazolamide Pilocarpine Laser iridotomy
128
Example 2 dilator drops
Atropine | Tropicamide
129
Define glaucoma
Disease of optic nerve due to raised IOP
130
Define diabetic retinopathy stages
Background - microanuerysms, haemorrhages, hard exudates Pre-proliferative - cotton wool spots Proliferative - fragile new vessels
131
Heparin reversal
Protamine
132
Benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil
133
Tear drop RBCs suggest
Myelofibrosis
134
Triple test down’s date and constituents
11 - 13+6 weeks Nuchal PAPP-A HCG
135
Quadruple test down’s time and constituents
``` 15 - 20 weeks HCG - increased Alpha FP - decreased Oestriol - decreased Inhibin A -increased ```
136
Parts of APGAR
``` Appearance Pulse Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity / muscle tone Respiration ```
137
Bloods at booking
FBC Blood group and rhesus Haemoglobinopathies HepB, rubella, HIV, syphilis
138
Booking visit time
8 - 12 weeks (ideal <10)
139
Dating US scan date
10 + 13+6 weeks
140
CV sampling dates
11 - 13+6 weeks
141
Amniocentesis dates
>15 weeks
142
Hyperemesis triad
>5% weight loss Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance
143
Causes of Pseudobulbar palsy
UMN - MS, vascular disease, tumour
144
Types of MND and upper or lower signs
``` ALS - U+L Progressive muscular palsy - L Progressive bulbar - L Pseudobulbar - U Primary lateral sclerosis - U ```
145
Multiple systems atrophy triad
Parkinsonism + cerebellar signs + autonomic signs
146
Progressive supranuclear palsy features
Parkinsonism | Vertical gaze palsy (ophthalmoplegia)

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