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NPLEX I - RaeForReal > High Yeild Path > Flashcards

High Yeild Path Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of necrosis:
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis

A

Coagulative- Ischemia (esp heart + kidney)
Liquefactive- Bacterial infection, brain infarction

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2
Q

Complement cascade: Products of C3b

A

Opsonin

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3
Q

Complement cascade: Products of C5a

A

Chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

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4
Q

Complement cascade: Products of C3a, C4a, C5a

A

Anaphylatoxins

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5
Q

Complement cascade: Products of C5-9

A

Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC)

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6
Q

Deficiency of C3 and C5 leads to

A

Recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections

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7
Q

Deficiency of C6, C7, and C8

A

Recurrent infections with Neisseria i

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8
Q

Deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor

A

Hereditary Angioedema

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9
Q

Thromboxane
Produced by:
Causes:
Stimulates:

A

Thromboxane
Produced by: Platelets
Causes: Vasoconstriction
Stimulates: Platelet aggregation

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10
Q

Prostacyclin (PG12)
Produced by:
Causes:
Inhibits:

A

Prostacyclin (PG12)
Produced by: Endothelial cells
Causes: Vasodilation
Inhibits: Platelet aggregation

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11
Q

Caseating Granulomas

A

Aggregates of activated macrophages (seen in tuberculosis)

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12
Q

Noncaseating Granulomas

A

Sarcoidosis, fungal infections, foreign-body reaction

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13
Q

Collagen type I

A

Skin, bones, tendons, mature cells
Osteogenesis Imperfecta

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14
Q

Collagen type II

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

Cartilage type III

A

Embryonic tissue, blood vessels, pliable organs, immature scars
Vascular type EDS

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16
Q

Collagen type IV

A

Basement membranes
Alport syndrome, Goodpasture’s

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17
Q

Collagen type VI

A

Connective tissue

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18
Q

Edema: Exudates
Composition:
Cause:
Examples:

A

Edema: Exudates
Composition: Increased protein, cells, SG higher than 1.020
Cause: Inflammation, increased blood vessel permeability
Examples: Bacterial pneumonia, empyema

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19
Q

Edema: Transudates
Composition:
Causes (2):

A

Composition: SP less than 1.012

Causes:
1. Increased hydrostatic (venous) pressure - CHF, portal HTN
2. Decreased on optic pressure (decreased albumin) - Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome

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20
Q

Carcinogens: Benzene

A

Leukemias

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21
Q

Carcinogens: Asbestos

A

Mesotheliomas, lung tumors

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22
Q

Carcinogens: Arsenic

A

Skin cancer

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23
Q

DNA Viruses: HPV - Leads to what cancer?

A

Cervical neoplasia (16 + 18)
Condylomas (6 and 11)

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24
Q

DNA Viruses: EBV - Leads to what conditions?

A

African Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Carcinoma of the nasopharynx
B cell immunoblastic lymphoma

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25
Q

DNA Viruses: Hep B and Hep C lead to what cancer?

A

Liver cancer

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26
Q

DNA Viruses: HHV 8 - Leads to what condition?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

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27
Q

DNA Viruses: H pylori leads to what conditions?

A

Stomach cancer and lymphoma

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28
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes:
Cushing’s syndrome leads to what cancer?

A

Lung cancer

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29
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes:
SIADH leads to what cancers?

A

Lung cancer
Intracranial neoplasms

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30
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes:
Hypercalcemia leads to what cancers?

A

Lung cancer
Multiple myeloma

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31
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes:
Hypocalcemia leads to what cancers?

A

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

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32
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes:
Polycythemia leads to what cancers?

A

Kidney tumors
Liver tumors
Cerebellar vascular tumors

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33
Q

Tumor Markers: a-Fetoprotein (AFP)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Germ cell tumors (yolk sac, embryonal carcinoma)

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34
Q

Tumor Markers: PSA

A

Adenocarcinoma of prostate

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35
Q

Tumor Markers: Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

A

Adenocarcinomas of colon, pancreas, stomach, breast

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36
Q

Tumor Markers: CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer

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37
Q

Tumor Markers: S-100

A

Melanoma
Neural tumors

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38
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin A

A

Night blindness
Dry eyes and skin
Recurrent infections

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39
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin D

A

Decreased calcium
Decreased bone calcification, increased osteoporosis
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)

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40
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin E

A

Degeneration of posterior columns of spinal cord

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41
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin K

A

Decreased K dependent factors (2, 7, 9, 10, protein C and S)
Increased bleeding
Increased PT and PTT

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42
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin B

A

Beriberi wet (cardiac) or dry (neurologic)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (lesions of mammillary bodies)

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43
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin B3

A

Pellegra (4 Ds) Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death

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44
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin B12

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils (>5 lobes)
Subacute combined degradation of the spinal cord

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45
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Vitamin C

A

Scurvy
Defective collagen formation
Poor wound healing
Decreased bone osteoid
Perifollicular hemorrhages
Bleeding gums, loose teeth

46
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Folate

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Neural tube defects in utero

47
Q

Nutritional Deficiency: Iron

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia (IDA anemia) with increased TIBC

48
Q

Inheritance Patterns: Autosomal Dominant (AD)

A

No skipped gens
M:F 1:1
Recurrence risk 50%

49
Q

Inheritance Patterns: Autosomal Recessive (AR)

A

Generations may be skipped
M:F 1:1
Recurrence risk 25%

50
Q

Inheritance Patterns: X-Linked Dominant (XD)

A

No skipped generations
NO male to male
F:M 2:1

51
Q

Inheritance Patterns: X-Linked Recessive (XR)

A

Skipped generations
No male to male
M > F

52
Q

Inheritance Patterns: Y Inheritance

A

Only males
Only male to male
All males effected

53
Q

Inheritance Patterns: Mitochondrial

A

M:F 1:1
Only females transmit the disease

54
Q

XR Diseases: Hematology diseases (3)

A

G6PD Deficiency
Hemophilia A (def of factor 8)
Hemophilia B (def of factor 9)

55
Q

XR Diseases: Immunodeficincy Diseases (3)

A

Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
Chronic Granulomatous disease
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

56
Q

XR Diseases: Storage Diseases (2)

A

Fabry’s Disease
Hunter’s Syndrome

57
Q

XR Diseases: Muscle Disease

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

58
Q

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy has a positive ________ maneuver

A

Gower Maneuver (using hands to rise from floor)

59
Q

XR Diseases: Metabolic Diseases (2)

A

Diabetes insipidus (low ADH - central) (normal or high ADH - nephrogenic)
Lesch-Nyah’s syndrome (purine salvage deficiency, excess Uric acid production)

60
Q

XR Diseases: Other (2)

A

Red-green colorblindness
Fragile X Syndrome

61
Q

Autosomal Trisomies: 13

A

Patau’s Syndrome: Mental retardation, fused central face, cleft lip/palate, heart defects

62
Q

Autosomal Trisomies: 18

A

Edward’s Syndrome: Mental retardation, micrognathia, heart defects, rocker bottom feet, clenched fist with overlapping fingers

63
Q

Autosomal Trisomies: 21

A

Down Syndrome: Horizontal palmar crease, heart defects, ALL, Alzheimer’s disease (almost 100% after age 35)

64
Q

Chromosomal Deletions: 11P WTI Gene

A

WAGR Syndrome > Wilm’s tumor, genital abnormalities, mental retardation

65
Q

Hypogonadism: Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

47 XXY
Testicular dysgenesis
Decreased testosterone
Increased FSH, LH, estradiol
Decreased secondary male characteristics
Tall, gynecomastia, infertility

66
Q

Hypogonadism: Turner’s Syndrome

A

45 XO
Ovarian dysgenesis
Decreased estrogen
Increased LH, FSH
Primary amenorrhea
Short
Web neck

67
Q

Trinucleotide Repeats: Fragile X Syndroe

A

CGG
Mental retardation
Long face, large ears
Large testes

68
Q

Trinucleotide Repeats: Huntington’s Syndrome

A

CAG Repeats

69
Q

CD8 > Cytotoxic T cells bind with _______
CD4 > Helper T cells bind with __________

A

CD8 > Cytotoxic T cells bind with (MHC Class II antigens)
CD4 > Helper T cells bind with (MHC Class I antigens)

70
Q

Secretes IL-2, IL-3, TNFB
Stimulates cell-mediated immune reactions

A

TH1 cells

71
Q

Secretes IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and GM-CSF
Stimulates antibody production

A

Th2 cells

72
Q

MHC I are found on what cells

A

All nucleated cells

73
Q

MHC II are found on what cells

A

All APC, B cells, T cells

74
Q

Diseases Associated with HLA Types:
HLA-A3

A

HLA-A3:
Primary hemochromatosis (HA3mochromatosis)

75
Q

Diseases Associated with HLA Types:
HLA-B27

A

HLA-B27:
Ankylosis spondylitis

76
Q

Diseases Associated with HLA Types:
HLA-DR4

A

HLA-DR4:
Rheumatoid arthritis (4 walls in 1 RHEUM)

77
Q

Diseases Associated with HLA Types:
HLA-DR2/DR3

A

HLA-DR2/DR3:
SLE

78
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type I

A

IgE
Allergy, anaphylaxis
Release of histamine and leukotrienes C4 and D4
Urticaria (hives)

79
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type II

A

Antibody (IgG, IgM)
Transfusion reactions, Goodpastures, pemphigus vulgaris

80
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type III

A

Antibody/Antigen complexes
Serum sickness

81
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type IV

A
  1. Delayed type: CD4, PPD skin test, contact dermatitis
  2. Cell-mediated: CD8, viral infections, transplant rejection
82
Q

Who is she??

AR disease
Defective polymerization of micro tubules
Recurrent infections
Albinism
Giant lysosomes in leukocytes

A

Cheddar-Higashi Syndrome

83
Q

Who is she???

Defective NADPH oxidase
Recurrent infections with catalase positive organisms
Abnormal nitroblue tetrazolium dye test

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

84
Q

Who is she??

Mutation of BTK
Defective maturation of B cells
Bacterial infections after 6 months
Tx with immunoglobulin IV

A

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia of Bruton (XLA)

85
Q

Who is she???

Variable clinical presentation
Recurrent infections, esp bacteria and Giardia
Hyperplastic B cell areas
Tx with immunoglobulin injections

A

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)

86
Q

Who is she?

Most common form of immunodeficiency
Most pts asymptomatic
Risk of anaphylaxis with transfusion

A

IgA Deficiency

87
Q

Who is she?

Defective development of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4
Deletion of chromosome 22
Lack of thymus
No T cells

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

88
Q

What is CATCH 22

A

Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal fancies
Thymic a- or hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
Chromosome 22 deletion

DiGeorge Syndrome

89
Q

Who is SHE???

Mutation in WASP
Recurrent pyogenic infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Progressive loss of T cell function
Decreased IgM

A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)

90
Q

What condition leads to increased incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma and immunoblastic lymphoma?

A

AIDS

91
Q

What condition shows a “double barrel” on X-ray

A

Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta

92
Q

What condition is at high risk for a dissecting aneurysm?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

93
Q
A

Bifurcation of arteries in circle of Willis (anterior communicating artery)

94
Q

Congenital Heart Defects: Left to right shunt

A

VSD
ASD
PDA

95
Q

What type of murmur is associated with PDA

A

Machine-like continuous murmur

96
Q

Most common congenital heart defect

A

VSD

97
Q

Congenital Heart Defects: Right to Left shunts

A

TOF: Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, RVH

98
Q

Coarctation of the aorta >

A

Rib notching, increased BP in upper extremities, decreased in lower

99
Q

Skip lesions (UC or IBD)

A

IBD

100
Q

Crypt abscesses (UC or IBD)

A

UC

101
Q

Superficial mucosal involvement (UC or IBD)

A

UC

102
Q

Risk factors for cholesterol gallstones

A

Fat, female, fertile, forty,

103
Q

Who is she?
Hematuria
HTN
Edema

A

Nephritic syndrome

104
Q

Epidural or subdural hematoma?
Severe trauma, arterial bleeding, symptoms occur rapidly

A

Epidural hematoma

105
Q

Epidural or subdural hematoma?
Minimal trauma in elderly, venous bleeding (bridge veins), symptoms occur slowly

A

Subdural (below the dura) hematoma

106
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage sxs and causes

A

Rupture of berry aneurysm
Worst headache ever
Bloody or xanthochromic spinal tap

107
Q

Bacterial infections of the meninges - organisms

A

E. coli
Strep pneumoniae
N meningitidis

108
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease main characteristics

A

Diffuse atrophy of cerebral cortex
Dementia (Most common cause in elderly)
Senile plaques (with B-amyloid core)
Neurofibrillary tangles (with abnormal tau protein)

109
Q

Who is she?
Atrophy of caudate and putamen
Decreased GABA and Ach
Progressive dementia
Choreiform movements

A

Huntington’s Disease

110
Q

Who is she?
Substantia nigra depigmentation
Decreased dopamine in corpus striatum
Cogwheel rigidity and akinesia
Tremor
Tx: Dopamine agonists

A

Parkinson’s Disease

111
Q

PIP or DIP?
Heberden’s nodes
Bouchard’s nodes

A

Heberden’s - DIP
Bouchard’s.- PIP

NPLEX I - RaeForReal (16 decks)

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