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High Yield Step Info > High Yield Facts > Flashcards

High Yield Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Chest xray of pt who is Alcoholic with fever, chills, and obvious signs of pleural issue within the lung cavity. What microbe is suspected?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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2
Q

HIV Markers correlate with:
p24

gp120

gp41

A

P34= Old HIV infection

GP120/GP41 help bind and fuse the virus inside the cell

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3
Q

Tx for C.trachomatis

MOA of Tx

A

Azithromycin

or

Doxycycline

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4
Q

African American taking Primaquine and has dark urine. What blood disorder ?

A

G6PD Deficiency

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5
Q

Sudden death, thick myocardium, and decreased diastolic function

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

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6
Q

History of anemia, scleral icterus, hepatoslenomegaly, Hb=9 and Hct=33%, unconjugated bilirubin with peripheral smear of LARGE ROUND ERYTHROCYTES w/o Central Pallor?

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

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7
Q

History of gastritis, anemia, and atrophic glossitis. Low B12. What results due to pernicious anemia?

A

Loss of Intrinsic Factor

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8
Q

Patient has rhonchi that indicates aspiration of food. Vomits all meals since birth in a 3 day old child

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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9
Q

What change in sleep electrical activities is seen in depressed patients?

A

Decreased delta sleep waves

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10
Q

Most specific testing for HIV

A

Western blot (PROTEIN)

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11
Q

Mechanism of Cyanide poisoning

A

Cyanide binds to iron of cytochrome oxidase

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12
Q

Tx for friends and close contacts of a patient with N.meningitis

MOA of Tx

A

Rifampin

MOA:

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13
Q

Serum Iron 500
Ferritin 10
TIBC 500 (elevated)
Low Hb

A

Anemia of Iron Deficiency

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14
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis feature

A

Synovitis

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15
Q

Osteoarthritis Features

A

Heberden nodes
Osteophytes
Bone eburnation
Subchondral Bone formation

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16
Q

3yr old Immigrant w/ sever cough described as short coughs with copious mucous followed by a peculiar grunt. What is the illness?

A

Bordetella Pertussis aka Whooping Cough

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17
Q

Anaphylaxis Drug allergy occurs via

Good Pasture pathophysiology and HSR?

Rheumatoid arthritis HSR?

A

Type 1 HSR = IgE Crosslinking

Good Pasture = Type II HSR

Rheumatoid arthritis = Type III HSR = immune complex

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18
Q

Alcoholic patient with liver disease and hyperlipidemia.
What drug is contraindicated and why?

What is an alternative drug that can be given?

A

ATORVASTATIN aka Lipitor
Inhibits HMG-Coa Reductase and damages liver and muscle cells.

Alternative: Gemfibrozil

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19
Q

Fever, yellow sputum w/ blood and large cavity lesion in upper right lobe of lung

A

Granulomatous lesion with acid fast bacilli (TB). Cavitation description always refers to TB

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20
Q

Young AA female with SOB, diffuse lymphadenopathy, subcutaneous nodules, fine dry crackles on lung auscultation. Hilar Lymphadenopathy

Disease?
What will be elevated in disease process?

A

Sarcoidosis

ACE and Alpha1Hydroxylase enzyme levels will be elevated

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21
Q

Bloody diarrhea, continuous inflammation from rectum. Inflammation involves mucosa w/o involving entire thickness

Disease?

A

Ulcerative Colitis involves the mucosa and submucosa inflammation

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22
Q

Succinylcholine will have a prolonged effect due to what enzyme deficiency?

A

Deficiency of Pseudocholinesterase

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23
Q

Median nerve w/ carpal tunnel will cause pain in which part of the hand?

A

Radial half of the palm

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24
Q

ST segment elevations in Leads V3-V4 are due to what?

A

LAD occlusion. Most common location for MI

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25
Q

Iron is maintained in a reduced state by what?

A

NADPH

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26
Q

What cells lack mitochondria?

A

Red Blood Cells

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27
Q

Anti-dsDNA Antibody is related to what disease?

A

SLE

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28
Q

Anti-centromere antibody is related to what disease?

A

CREST Syndrome

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29
Q

Relative refractory period of cardiac potential in Purkinje fibers is what phase?

A

Phase 3 which is efflux of K+

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30
Q

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is associated with what autoimmune antibody?

A

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies

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31
Q

Systemic emboli cause what?

A

Paradoxical embolism

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32
Q

Hb curve LEFT shift occurs from what?

A

Carbon monoxide (HbCO)
Decreased 2,3 BPG
Cold

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33
Q

Where is the Posterior Descending artery (PDA) located?

A

Distal to the Left subclavian a.

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34
Q

Hallucinations right before waking up is known as?

Hallucinations upon falling asleep is known as?

A

Hypnopompic

Hypnagogic

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35
Q

What cell type is dependent exclusively on glucose for fuel?

A

RBC

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36
Q

Hepatic dysfunction patients should be on what restriction diet?

HTN patients should be on what diet?

A

LOW PROTEIN for patients with liver issues

HTN patients should Restrict Salt (Na+)

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37
Q

What is the MOA for Fondaparinux?

A

Inhibits the formation of Factor Xa

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38
Q

Why does it take time for Warfarin’s to be effective?

A

Clotting factor degradation rates take time

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39
Q

Renal failure that is reversible is called?

What is a significant finding for it?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Muddy brown casts in the urine (Acute renal failure)

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40
Q

Thrombocytic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Features?
Peripheral blood smear?
What should not be given to these patients?

A

Fever, neurological deficits, purpura, hemolysis, anemia

Schistocytes

They SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN PLATELETS since they could thrombose again.

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41
Q

Infant with cataracts, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, microcephaly, blue lesions on the body. What is the causal agent?

A

Rubella Virus

Triad: Microcephaly, Cataracts, Deafness

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42
Q

Pregnant women with tingling in hands. What structure contributes to the tingling?

A

Flexor Retinaculum

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43
Q

Young child w/ fatigue, exercise intolerance after play, cyanosis, and systolic ejection fraction murmur at LSB

What is the disease?
What would a catheter in the RV show?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot: VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, and Cyanosis

Increased BP

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44
Q

Person exposed to second hand smoke for life, Xray with peripheral opacity. What disease?

A

Bronchoalveolar Adenocarcinoma..always occurs peripherally in lung

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45
Q

40yr old male, vague abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea.

What is the disease?
What is seen upon closer exam?

A

Crohn’s Disease

Will show sarcoid like “NONCASEATING TRANSMURAL EPITHELIOID GRANULOMAS” in the intestinal wall

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46
Q

Acetaminophen toxicity results in what?

A

Centrilobular necrosis of the liver

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47
Q

Most specific test for diagnosis of SLE

A

Anti-ds DNA antibodies

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48
Q

Rheumatic valve disease patient will have what kind of murmur?

Describe the murmur

A

Mitral Stenosis: snapping early diastolic click and mid diastolic rumble. Also described as a low pitched diastolic rumble preceded by opening snap

SNAP= Stenosis

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49
Q

Scar tissue in the brain is created by what?

A

Astrocytes

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50
Q

What are the macrophages of the CNS system?

A

Microglia

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51
Q

What muscle helps to initiate ABduction of the shoulder?

What innervates it?

A

Supraspinatus innervated by…

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52
Q

25 yo woman experiences transient cerebral ischemia. She’s found to have upper limb BP asymmetry. What is the disease?

A

Takayasu Disease: large vasculitis in young women that commonly affects the aorta aka “Pulseless disease”

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53
Q

25 yo woman with nontender erythematous rash over her nose, cheeks, and polyarthritis. What will lab tests show?

A

Anti-Smith or Anti-ds DNA antibodies for SLE

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54
Q

Hepatic conjugation involves?

A

Glucoronide formation

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55
Q

Potency of gas depends on?

A

Oil/Gas partition coefficient and membrane solubility

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56
Q

Phase 1 of acute inflammation–Vasodilation and increased blood flow are caused by?

A

Bradykinin

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57
Q

Most common place for obstruction hydrocephalous after traumatic injury is?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius

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58
Q

Narrowed mainstem bronchus by 50% will lead to what change in airway resistance?

A

Greater than 100%

Conductance is proportional to the diameter to the fourth power, narrowing of lumen by 50% would increase airway resistance 16 fold

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59
Q

Child with calcified mass in the suprasella region and peripheral blindness

Disease?

A

Craniopharyngioma (supratentorial mass)

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60
Q

What common causes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?

A

Ebstein Barr virus (EBV)

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61
Q

Common drug addiction

A

Oxycodone

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62
Q

Tick bite 10 days ago, fever, headache, peripheral rash that spreads to involve the trunk and face. Petechiae present from BP cuff.

Disease?
Cause?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii caused by tick

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63
Q

AA female around 35yo with fever, weight loss, arthralgia, Lymphadenopahy and hypergammaglobulinemia, hyperuricemia and restrictive pattern of lung disease.

Disease?
Chest Xray will reveal what?

A

Sarcoidosis. Will show hilar adenopathy on xray

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64
Q

Small population in a study, the significance of the results will be most limited what what?

A

Type II Error
Adequate sample size protects against this error, which is beta or false negative, the incorrect acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Type I Error would be thinking the results are true when they are false.

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65
Q

Elderly hospitalized with nosocomial pneumonia (upper lobar) with organism that has “mucoid agar growth”

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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66
Q

Absolute risk = 1/100,000 but health car workers contract it 50x the rate of general population. What is the number of healthcare workers who require immunization to prevent one additional case?

A

2000

Since healthcare workers have 50x risk then their rate of infection is 50/100,000 = 1/2,000. The NNT is the inverse of the absolute risk ratio (1/2000)

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67
Q

19yr old woman with multiple erythematous lesions with silvery scales, pitting lesions in the nails. Lab test with HLA-B27.

Disease?

A

Psoriatic arthritis

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68
Q

Enzyme in Kreb cycle found in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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69
Q

60yo alchoholic in early stages of recovery. What agent will block cravings?

A

Naltrexone

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70
Q

What is the rescue drug to help with opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone

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71
Q

Pt with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and primary AV block should be treated by?

What’s the drug MOA?

A

Verapamil (Non-DHP)

MOA:

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72
Q

Slow acetylators are at increased risk for drug induced lupus by what drug?

What’s the drug MOA?

A

Procainamide

MOA:

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73
Q

Psychiatric patient recently put on medication and develops increased urinary output. What are they taking?

A

Lithum sulfate…blocks the effects of ADH and likes to cause Nephrogenic DI

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74
Q

What are the features of Nodular Hyaline Glomerulosclerosis?

A

Diabetes affect the kidney and leads to Mesangial deposits and KM granules

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75
Q

Young boy with history of joint pains. Tea colored urine. Weakness in arms and legs without obvious deformity. Cartilaginous pigmentation of pinnae. Degenerative arthritic changes in long bones?

Diagnosis?
Deficiency?

A

Alkaptonuria due to deficiency homogentisic oxidase

Will lead to accumulation of homogentisic acid in joints, dark/black urine and pigmented cartilage.

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76
Q

40yr old man with new onset dyspnea, tachypnea, headache, confusion. Has cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes. Toxin is lethal via effects on Hb and by?

A

Carbon Monoxide poisoning leads to Inhibition of the activity of cytochrome oxidase

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77
Q

70 yr old man with pancreatic cancer, new onset dizziness, cold extremities, chest pain. Blowing systolic murmur heard best at the apex. Echo shows SMALL FIBRIN DEPOSITS randomly on the MITRAL AND AORTIC VALVES.

Disease?

A

Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis

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78
Q

Deep knife wound to the leg. Site of entry is purplish and very tender. Evidence of gas production by surrounding tissue. What microbe is responsible?

A

Clostridium Perfringens causes skin necrosis with black debris and gas

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79
Q

Fever, Night sweat, weight loss, cervical lymphadenopathy. Lymph node has large reticulum cell multinucleated, bi- and tri-lobed masses.

Disease?

A

Hodgkin’s Disease with REED STERNBERG cells (large cells with bi- or trilobed nuclei) present

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80
Q

Most important excretory product of protein/nitrogen metabolism is?

A

Urea

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81
Q

Child below 5th percentile for height/weight but in 95th for head circumference. Teeth are carious and xray show bone demineralization.

Disease?
SEs of therapy for this condition include?

A

Rickets

Treatment may cause Hypercalcemia

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82
Q

What is the cellular marker for Reed Sternberg cells

A

CD30+

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83
Q

Pt has seizure in ER. BITTER ALMOND BREATH Trismus and must be mechanically ventilated and expires. MOA of toxic effect of the cellular hypoxia produced by the formation of the inactive complex of cyanide and XX?

A

Complex IV (Cytochrome oxidase) = Cyanide

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84
Q

Massive splenomegaly, Low Hb, Low Hct, Elevated WBC count, and low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

The low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and the WBC>100k are giveaways

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85
Q

What drug improves efficiency of the heart, typically given to patients with previous history of heart failure?

A

IV DIGOXIN

CHF can shift the starling curve left via a positive iotrope

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86
Q

55yo, not married, lives alone, and forms no normal social relationship. Has magical thoughts. Alone and strange thoughts

A

SCHITZOTYPICAL

Combination of impaired social interaction and odd thinking, behavior, and speech.

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87
Q

Inability to name object with vision alone without aid of touch

A

Visual Agnosia

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88
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation happens where?

A

Inner Mitochondrial membrane

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89
Q

Necrosis of renal papillae in women with proteinuria

A

Diabetes Mellitus commonly associated with renal papillary necrosis

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90
Q

Pts that take Phenothiazine are at risk for developing what?

A

Masked facies and altered gait. Extrapyramidal SEs similar to parkinsons since dopaminergic.

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91
Q

Ebstein’s anomaly associated with maternal-fetal exposure to lithium carbonate, the anomaly includes?

A

Ventricular displacement of the Tricuspid valve

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92
Q

Hexose monophosphate shunt is regulated by?

A

Ratio of NADPH/NADH ratio

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93
Q

Contaminated water disease causes pulmonary HTN w/ Cor pulmonale heart disease. A variant form of the ivader is commonly seen in Egypt where it is linked to causing SCC of the bladder.

Disease?

A

Schistoscomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium that leads to SCC of the bladder

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94
Q

Fast knee reflex is mediated by what tract?

A

Vestibulospinal

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95
Q

What is the electrolyte content of the bronchial mucus in a CF patient?

A

Low Chloride
High Elastase

Sweat had elevated chloride

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96
Q

MAO inhibitors + Patient having wine/cheese can lead to bad rxn. What drugs would be an issue?

A

Tranylcypromine sulfate (Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid)

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97
Q

Diet of mainly corn, pruritic skin rash, diarrhea, red tongue, altered mental status

A

Deficiency of Vit B3 (NIACIN) = Pellagra

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98
Q

50yo with deterioration of cognitive function via a prion

A

Subacute Spongiform Ecephalopathy

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99
Q

Melanin pigmentation of oral mucosa, lips, hands, scrotum, and complaints of hematochezia. What would you expect to find upon colonoscopy?

Disease?

A

Peutz Jegher Syndrome

Will see HAMARTOMAS on colonoscopy.

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100
Q

Irregular spasmodic movements of face and arms and loss of recent memories and impaired judgment

A

Changes in Caudate nucleus due to DECREASED GABA

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101
Q

4yr old with Lymphoblasts on peripheral blood sample

Translocation?

A

Acute Lymphocytic (Lymphoblastic) Leukemia

t(12;21)

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102
Q

32 yr old women during second trimester have heat intolerance, nervous, tremor, increased resting HR, proptosis. What would be found on histological section?

A

Diffuse Thyroid Hyperplasia with follicular hypercellularity and colloidal shrinkage aka GRAVES DISEASE (common in pregnancy)

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103
Q

Fatigue, weakness, balance difficulties, with positive Romberg sign and Macrocytic anemia.

What’s the vitamin deficiency?

What test would identity the deficiency?

A

Vitamin B12

Schilling’s Test: measures Vit B12 absorption w/ and w/o IF

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104
Q

How can you identify manic type of patients?

A

Mood disturbance, Hyperactivity, GRANDIOSITY, decreased need for sleep, RACING THOUGHTS, PRESSURED SPEECH, and involvement in dangerous activities.

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105
Q

Berylliosis mimics sarcoidosis in xrays. What industry do workers commonly obtain this disorder?

A

METAL PLANTs providing beryllium products to the AEROSPACE PROGRAM

Leads to restrictive lung disease

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106
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome associated with what?

A

Associated with PRETIBIAL ERYTHEMA NODOSUM and pyoderma gangrenosum lesion over ankle and uveitis

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107
Q

4yr old with Lymphopenia, failure to thrive, recurrent infections with normal and opportunistic agents. Hyperuricemia

A

Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase

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108
Q

Eaton Lambert Syndrome of impaired ACh release is associated with men who have?

A

Oat Cell Carcinoma of the lung aka small cell

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109
Q

Crystal violet by gram positive is due to?

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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110
Q

What is the primary lipid storage product in adipose?

A

Triacylglycerol

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111
Q

Rheumatic disease in 40yo with myalgias, weight loss, fatigue, what else will the patient most likely have?

A

POLYARTERITIS NODOSA is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

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112
Q

Prader Willi occurs how?

A

Differential methylation of genetic material dependent on parental source of inheritance

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113
Q

“Doctor, you are beginning to sound just like my mother” What is this an example of?

A

Transference

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114
Q

Chronic Alcoholic with WIDE BASED GAIT due to permanent damage to what structure?

A

Cerebellar Vermis

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115
Q

What characterizes Francisella Tularensis?

A

Gram negative zoonotic bacilus

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116
Q

Female with mosaicism variant of Down Syndrome

A

46XX, 47XX +21

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117
Q

What cell produces of beta-hCG?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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118
Q

“Reduce sentence each time inmate is cooperative” is an example of what?

A

Negative Reinforcement. Rewarding by removing a negative

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119
Q

Most common cause of Subarachnoid hemorrhage with the worst headache of their life?

What is it associated with?

A

Defect in ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY (Berry Aneurysm)

Is associated with adult kidney disease

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120
Q

Sensory stimulus to contract and respond by relaxation when tension is too high as a way to protect the muscle

A

Golgi Tendon organ

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121
Q

Child with distended abdomen with mother w/ decreased amniotic fluid (Oligohydramnios), what is the most likely cause

A

Urethral valve obstruction

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122
Q

Livestock farmer with goats and cattle, 1 year long fever. What would you expect upon biopsy of the patient’s bone marrow?

Cause of the illness?

A

Granuloma from infection with BRUCELLA species with an undulant fever that can last years

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123
Q

Hyperthyroidism. What would be used to control arrhythmias?

A

Propanolol

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124
Q

Multiple myeloma monoclonal antibody

A

IgG spike

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125
Q

What is Bombesin?

A

Secretagogue on pancreatic acinar cells

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126
Q

Amphotericin B MOA to fight Candida infection?

A

Disruption of ergosterol containing membranes

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127
Q

What drug inhibits 5-lipooxygenase?

A

Zileuton

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128
Q

What drug can cause Asthma?

A

Aspirin

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129
Q

8yr old with ALL develops bilateral interstitial pulmonary infiltrates, diagnostic lung biopsy is performed and shows spherical structures within the alveoli of the lung impregnated with silver stain.

A

Cysts from Pneumocystis Carinii. (Any lung biopsy that reveals things with silver stain is automatically pneumo carinii)

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130
Q

Adrenal cortex cells that synthesize mineralcorticoids have an abundance of what structure?

A

SMOOTH ER which is the site of synthesis of steroids like mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, andrograns, estrogens

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131
Q

Transection of C7 will lead to…?

A

Bradycardia due to cutting off the sympathetic plexus

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132
Q

Nausea and vomiting symptoms are mediated by what region of the brain?

A

Area Postrema

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133
Q

Bee sting allergy rxn is mediated by?

A

IgE antibodies

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134
Q

Pet bird gave women severe mitral regurgitation..what microbe is responsible?

A

Chlamydia psittaci..causes both atypical pneumonia and endocarditis

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135
Q

HIV patient with bilateral large white areas with perivascular exudates and hemorrhages. What is the patient CD4 count?

A

<200, around 50/mm cubed

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136
Q

Kawarshiokor is caused by?

A

Protein deficiency. Worse prognosis than Marasmus (which is total calorie deficiency)

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137
Q

Colchicine MOA

A

Blockage of polymerization of microtubules

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138
Q

60yr with Type II DM treated with Chlorpropamide. Serum Na 118 and specific gravity of 1.012. What is the cause?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Chlorpropamide is a classic inducer as well as carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide.

139
Q

Bipolar disorder with Lithium producing 5x normal urine…SE?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes

140
Q

Major side effect of Zidovudine for a man with HIV

A

Neutropenia

141
Q

Chronic stable angina pectoralis

A

Isosorbide dinitrate (Long acting nitrate)

142
Q

Post pregnancy, less hair, postural hypotension, loss of female secondary sex characteristics

A

Panhypopituitarism aka SHEEHAN’S SYNDROME Due to ischemic hemorrhage necrosis

143
Q

Hypotension, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia, fatigue, skin pigmentations (high levels of POMC)

A

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s low cortisol and aldosterone)

144
Q

Head trauma can lead to polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia…characterized as what?

A

Diabetes insipidus (decreased production of ADH)

145
Q

Thick brown lesions in axilla of large obese patient..what is the underlying disease?

A

Diabetes Mellitus…brown lesions are Acanthosis nigricans

Can also be a sign that should suspect of GI malignancy

146
Q

Claw hand deformity..injury to what nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve

147
Q

Child who violates other children’s rights aka fights and argue with teacher

A

Conduct Disorder

148
Q

Drug that blocks the catalytic action of RNA polymerase

A

Actinomycin D..intercalates b/t base pairs of DNA to stabilize the helix

149
Q

Skin blisters and blisters in oral mucosa that easily peel off. What autoantibody would be present?

Disease?

A

Anti-Desmoglein antibodies present in Pemphigus vulgaris

150
Q

What is most common Testicular cancer that presents as painless mass?

A

Seminoma: germ cell tumor with gonadal differentiation

151
Q

Glossitis, corneal vascularizaiton, cheilosis, and seborrheic dermatitis in 33 yr old man

A

Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency

152
Q

15yo F with bleeding from left breast. No traume or skin chagnes. Most like explanation?

A

Intraductal papilloma. Bloody nipple discharge should lead to intraductal thoughts

153
Q

Common site of Aspiration

A

Right Middle lobe bronchus

154
Q

Patients with Celiac disease are at increased risk for what GI cancer?

A

Intestinal Lymphoma

155
Q

Painful genital ulcer that leads to enlarged inguinal lymph node. No multiple sexual partners.

Microbe?

A

Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

156
Q

Upper Left limb drains into

A

Thoracic duct

157
Q

Child 2-3 weeks after pharyngitis now has random jerking hand movements

Name?

Cause?

A

Chorea symptom due to Acute Rheumatic fever as a result of Strep Pyogenes infection

158
Q

21yo comes to health office from episodic lumbar, abdominal pain. Splenomegaly, hemoglobinuria, and free hemoglobin in plasma. An acid hemolysis test is positive.

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with markers CD55 or CD59

159
Q

Peripheral smear shows RBCs filled with fine, round, pink, uniform, reddish granules with some ringed structures with an eccentric nucleus

Disease?

A

Malaria

160
Q

Hand, arm, shoulder pain on right side with numbness in fingers. Patient complains of having trouble blow drying hair, arm readily fatigued, supraclavicular bruit when arm is abducted

Disease?

A

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

161
Q

Elevated Ca, Osteitis fibrosa cystica, in a AA female in her 40s. Most common etiology is?

A

HyperPTH

162
Q

24yo male with neck pain, tenderness, worsened with swallowing and head turning. Pain radiates to jaw.

Disease?

A

Mumps

163
Q

Patient with ridiculous appetite. Lesion is located where?

A

Lesion in the VENTROMEDIAL of Hypothalamus

164
Q

Chest XRay with diffuse, finely nodular pattern at base of lungs. Evidence of pulmonary HTN. There is reduced vital capacity. What drug could have caused this?

A

Amiodarone which leads to Pulmonary fibrosis

165
Q

Site of blood is identified as an outpouching from antimesenteric side of terminal ileum that represents the persistence of what embryonic structure?

A 
Vitelline Duct (or yolk sac)
Meckel's Diverticulum
166
Q

18yo who routinely breaks the law and has no plan for the future. No remorse for harm to others

A

Antisocial personality

167
Q

Chorea, low pitched diastolic murmur preceded by early diastolic sound that increases with inspiration.

A

TRICUSPID STENOSIS..typically an opening snap then a diastolic rumble over the triscupid valve

Murmur INCREASES WITH INSPIRATIOn means right heart problem.

168
Q

7yo child with fever, anorexia, then tachycardia and cardiomegaly. What organism caused this?

A

Group B Coxsackie Virus

Most common cause of viral etiology myocarditis in children

169
Q

Organophosphate in pesticide that causes symptoms

A

Parathion

170
Q

Post surgery need tetracycline to then be able to absorb Vit B12

A

Blind Loop Syndrome

171
Q

Fever, vomit, watery diarrhea. Cruise ship. Stool with no bacteria

A

Norwalk virus

172
Q

What structure is located posterior to the thymus?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

173
Q

Urease positive. Hydrogen sulfide positive. Indole negative. Motile and associated with putrefactive odor is most likely?

A

Proteus Mirabilis

174
Q

What structure is directly posterior to the sella?

A

Basilar artery

175
Q

What glands are most susceptible to CF?

A

Exocrine glands

176
Q

50yo homeless man with AIDS complains of back pain…lost weight and has fever/chills. Has tenderness over T7 and T8 as well as inguinal mass. What is the most likely explanation of symptoms?

A

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis aka Pott’s Disease

177
Q

Tear drop shaped RBCs. Bone marrow shows a dry tap

A

Idiopathic Myelofibrosis

178
Q

Removal of anterior pituitary tumor. What structure needs to be ligated?

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries

179
Q

G6PDH deficiency results in dark urine and RBCs that have precipitates of what?

A

Hemoglobin= Heinz Bodies

180
Q

What is the most treatable viral encephalitis?

What’s the tx?

A

Herpes Simplex

Tx with Acyclovir

181
Q

Situs Inversus is a result of what mutation?

Name of syndrome?

A

Abnormality of Dynein arms results in Kartagener Syndrome that results in defective cilia arms and leads to

Reversed organs–situs inversus
Infertility
Nonfunctional mucociliary elevator

182
Q

Child with enlarged and discolored tonsils, corneal opacities, recurrent polyneuropathy. Low HDL but no history of premature CAD. Most likely explanation is?

A

Familial lipoprotein deficiency aka Tengier’s Disease

Orange tonsils are pathognomonic

183
Q

Bullous infective impetigo is caused by what organism?

In what location?

A

Staph aureus

Most commonly at the Nares

184
Q

Esophageal varices occur between the L. Gastric vein and what structure?

A

Azygous vein

185
Q

Long standing alcoholic. Bleeding is caused by dissolution of vessel walls by what pancreatic enzyme?

A

Elastase

186
Q

AIDS with chronic diarrhea. (Cysts?) surrounded by a halo containing spindle shaped sporozoites

Organism?

A

Cryptosporidium

187
Q

Oocytes surrounded by protective covering of granulosa cells that persists to fertilization known as…

A

Corona radiata

188
Q

OCD patient..Tx?

A

SSRI (example: Fluoxetine)

189
Q

Intense pruritus after hot shower or bath. Visual changes, ruddy complexion, engorged retinal veins. Diagnostic test would be?

A

Red blood cell mass due to Polycythemia vera

Itchy with shower almost always identifier for Polycythemia vera

Causes: EPO is low (primary)

Secondary: Elevated EPO and increased sensitivity of BM to growth factors

190
Q

Monoclonal spike (IgG), protein in urine, H. influenza infection, and Lytic lesions

A

Multiple Myeloma

Will have decreased immunity to encapsulated organisms

191
Q

Failure of intestinal loops/GI tract to return to abdomen during fetal development?

A

Omphalocele…failure of intestinal loops to return to abdominal cavity from the umbilical cord during the 10th fetal week

192
Q

Beaded structure that wraps 200 bps of DNA on histones

A

Nucleosomes

193
Q

PTH given to patient with low Ca but normal PTH levels and no response is illicited after dose

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

194
Q

Dreaded complication of acute pancreatitis

A

Abscess

195
Q

Cannot develop a tolerance to morphine’s SE of?

A

Constipation

196
Q

Antidote to Heparin effects

A

Protamine/ Protamine sulfate

197
Q

One major complication with lung transplant is Intense Perivascular mononuclear infiltrate that fills the small airways with inflammatory fibrous exudate known as?

A

Bronchiolitis Fibrosa Obliterans

198
Q

Amyloid deposition in pancreatic islet cells

A

Type II DM

199
Q

South American person with megaesophagus…

Disease?
Cause?

A

Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

200
Q

Basal ganglia hematoma leads to ipsilateral dilated pupil

What kind of herniation?

A

Transtentorial herniation

201
Q

After GI instrumentation then develop new heart murmur from what organism?

A

E. Coli from the gut

202
Q

Difficult to swallow, enlarged esophagus that does not peristalse and obstruction of the LES. Newest treatment for this disorder is the injection of?

A

Clostridium Botulinum which will relax the LES sphincter

203
Q

81yo with pericolic mass in pelvis. LLQ abdominal pain, muscle spasm, guarding, rebound tenderness

A

Acute colonic diverticulitis

usually seen in elderly who have appendicitis symptoms on left side

204
Q

What drug will help reduce Parkinson med SEs?

A

Carbidopa

205
Q

Chemo drug most likely to cause cardiotoxicity?

A

Doxorubicin

206
Q

Large kidneys via angiotensin II induced mesangial hyperplasia are seen in?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

207
Q

Apoptosis is increased during chronic inflammation from what drug?

A

TNF-alpha..also leads to loss of appetite and subsequent catabolism and weight loss

208
Q

Distal muscles weaker than proximal..disease?

A

Inclusion Body Myositis

209
Q

Pernicious anemia is characterized by achlorhydria with shrinkage of the parietal cell mass. Patient are now susceptible to infrection from

A

Salmonella typhimurium. Loss of HCl is known as the concept of “loss of gastric barrier”

210
Q

Acromegaly is treated with?

A

Octreotide

211
Q

TCAs main side effect?

A

Orthostatic Hypotension and anticholinergic SEs

212
Q

Optimum intake level of dietary calcium to promote peak bone mass once women reach young adulthood

A

1000 mg

213
Q

What medication induces involuntary muscle movements of arms, legs, tongue and lips?

A

Haloperidol

214
Q

What condition is Ipratropium used to treat and what is its classification?

A

Used to treat ASTHMA and is classified as an anticholinergic

215
Q

Farmer with high levels of eosinophils and epigastric pain is caused by what microbe?

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

216
Q

Clindamycin MOA

A

Inhibition of tRNA translocation

217
Q

Acute gout treatment

Chronic gout treatment

A

NSAIDs such as Indomethacin

Allopurinol

218
Q

Patients on Sildenafil aka Viagra should be concerned with interactions with what other drug type?

A

Nitrates

219
Q

Elderly with cerebral brain tumor..most likely?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

220
Q

Bifid carotid impulses with harsh systolic murmur that increases with standing or valsalva strain (decreased preload) and gets worse when decrease VR

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)…young athlete sudden death.

Aortic stenosis intensity of murmur increases when you squat

221
Q

Osteoarthritis remedy that increases creatinine levels

A

Ibuprofen–reversible decline in kidney clearance

222
Q

Serum Triglycerides >1000. Is at high risk for pancreatitis. Txt with triglyceride lowering agent such as?

A

Gemfibrozil

223
Q

Tx for Chagas disease is Nifurtimox….MOA?

A

Producing oxygen radicals

224
Q

Infant born with systemic HTN, abnormalities of salt homeostasis, and androgenization. Sibling would have benefited from maternal dexamethasone during pregnancy. Disease?

A

Adrenogenital syndrome…most common form os 21 hydroxylase deficiency

225
Q

Short small round head, large furrowed tongue, brachydactylyl with an incurved fifth finger

A

Trisomy 21

226
Q

Hyperamylasemia does not necessarily equate to pancreatic disease. It can also be seen in…?

A

Mumps

227
Q

Patient receiving therapy for rheumatoid arthritis is given medication that instantly makes her feel woozy and develop a pounding headache. She is noted to be hypotensive. What drug was she given?

A

Gold Sodium Thiomalate..causes acute development of hypotension, the nitritoid rxn.

228
Q

40yo with flank pain and gross hematuria. US is found to have numerous renal cysts. Renal function shows mild azotemia. Most likely explanation?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant type associated with Berry Aneurysm, hepatic cysts, and mitral valve prolapse

229
Q

Auto accident to one side of skull. Appears fine at first, then hours later has ipsilateral impaired pupillary reflex, hemiparesis, and decerebrate posturing. What happened?

A

Epidural hematoma caused by tear of meningeal artery.

230
Q

Patient presents with an upward gaze palsy and pupils accommodate to near objects but do not react to light. Issue with what structure?

A

Pineal gland problem

231
Q

4yo recently returned from Africa presents with fever, anemia. He then goes into coma and dies. Most likely organism?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

232
Q

New born with meningomyelocele most likely have?

A

Malformation of the brainstem and cerebellum

Tonsillar herniation = arnold chiari malformations

233
Q

Most common cause of cancer death with men and women?

A

Lung cancer

234
Q

Lack of response to iron supplementation indicates?

A

Malabsorption problem

235
Q

Mechanism for the proximal tubular avidity for Na?

A

Basolateral Na/K ATPase pump

236
Q

Jamaican child with diarrhea alternating with constipation, weakness, hematochezia, anemia, rectal prolapse. Stool shows barrel shaped eggs with brown outer shell, transparent inner shell, plug like translucent polar prominences.

What microbe?
Treatment?

A

Trichuriasis…Trichuris trichiura (whip worm) presents with alternating constipated and diarrhea, anemia, and rectal prolapse. Barrel shaped eggs on wet prep

Treatment: Mebendazole

237
Q

Dominant x linked disease that presents with nephritis and deafness?

A

Alports Syndrome defect in Type IV collagen

238
Q

45yo woman with Scleroderma noted to a decreased DLCO (pulmonary diffusion capacity of Carbon monoxide) and decreased TLC. Disease?

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis which has diffuse interstitial fibrosis

239
Q

Congestive heart failure complains of severe dyspnea and leg swelling. Serum K is 3.2 (LOW) Condition is related to?

A

Aldosterone levels…chronic CHF results in secondary hyperaldosteronism that further exacerbates CHF symptoms

240
Q

Premature labor with edematous and anemic baby that dies two days later. What other findings would be present?

A

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Kernicterus in infant brain from hyperbilirubinemia from overwhelming hemolysis seen in erythrobalstosis fetalis.

Expect to find Unconjugated Bilirubinemia that will lead to Urobilinogen formation.

241
Q

Marker for Chronic carrier of Hepatitis B

A

HBeAg (Hep Be antigen)

242
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Pain is mediated by what nerve?

A

Median nerve

243
Q

Women feels empty when bf threatens to leave her. She drinks and does cocaine daily and has outburst of rage. What personality disorder?

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

244
Q

Anticodon for GUG

A

CAC

245
Q

Collagen is composed entirely of what type of structure?

A

Triple helix–formed INSIDE the RER

246
Q

Mediterranean woman is given Sulfamethoxazole to treat a bladder infection. Adverse rxns would be seen in a patient with what enzyme deficiency?

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDH) Expect to find HEINZ BODIES of Hb

247
Q

Patient has Pheochromocytoma. What would be found in urine and what is it a metabolite of?

A

Expect to find METANEPHRINE which is a metabolite of Epinephrine

248
Q

Increased levels of homocysteine, normal lipid levels,. What aa is most likely reduced in patient?

A

Methionine. Due to VitB12 deficiency and increased levels of homocysteine and decreased levels of methionine can lead to Atherosclerosis

249
Q

Vit C deficiency leads to defect in collagen synthesis that involves what aa?

A

Hydroxylproline

250
Q

Right hip flexed and resists active extension of the hip to due inflammation of what structure?

A

Psoas major

251
Q

6yo boy with intraabdominal mass in midline above pubic symphysis. A cystic mass is found attached to the umbilicus and the apex of the bladder. Diagnosis?

A

Urachal cyst

252
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis–what dilated veins leads to vomit blood?

A

Left Gastric vein

253
Q

Suprahyoid stab wound; now tongue deviates to the right when protrudes. What nerve is injured?

A

Right Hypoglossal

Hypoglossal will deviate toward injured side

254
Q

Patient has Adenocarcinoma of the left breast. What is the name of the lymph node that this breast cancer would drain to?

A

Ipsilateral axilla

255
Q

Urine leaking from the umbilicus due to an abnormality of what structure?

A

Urachus

256
Q

Patient has their IMA blocked. Where is the additional source of blood to the descending colon?

A

Middle Colic Artery

257
Q

Left knee can be displaced anteriorly. What structure is injured?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

258
Q

70yo at ER 1 week with increasing severe left sided abdominal pain and passing gas in urine. Fever. Cuase of condition?

A

Diverticulitis

259
Q

Tenderness in region distally between extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis after falling on palm. A fracture to what carpal bone is most likely?

A

Scaphoid

260
Q

7yo harsh continuous murmur at left sternum between first two ribs. Arterial blood oxygen is higher in the right hand than in the left hand. What’s wrong?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

261
Q

6yo with Split S2 and Grade 2/6 pansystolic murmur heard maximally at the left sternal border. Higher oxygen levels in the right ventricle. Most likely from?

A

Ventricular Septal defect

262
Q

Left ovarian vein thrombosis most likely to extend into what vein?

A

Left Renal vein

263
Q

Voluntary control of urination due to what structure?

A

External urethral sphincter

264
Q

Estrogen causes the endometrium to undergo?

A

Hyperplasia

265
Q

What synthesizes myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

266
Q

What synthesizes myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

267
Q

Urticaria is a result of what?

A

Mast cells releasing histamine

268
Q

Zollinger Ellison syndrome patient undergoes gastrectomy. What type of cells will patient now lack in his stomach?

What supplement will they have to take?

A

Will lack PARIETAL CELLS and supplement with Vit B12

269
Q

Hepatocytes secrete proteins into blood vessels via?

A

Exocytosis

270
Q

Cell with greatest mitochondrial contest is located in what organ?

A

Heart (cardiac muscle cells)

271
Q

Mechanism by which E6 causes cervical cancer?

What role does E7 play?

A

E6 prevents apoptosis via p52.

E7 interferes with Rb

272
Q

What cell type creates mucous?

A

Goblet cells

273
Q

What leads to the elevated plasma CK-MB after heart attacks?

A

Cell membrane damage causes CKMB to leak out of cell and into the circulation

274
Q

What is the function of Kinesin?

A

Helps gather presynaptic NT vesicles (anterograde)

275
Q

Diabetes poorly controlled, necrotic lesion with black eschar on right ear. Microscope show non septate hyphae with branches at right angles. Microbe?

A

Rhizopus oryzae

276
Q

What vaccine would you give a 21 yr old college student w/ meningitis

A

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine

277
Q

Strep virulence interferes with phagocyte’s ability to do what?

A

Ingestion

278
Q

Pt treated with chloroquine and then later develops RBCs with rings inside them. What species of plasmodium caused this infection?

A

Plasmodium vivax

279
Q

Person travels to Cali and has red, tender nodule on shins with ankle tenderness/pain and xray shows left pleural effusions. Which microbe is responsible?

A

Coccidiodes immitis…causes Coccidiodmycosis.

280
Q

Urease positive organism with swarming motility on nonselective agar?

A

Proteus mirabilis

281
Q

Which part of the complement causes the vascular permeability and chemo attractant?

A

C5a aka IL-8

282
Q

Staph aureus is resistant to penicillin via…

A

B-lacatamase production

283
Q

3yo vomits after paroxysm of coughing…cause?

A

Bordetella pertussis aka Whooping cough

284
Q

Person went hiking in NE USA and develops fever 1 week later. Also has rash with partial central clearing
Cause?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

285
Q

Loss of pain and temperature on right face and contralateral body, paralysis of soft palate, larynx, pharynx, ataxia from thrombosis of?

A

Right Posterior inferior cerebral artery aka R. PICA

286
Q

Severe headache, bulging optic disc, retinal veins are engorged. What is suspected?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

287
Q

What structure is the source of CSF fluid that then flows into the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

288
Q

Personality changes, difficulty walking, clumpsy, slurred speech. Slit lamp shows brownish ring around cornea.

Disease?

What would be found in plasma?

A

Wilson’s Disease
Will see Kayser Fleischer rings

In plasma, will have DECREASED CERULOPLASMIN

289
Q

Down syndrome patient that lives to 40. What would be expected in brain?

A

Neuronal plaques and tangles susceptible to Alzheimers.

290
Q

Leading cause to loss of sensation to feet?

A

Type II DM

291
Q

Prolonged palmar flexion of the wrist induces tingling due to compressing

A

Median nerve and overtime can lead to Carpal Tunnel syndrome

292
Q

Increased osmotic fragility. What would be found on peripheral smear?

A

Spherocytes

293
Q

22yo woman with history of nervousness, light headed, dizziness that resolves after eats a meal. Serum glucose is 25. She is given IV saline and glucose and gains consciousness.

What is the cause?

A

Insulinoma

294
Q

Carpenter with absent breath sounds, dullness to percussion over right lung base, thickened pleura with pleural effusions with spindle cells

Disease?

A

Mesothelioma Expect to find FERRUGINOUS BODIES that look like dumbbells

295
Q

Does Necrosis require protein synthesis and is it energy dependent?

A

Necrosis: cellular swelling. Death of many cells. Lysosomal breakdown, inflammation, calcification, cessation of protein synthesis ENERGY NOT REQUIRED

296
Q

Is there inflammation or calcification in Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis: Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, death of single cells, lysosomes intact

NO INFLAMMATION, NO CALCIFICATION

Requires protein synthesis and is energy dependent

297
Q

Name a proapoptotic marker

A

BCL-2 comes into cytoplasm and triggers apoptosis

298
Q

What would be seen histologically Day 1 after an MI?

A

Wavy cells; Day 7 would see granulation and day >24 Scar

299
Q

Mycosis Fungiodes tend to lead to what disease?

A

Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma

300
Q

Celiac patient should avoid what from their diet? What is the HLA type that predisposes to celiac disease?

A

Should avoid GLUTEN. HLA DQ2

301
Q

Ethanol is metabolized by?

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

302
Q

What would be been on a histo slide of a liver due to Acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Centrilobular Necrosis due to damage from NAPQI metabolite

303
Q

HSV Skin lesions has Tzanck cells. What are they composed of?

A

Multinucleated keratinocytes

304
Q

What virus causes Molluscum contagiosum?

A

Pox Virus

305
Q

What is the histologic form of contact dermatitis?

A

Spongiotic Dermatitis

306
Q

Skin lesion with small round blue cells

A

Merkel Cell Carcinoma

307
Q

Painless mass on right neck (lateral neck)–what type of cyst do you expect?

A

Brachial cleft cyst

308
Q

41yo FM patient eats mainly fatty foods, complains of colicky pain. RUQ pain radiates to her back. What is going on?

A

Cholecystitis

309
Q

Minimal Change Disease shows that under light microscope?

A

Podocyte Foot Effacement

310
Q

5yo with left large renal mass. Disease?

A

Wilms Tumor. Tend to have good prognosis >90% survive.

311
Q

Where are most insulinomas located?

What substance will be elevated?

A

TAIL of the PANCREAS. Should expect to have elevated C peptides.

312
Q

Beta blockers can sometimes mask what condition?

A

Hypoglycemia

313
Q

Exogenous use of insulin would have increased or decreased levels of C peptide?

A

Decreased aka low levels of C Peptide

314
Q

What diseases can Pheochromocytoma develop in?

A

NF-1, MEN IIa, MENIIb, and VHL

315
Q

What are the most common risks for breast cancer?

A

Nulliparity, Hormone replacement therapy, Obesity, BRCA1, Early Menarche

316
Q

Does ductal carcinoma ever metastasize?

A

NEVER

317
Q

Dysgerminomas are similar to what testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma

318
Q

What are Heberdon nodes in patients with Osteoarthritis?

A

Osteophytes

319
Q

What is the name of the CNS macrophage?

A

Microglia cells

320
Q

16yo male with Tibia showing lifting of the periosteum and SUNBURST APPEARANCE on xray

A

Osteosarcoma

321
Q

Patient with Thalassemia..what would be elevated?

A

HbA2

322
Q

Celiac disease is common in people with what type of immune disease?

A

IgA Deficiency

323
Q

Patient has elevated levels of IgM and no other immunoglobulin types in their blood. Disease?

A

Hyper IgM Disorder

324
Q

Patient with Dermatitis/eczema and Thrombocytopenia, and susceptible to recurrent infections. Disorder?

A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Xlinked disease. Cannot make antibodies to organisms with capsules…common to have bloody diarrhea

325
Q

Complete moles tend to lead to what type of female cancer?

A

Choriocarcinoma

326
Q

FM has increased levels of Beta bCG and AFP. What type of tumor is suspected?

A

Mixed Germ Cell Tumor

327
Q

26yo w/ 1cm nodule in testicle and histology reveals fried egg appearance with numerous small lymphocytes. What cancer is suspected?

A

Seminoma

328
Q

Rheumatic fever can escalate and lead to death via…?

A

Myocarditis

329
Q

Patient with Syphilitic heart condition due to living a life w/ unprotected sex. What would expect to find on the patient’s aorta?

A

Aortic Regurgitation as a result of LINEAR CALCIFICATION ALONG THE ASCENDING AORTA

330
Q

Patient shows signs of CREST SYNDROME such as Raynaud’s phenomenon and esophageal dysmotility due to fibrosis. What auto antibody would be found?

A

Anti-Centromere antibodies

331
Q

Graft vs Host Disease. Damage is mediated by what immune cell type?

A

CD8+

332
Q

33yo FM patient diagnosed with TTP. What would be found on peripheral blood smear?

A

Schistocytes and Helmet cells

333
Q

Most common Cavitary lesion on the lung is due to ..?

A

Secondary TB

334
Q

12yo w/ hematuria a few days after a viral infection and continues to have a sore throat. What kidney disorder do you suspect?

A

IgA Nephropathy

335
Q

22yo woman with one day history of fever, right flank pain, bacteria in urine with numerous WBCs and WBC casts. CBC shows leukocytosis…Disease?

A

Pyelonephritis

336
Q

Procainamide induced Lupus stems from what genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism?

A

Slow acetylator phenotype

337
Q

2yo boy with protrusion of small intestines before ileocecal valve most likely from?

A

Meckel Diverticulum

338
Q

Take what vitamin to reduce the risk of child with Anencephaly?

A

Folate aka Folic Acid

339
Q

Long term bond

Short term bond

A

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

340
Q

Carbamazepine for tonic clonic seizure doe what to CYP liver enzymes (inhibitor or inducer)

A

INDUCER Increases metabolism by the liver

341
Q

PLC cascade, the release of Ca is mediated by what secondary messenger?

A

Inositol 1,4,5, Triphosphate aka IP3

342
Q

Epinephrine production is from what cells?

A

Chromaffin cells

343
Q

Acid in duodenum triggers the release of what substance?

A

Secretin

344
Q

Decreased radius of lung alveoli of newborn leads to respiratory distress. What does this do to compliance?

A

Decreases compliance

High Yield Step Info (2 decks)

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