High yield exam cram Flashcards
at what age should a baby smile?
5-8 weeks (6 weeks average)
At what age should a baby be able to sit unsupported?
6M
At what age should a baby have pincer grasp and be able to crawl?
9M
At what age should a baby be able to stand unsupported?
12M
At what age does it become a red flag if baby is not yet walking?
18M
what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the first 6M?
insufficient calories
what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the second 6M?
cows milk protein allergy
what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in >1Y?
Endocrine
Name the structure that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus’s liver
Umbilical vein
Name the structure that takes oxygenated blood from the foetal liver to the heart
ductus venosum
Name the structures that facilitate the shunting of blood in the heart
Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
What drug to you give to close the ductus arteriosus and which drug do you give to keep it open?
Give prostaglandin inhibitor (ibuprofen) to close PDA and PGE1 agonists to keep it open (in transposition of great arteries & coarctation
what is the x-ray sign seen in tetraology of fallot?
Boat shaped heart
If a baby is coping well, at what age should tetraology of fallot be surgically corrected?
6M
What are the 4 features associated with tetraology of fallot?
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Ventricular septal defect
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- Overriding aorta
What is the most common renal pathology in children?
Minimal change disease
When would you expect to find an IgA nephropathy?
1-2 days after URTI.
When would you expect to see a Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Occurs 7-10 days after throat infection
What investigation is used to assess for reflux in a child with a UTI?
voiding cystourethrogram
If reflux is detected on a voiding cystourethrogram, what is the next investigation and why
check for renal scarring with DMSA renal scan
What does a testicular blue spot indicate?
torsion of testicular appendix
How long do you need to wait to refer a child with a limp?
limping >2 weeks
Fat male teenager with hip pain. Diagnosis?
SUFE
What is perthe’s disease?
necrosis of femoral head.
How long must symptoms persist before a diagnosis of JIA can be made?
> 6weeks
What additional condition is associated with JIA?
Anterior uveitis
risk factors for DDH
breech, firstborn, girl
How is DDH managed?
Pavlik harness
which type of jaundice is considered pathological, conjugated or unconjugated?
Conjugated (Conjugated= Crap)
How long should you wait before investigating jaundice
if it persists >2 weeks in term baby and >3 weeks in preterm baby
Causes of jaundice in the 1st 24 hours of life
rhesus haemolytic disease
ABO haemolytic disease
hereditary spherocytosis
glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase
Causes of jaundice in first 2-14 days of life
often physiological (breakdown of foetal haemoglobin)
Breastfeeding
Causes of jaundice after the first 14 days of life
biliary atresia
hypothyroidism
galactosaemia
urinary tract infection
breast milk jaundice
congenital infection
Prematurity
what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but within a sack
Exomphalos
what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but not within a sack
Gastroschisis
Which is associated with other abnormalities: Exomphalos or gastroschisis?
Exomphalos
Failure to move bowels in 1st 24hrs + visible peristalsis =
Hirsprungs
Projectile, non-bilious vomiting and an olive shaped mass =
Pyloric stenosis
Treatment of pyloric stenosis
Ramstedt’s pyloromyotomy .
green vomit, sausage shaped mass & redcurrant jelly stool =
Intussusception
What is the ultrasound scan sign for intrasussception
target sign
green vomiting & constipation =
Malrotation
What is malrotation with volvulus?
The gut twists and the blood supply gets cut off
volumous, no billious and non projectile vomits could be caused by…
overfeeding or cowns milk protein allergy
What condition is associated with meconium ileus?
Coeliacs
What condition causes the soap bubble sign on x-ray?
meconium ileus
Which condition causes the triple bubble sign on x-ray
Jejuno-ileal atresia
describe the management of inguinal hernias in babies <1 year and in babies >1 year
In babies <1 year old, urgent referral for surgical repair (do NOT watch and wait)
In babies > 1 year, elective referral for repair
What is the most common childhood cancer?
ALL
Which electrolyte should you never give to an oncology patient and why
Potassium- due to tumour lysis syndrome
What is the first sign of puberty in girls
breast budding (tanner stage 2).
What is the average age of puberty onset in girls?
11
What is the first sign of puberty in boys?
testicular enlargement (tanner stage G2)
What is the average age that boys start puberty?
11.5
What drives growth between
- 0-2 years
- 3-11 years
- 12-18 years
- 0-2 = nutrition & insulin
- 3-11 = growth hormone & thyroxine
- 12-18 = growth hormone & sex steroids
what pathogen causes cradle cap?
Malassezia in its yeast form.
What causes impetigo?
staph aureus.
What condition do you get grey spots in the mucosa?
Measles
In which condition do you get sandpaper rash & circumoral pallor
Scarlet fever
Which bacteria causes scarlet fever?
Group A strep pyogenes
Who must you inform if you have a patient with scarlet fever?
Public health
what is viral exanthems
skin rash associated with viral infection
which virus causes chicken pox?
Herpes zoster
When can kids with chicken pox go back to school?
When the lesions have crusted over (no longer infectious at this point)
Which pathogen causes slapped cheek?
Parvovirus B19
Which pathogen causes hand, foot and mouth?
cocksackie A16
Which pathogen causes eczema herpaticum
herpes
Which condition is associated with dermatitis herpatiformis?
Coeliac
What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in the neonate?
E.coli
Group B strep
What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in an infant/child?
strep pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
What causes staphylococcal scalded skin?
Exfoliatoxin mediated
What is staphylococcal scalded skin treated with?
IV Fluclox
What is Nikolsky sign?
Associated with staphylococcal scalded skin - rub over the skin and it will slough off
Which organisms can cause toxic shock syndrome?
Staph or strep
What does maternal smoking result in?
Small babies
give 3 conditions that a premature baby is at risk of
respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis & intraventricular haemorrhage
Is it normal not to pass urine in the first 24 hours of life?
Yes but after 24 hours, it should be investigated
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome
withdrawing from drugs that the mother was taking while pregnant
What scoring system is used in neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Finnegan score
name two tools used to assess development
ASQ (Ages and Stages Questionnaire)
PEDS (Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status)
