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Paediatrics for finals > High yield exam cram > Flashcards

High yield exam cram Flashcards

1
Q

at what age should a baby smile?

A

5-8 weeks (6 weeks average)

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2
Q

At what age should a baby be able to sit unsupported?

A

6M

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3
Q

At what age should a baby have pincer grasp and be able to crawl?

A

9M

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4
Q

At what age should a baby be able to stand unsupported?

A

12M

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5
Q

At what age does it become a red flag if baby is not yet walking?

A

18M

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6
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the first 6M?

A

insufficient calories

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7
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the second 6M?

A

cows milk protein allergy

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8
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in >1Y?

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Name the structure that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus’s liver

A

Umbilical vein

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10
Q

Name the structure that takes oxygenated blood from the foetal liver to the heart

A

ductus venosum

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11
Q

Name the structures that facilitate the shunting of blood in the heart

A

Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

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12
Q

What drug to you give to close the ductus arteriosus and which drug do you give to keep it open?

A

Give prostaglandin inhibitor (ibuprofen) to close PDA and PGE1 agonists to keep it open (in transposition of great arteries & coarctation

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13
Q

what is the x-ray sign seen in tetraology of fallot?

A

Boat shaped heart

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14
Q

If a baby is coping well, at what age should tetraology of fallot be surgically corrected?

A

6M

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15
Q

What are the 4 features associated with tetraology of fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. Ventricular septal defect
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  4. Overriding aorta
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16
Q

What is the most common renal pathology in children?

A

Minimal change disease

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17
Q

When would you expect to find an IgA nephropathy?

A

1-2 days after URTI.

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18
Q

When would you expect to see a Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

A

Occurs 7-10 days after throat infection

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19
Q

What investigation is used to assess for reflux in a child with a UTI?

A

voiding cystourethrogram

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20
Q

If reflux is detected on a voiding cystourethrogram, what is the next investigation and why

A

check for renal scarring with DMSA renal scan

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21
Q

What does a testicular blue spot indicate?

A

torsion of testicular appendix

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22
Q

How long do you need to wait to refer a child with a limp?

A

limping >2 weeks

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23
Q

Fat male teenager with hip pain. Diagnosis?

A

SUFE

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24
Q

What is perthe’s disease?

A

necrosis of femoral head.

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25
Q

How long must symptoms persist before a diagnosis of JIA can be made?

A

> 6weeks

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26
Q

What additional condition is associated with JIA?

A

Anterior uveitis

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27
Q

risk factors for DDH

A

breech, firstborn, girl

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28
Q

How is DDH managed?

A

Pavlik harness

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29
Q

which type of jaundice is considered pathological, conjugated or unconjugated?

A

Conjugated (Conjugated= Crap)

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30
Q

How long should you wait before investigating jaundice

A

if it persists >2 weeks in term baby and >3 weeks in preterm baby

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31
Q

Causes of jaundice in the 1st 24 hours of life

A

rhesus haemolytic disease
ABO haemolytic disease
hereditary spherocytosis
glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase

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32
Q

Causes of jaundice in first 2-14 days of life

A

often physiological (breakdown of foetal haemoglobin)
Breastfeeding

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33
Q

Causes of jaundice after the first 14 days of life

A

biliary atresia
hypothyroidism
galactosaemia
urinary tract infection
breast milk jaundice
congenital infection
Prematurity

34
Q

what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but within a sack

A

Exomphalos

35
Q

what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but not within a sack

A

Gastroschisis

36
Q

Which is associated with other abnormalities: Exomphalos or gastroschisis?

A

Exomphalos

37
Q

Failure to move bowels in 1st 24hrs + visible peristalsis =

A

Hirsprungs

38
Q

Projectile, non-bilious vomiting and an olive shaped mass =

A

Pyloric stenosis

39
Q

Treatment of pyloric stenosis

A

Ramstedt’s pyloromyotomy .

40
Q

green vomit, sausage shaped mass & redcurrant jelly stool =

A

Intussusception

41
Q

What is the ultrasound scan sign for intrasussception

A

target sign

42
Q

green vomiting & constipation =

A

Malrotation

43
Q

What is malrotation with volvulus?

A

The gut twists and the blood supply gets cut off

44
Q

volumous, no billious and non projectile vomits could be caused by…

A

overfeeding or cowns milk protein allergy

45
Q

What condition is associated with meconium ileus?

A

Coeliacs

46
Q

What condition causes the soap bubble sign on x-ray?

A

meconium ileus

47
Q

Which condition causes the triple bubble sign on x-ray

A

Jejuno-ileal atresia

48
Q

describe the management of inguinal hernias in babies <1 year and in babies >1 year

A

In babies <1 year old, urgent referral for surgical repair (do NOT watch and wait)

In babies > 1 year, elective referral for repair

49
Q

What is the most common childhood cancer?

A

ALL

50
Q

Which electrolyte should you never give to an oncology patient and why

A

Potassium- due to tumour lysis syndrome

51
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in girls

A

breast budding (tanner stage 2).

52
Q

What is the average age of puberty onset in girls?

A

11

53
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in boys?

A

testicular enlargement (tanner stage G2)

54
Q

What is the average age that boys start puberty?

A

11.5

55
Q

What drives growth between
- 0-2 years
- 3-11 years
- 12-18 years

A
  • 0-2 = nutrition & insulin
  • 3-11 = growth hormone & thyroxine
  • 12-18 = growth hormone & sex steroids
56
Q

what pathogen causes cradle cap?

A

Malassezia in its yeast form.

57
Q

What causes impetigo?

A

staph aureus.

58
Q

What condition do you get grey spots in the mucosa?

A

Measles

59
Q

In which condition do you get sandpaper rash & circumoral pallor

A

Scarlet fever

60
Q

Which bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

Group A strep pyogenes

61
Q

Who must you inform if you have a patient with scarlet fever?

A

Public health

62
Q

what is viral exanthems

A

skin rash associated with viral infection

63
Q

which virus causes chicken pox?

A

Herpes zoster

64
Q

When can kids with chicken pox go back to school?

A

When the lesions have crusted over (no longer infectious at this point)

65
Q

Which pathogen causes slapped cheek?

A

Parvovirus B19

66
Q

Which pathogen causes hand, foot and mouth?

A

cocksackie A16

67
Q

Which pathogen causes eczema herpaticum

A

herpes

68
Q

Which condition is associated with dermatitis herpatiformis?

A

Coeliac

69
Q

What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in the neonate?

A

E.coli
Group B strep

70
Q

What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in an infant/child?

A

strep pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis

71
Q

What causes staphylococcal scalded skin?

A

Exfoliatoxin mediated

72
Q

What is staphylococcal scalded skin treated with?

A

IV Fluclox

73
Q

What is Nikolsky sign?

A

Associated with staphylococcal scalded skin - rub over the skin and it will slough off

74
Q

Which organisms can cause toxic shock syndrome?

A

Staph or strep

75
Q

What does maternal smoking result in?

A

Small babies

76
Q

give 3 conditions that a premature baby is at risk of

A

respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis & intraventricular haemorrhage

77
Q

Is it normal not to pass urine in the first 24 hours of life?

A

Yes but after 24 hours, it should be investigated

78
Q

What is neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

withdrawing from drugs that the mother was taking while pregnant

79
Q

What scoring system is used in neonatal abstinence syndrome?

A

Finnegan score

80
Q

name two tools used to assess development

A

ASQ (Ages and Stages Questionnaire)

PEDS (Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status)

Paediatrics for finals (1 decks)

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