High-Yield Concepts in Renal Replacement Therapy (Clinical Nephrology)

Question 1

Most common form of renal replacement therapy for AKI

Answer 1

Hemodialysis

Question 2

Clear indications for initiation of renal replacement therapy in patients with CKD

Answer 2

1. Uremic pericarditis
2. Encephalopathy
3. Intractable muscle cramping, anorexia, and nausea not attributable to reversible causes
4. Evidence of malnutrition
5. Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities (principally hyperkalemia or ECF volume overload) refractory to ther measures

Question 3

Best potential for complete renal rehabilitation

Answer 3

Kidney transplantation

Question 4

Educational programs should be commenced

Answer 4

No later than stage 4 CKD

Question 5

Most common therapeutic modality for end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 5

Hemodialysis

Question 6

Leading cause of ESRD

Answer 6

Diabetes mellitus

Question 7

Dialysis access with highest long-term patency rate

Answer 7

Fistula

Question 8

Most important complication of arteriovenous grafts

Answer 8

Thrombosis of the graft and graft failure

Question 9

Most common acute complication of hemodialysis, particularly among DM patients

Answer 9

Hypotension

Question 10

Preferred buffer in peritoneal dialysis solutions

Answer 10

Lactate

Question 11

Most common additives to peritoneal dialysis solutions

Answer 11

Heparin
Antibiotics
Insulin

Question 12

Most common organisms in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

Answer 12

Gram-positive cocci including Staphylococcus (reflecting the origin from the skin)

Question 13

Absolute indication for the urgent initiation of or intensification of dialysis prescription

Answer 13

Uremic pericarditis